Genetic variants influencing circulating lipid levels and risk of coronary artery disease

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Volumn 30, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 2264-2276

  Waterworth, Dawn M ^a   Ricketts, Sally L ^b   Song, Kijoung ^a   Chen, Li ^d   Zhao, Jing Hua ^e   Ripatti, Samuli ^f   Aulchenko, Yurii S ^g   Zhang, Weihua ^h   Yuan, Xin ^a   Lim, Noha ^a   Luan, Jian'An ^e   Ashford, Sofie ^a   Wheeler, Eleanor ^j   Young, Elizabeth H ^j   Hadley, David ^k   Thompson, John R ^l   Braund, Peter S ^l   Johnson, Toby ^m   Struchalin, Maksim ^a   Surakka, Ida ^f,n   Luben, Robert ^b   Khaw, Kay Tee ^b   Rodwell, Sheila A ^c   Loos, Ruth J F ^e   Boekholdt, S Matthijs ^o   Inouye, Michael ^j   Deloukas, Panagiotis ^j   Elliott, Paul ⁱ   Schlessinger, David ^p   Sanna, Serena ^r   Scuteri, Angelo ^b,q,r   Jackson, Anne ^s   Mohlke, Karen L ^t   Tuomilehto, Jaako ⁿ   Roberts, Robert ^af   Stewart, Alexandre ^d   Kesäniemi, Y Antero ^u,v   Mahley, Robert W ^x   Grundy, Scott M ^y   McArdle, Wendy ⁿ   Cardon, Lon ^a   Waeber, Gérard ^z   Vollenweider, Peter ^z   Chambers, John C ^h   Boehnke, Michael ^s   Abecasis, Gonçalo R ^s   Salomaa, Veikko ^aa   Järvelin, Marjo Riitta ^h,u,v,ab   Ruokonen, Aimo ^w   Barroso, Inês ^j   Epstein, Stephen E ^ac   Hakonarson, Hakon H ^ad   Rader, Daniel J ^ae   Reilly, Muredach P ^a   Witteman, Jacqueline C M ^a   Hall, Alistair S ^g   Samani, Nilesh J ^a   Strachan, David P ^a   Barter, Philip ^ae   Van Duijn, Cornelia M ^g   Kooner, Jaspal S ⁱ   Peltonen, Leena ^f,ae   Wareham, Nicholas J ^e   McPherson, Ruth ^d   Mooser, Vincent ^a   Sandhu, Manjinder S ^b,e,g,j   more..

^a GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^g ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^h IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^j WELLCOME TRUST SANGER INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^k ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^m QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^o MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival   (United Kingdom)

^p NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

^q NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

^r CNR   (Italy)

^s UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^u UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^v GLADSTONE INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE   (United States)

^w UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^x UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^y LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^z WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^aa CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^ac UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^ad HEART RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^ae MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^af NONE

more..

