Co-occurrence statistics of tropical tropopause layer cirrus with lower cloud layers as derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO data

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 115, Issue 20, 2010, Pages

  Schwartz, M Christian ^a   MacE, Gerald G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OPTICAL RADAR; TROPICS;

CALIPSO; CLOUD LAYERS; CLOUDSAT; CO-OCCURRENCE; CO-OCCURRENCE STATISTICS; CUMULUS CLOUD; LIDAR DATA; OCCURRENCE PATTERN; SOUTH AMERICA; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; TIME-PERIODS; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYERS;

CLOUDS;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CLOUD; CLOUDSAT; CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; EL NINO; GEOMETRY; INSTRUMENTATION; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SPATIAL VARIATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; TROPOPAUSE;

AFRICA; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 78149384658     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012778     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Bain, L., and M. Englehardt (1992), Introduction to Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 2nd ed., 644 pp., Duxbury, Belmont, Calif.
2. Clark, H. (2005), Longitudinal variability of water vapor and cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07107, doi:10.1029/2004JD004943. (Pubitemid 43066281)
3. Clark, H., R. Harwood, A. Billingham, and H. Pumphrey (2003), Cirrus and water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer observed by Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4751, doi:10.1029/2003JD003748.
4. Comstock, J. M., T. P. Ackerman, and G. G. Mace (2002), Ground-based lidar and radar remote sensing of tropical cirrus clouds at Nauru Island: Cloud statistics and radiative impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4714, doi:10.1029/2002JD002203. (Pubitemid 43197287)
5. Danielsen, E. F. (1982), Statistics of cold cumulonimbus anvils based on enhanced infrared photographs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9(6), 601-604, doi:10.1029/GL009i006p00601.
6. Dessler, A., S. Palm, W. Hart, and J. Spinhirne (2006), Tropopause-level thin cirrus coverage revealed by ICESat/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08203, doi:10.1029/2005JD006586.
7. Eguchi, N., T. Yokota, and G. Inoue (2007), Characteristics of Cirrus Clouds from ICESat/GLAS Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09810, doi:10.1029/2007GL029529. (Pubitemid 47008177)
8. Garrett, T., J. Dean-Day, C. Liu, G. Mace, D. Baumgardner, C. Webster, T. Bui, W. Read, and P. Minnis (2006), Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1185-1200.
9. Gettelman, A., and P. M. de F. Forster (2002), A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911-924.
10. Hartmann, D., J. Holton, and Q. Fu (2001), The heat balance of the tropical tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(10), 1969-1972, doi:10.1029/2000GL012833. (Pubitemid 34039392)
11. Hartmann, D. L., and K. Larson (2002), An important constraint on tropical cloud-climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(20), 1951, doi:10.1029/2002GL015835.
12. Highwood, E. J., and B. J. Hoskins (1998), The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579-1604.
13. Hong, G., G. Heygster, and C. A. M. Rodriguez (2006), Effect of cirrus clouds on the diurnal cycle of tropical deep convective clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06209, doi:10.1029/2005JD006208. (Pubitemid 43675926)
14. Im, E., S. Durden, C. Wu, and T. Livermore (2005), Cloud profiling radar for the CloudSat mission, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 20, 15-18, doi:10.1109/MAES.2005.1581095. (Pubitemid 41726286)
15. Jensen, E., L. Pfister, T. Bui, A. Weinheimer, E. Weinstock, J. Smith, J. Pittman, D. Baumgardner, P. Lawson, and M. J. McGill (2005), Formation of a tropopause cirrus layer observed over Florida during CRYSTALFACE, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004671. (Pubitemid 40533828)
16. Jensen, E., O. Toon, H. Selkirk, J. Spinhirne, and M. Schoeberl (1996), On the formation and persistence of subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D16), 21,361-21,375, doi:10.1029/95JD03575.
17. Mace, G., and S Benson-Troth (2002), Cloud-layer overlap characteristics derived from long-term cloud radar data, J. Clim., 15, 2505-2515.
18. Mace, G. G., Q. Zhang, M. Vaughan, R. Marchand, G. Stephens, C. Trepte, and D. Winker (2009), A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged CloudSat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, doi:10.1029/2007JD009755.
19. Massie, S., A. Gettelman, and W. Randel (2002), Distribution of tropical cirrus in relation to convection, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 4591, doi:10.1029/2001JD001293. (Pubitemid 44793847)
20. Massie, S., P. Lowe, X. Tie, M. Hervig, G. Thomas, and J. Russell III (2000), Effect of the 1997 El Niño on the distribution of upper tropospheric cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D18), 22,725-22,741, doi:10.1029/2000JD900322.
21. McFarquhar, G., A. Heymsfield, J. Spinhirne, and B. Hart (2000), Thin and subvisual tropopause tropical cirrus: Observations and radiative impacts, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1841-1853.
22. Pfister, L., et al. (2001), Aircraft observations of thin cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D9), 9765-9786, doi:10.1029/2000JD900648.
23. Sassen, K., M. Griffin, and G. Dodd (1989), Optical scattering and microphysical properties of subvisible cirrus clouds, and climatic implications, J. Appl. Meteorol., 28, 91-98.
24. Spang, R., G. Eidmann, M. Riese, D. Offermann, and P. Preusse (2002), CRISTA observations of cirrus clouds and the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 8174, doi:10.1029/2001JD000698.
25. Sunil Kumar, S., K. Parameswaran, and B. Krishna Murthy (2003), Lidar observations of cirrus cloud near the tropical tropopause: General features, Atmos. Res., 66, 203-227.
26. Wang, P.-H., P. Minnis, M. P. McCormick, G. S. Kent, and K. M. Skeens (1996), A 6-year climatology of cloud occurrence frequency from stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment, II. Observations (1985-1990), J. Geophys. Res., 101(D23), 29,407-29,429, doi:10.1029/96JD01780.
27. Winker, D., and C. Trepte (1998), Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(17), 3351-3354 doi:10.1029/98GL01292. (Pubitemid 29123156)
28. Winker, D., B. Hunt, and M. McGill (2007), Initial performance 1097 assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135. (Pubitemid 350263036)