Author keywords

coronary artery disease; epidemiology; genetics; lipids

Indexed keywords

ACYL COENZYME A DESATURASE 1; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 3B PROTEIN; SLC39A8 PROTEIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROL GROUP; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LOCUS; GENE REPLICATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RISK FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 78149245489     PISSN: 10795642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.201020     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Kagan A, Revotskie N, Stokes J III. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease-six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1961;55:33-50.
2. Barkowski RS, Frishman WH. HDL metabolism and CETP inhibition. Cardiol Rev. 2008;16:154-162.
3. Singh IM, Shishehbor MH, Ansell BJ. High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: a systematic review. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:786-798.
4. Smith GD, Timpson N, Ebrahim S. Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization. Ann Med. 2008;40:524-541.
5. Kathiresan S, Willer CJ, Peloso GM, Demissie S, Musunuru K, Schadt EE, Kaplan L, Bennett D, Li Y, Tanaka T, Voight BF, Bonnycastle LL, Jackson AU, Crawford G, Surti A, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Parish S, Clarke R, Zelenika D, Kubalanza KA, Morken MA, Scott LJ, Stringham HM, Galan P, Swift AJ, Kuusisto J, Bergman RN, Sundvall J, Laakso M, Ferrucci L, Scheet P, Sanna S, Uda M, Yang Q, Lunetta KL, Dupuis J, de Bakker PI, O'Donnell CJ, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Hercberg S, Meneton P, Lakatta EG, Scuteri A, Schlessinger D, Tuomilehto J, Collins FS, Groop L, Altshuler D, Collins R, Lathrop GM, Melander O, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Orho-Melander M, Ordovas JM, Boehnke M, Abecasis GR, Mohlke KL, Cupples LA. Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia. Nat Genet. 2009;41:56-65.
6. Sandhu MS, Waterworth DM, Debenham SL, Wheeler E, Papadakis K, Zhao JH, Song K, Yuan X, Johnson T, Ashford S, Inouye M, Luben R, Sims M, Hadley D, McArdle W, Barter P, Kesaniemi YA, Mahley RW, McPherson R, Grundy SM, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Loos RJ, Waeber G, Barroso I, Strachan DP, Deloukas P, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Mooser V. LDL-cholesterol concentrations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2008;371:483-491.
7. Aulchenko YS, Ripatti S, Lindqvist I, Boomsma D, Heid IM, Pramstaller PP, Penninx BW, Janssens AC, Wilson JF, Spector T, Martin NG, Pedersen NL, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Hofman A, Freimer NB, Jarvelin MR, Gyllensten U, Campbell H, Rudan I, Johansson A, Marroni F, Hayward C, Vitart V, Jonasson I, Pattaro C, Wright A, Hastie N, Pichler I, Hicks AA, Falchi M, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJ, Montgomery GW, Whitfield J, Magnusson P, Saharinen J, Perola M, Silander K, Isaacs A, Sijbrands EJ, Uitterlinden AG, Witteman JC, Oostra BA, Elliott P, Ruokonen A, Sabatti C, Gieger C, Meitinger T, Kronenberg F, Doring A, Wichmann HE, Smit JH, McCarthy MI, van Duijn CM, Peltonen L. Loci influencing lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk in 16 European population cohorts. Nat Genet. 2009;41:47-55.
8. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, Surti A, Burtt NP, Rieder MJ, Cooper GM, Roos C, Voight BF, Havulinna AS, Wahlstrand B, Hedner T, Corella D, Tai ES, Ordovas JM, Berglund G, Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P, Hedblad B, Taskinen MR, Newton-Cheh C, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Groop L, Altshuler DM, Orho-Melander M. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet. 2008;40:189-197.
9. Kooner JS, Chambers JC, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Hinds DA, Hyde CL, Warnes GR, Gomez Perez FJ, Frazer KA, Elliott P, Scott J, Milos PM, Cox DR, Thompson JF. Genome-wide scan identifies variation in MLXIPL associated with plasma triglycerides. Nat Genet. 2008;40:149-151.
10. Sabatti C, Service SK, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Ripatti S, Brodsky J, Jones CG, Zaitlen NA, Varilo T, Kaakinen M, Sovio U, Ruokonen A, Laitinen J, Jakkula E, Coin L, Hoggart C, Collins A, Turunen H, Gabriel S, Elliot P, McCarthy MI, Daly MJ, Jarvelin MR, Freimer NB, Peltonen L. Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population. Nat Genet. 2009;41:35-46.
11. Wallace C, Newhouse SJ, Braund P, Zhang F, Tobin M, Falchi M, Ahmadi K, Dobson RJ, Marcano AC, Hajat C, Burton P, Deloukas P, Brown M, Connell JM, Dominiczak A, Lathrop GM, Webster J, Farrall M, Spector T, Samani NJ, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB. Genome-wide association study identifies genes for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: serum urate and dyslipidemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;82:139-149.
12. Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU, Scuteri A, Bonnycastle LL, Clarke R, Heath SC, Timpson NJ, Najjar SS, Stringham HM, Strait J, Duren WL, Maschio A, Busonero F, Mulas A, Albai G, Swift AJ, Morken MA, Narisu N, Bennett D, Parish S, Shen H, Galan P, Meneton P, Hercberg S, Zelenika D, Chen WM, Li Y, Scott LJ, Scheet PA, Sundvall J, Watanabe RM, Nagaraja R, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ben-Shlomo Y, Davey-Smith G, Shuldiner AR, Collins R, Bergman RN, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Cao A, Collins FS, Lakatta E, Lathrop GM, Boehnke M, Schlessinger D, Mohlke KL, Abecasis GR. Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40:161-169.
13. Stirnadel H, Lin X, Ling H, Song K, Barter P, Kesaniemi YA, Mahley R, McPherson R, Waeber G, Bersot T, Cohen J, Grundy S, Mitchell B, Mooser V, Waterworth D. Genetic and phenotypic architecture of metabolic syndrome-associated components in dyslipidemic and normolipidemic subjects: the GEMS Study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:868-876.
14. Wyszynski DF, Waterworth DM, Barter PJ, Cohen J, Kesaniemi YA, Mahley RW, McPherson R, Waeber G, Bersot TP, Sharma SS, Nolan V, Middleton LT, Sundseth SS, Farrer LA, Mooser V, Grundy SM. Relation between atherogenic dyslipidemia and the Adult Treatment Program-III definition of metabolic syndrome (Genetic Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome Project). Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:194-198.
15. Day N, Oakes S, Luben R, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, Wareham N. EPIC-Norfolk: study design and characteristics of the cohort. European Prospective Investigation of Cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;80(suppl 1):95-103.
16. Stewart AF, Dandona S, Chen L, Assogba O, Belanger M, Ewart G, LaRose R, Doelle H, Williams K, Wells GA, McPherson R, Roberts R. Kinesin family member 6 variant Trp719Arg does not associate with angiographically defined coronary artery disease in the Ottawa Heart Genomics Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1471-1472.
17. Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, Jackson AU, Lim N, Scheet P, Soranzo N, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Chambers JC, Drong A, Luan J, Lyon HN, Rivadeneira F, Sanna S, Timpson NJ, Zillikens MC, Zhao JH, Almgren P, Bandinelli S, Bennett AJ, Bergman RN, Bonnycastle LL, Bumpstead SJ, Chanock SJ, Cherkas L, Chines P, Coin L, Cooper C, Crawford G, Doering A, Dominiczak A, Doney AS, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Ferrucci L, Fischer G, Forouhi NG, Gieger C, Grallert H, Groves CJ, Grundy S, Guiducci C, Hadley D, Hamsten A, Havulinna AS, Hofman A, Holle R, Holloway JW, Illig T, Isomaa B, Jacobs LC, Jameson K, Jousilahti P, Karpe F, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lathrop GM, Lawlor DA, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Meitinger T, Morken MA, Morris AP, Munroe P, Narisu N, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P, Oostra BA, Palmer CN, Payne F, Peden JF, Prokopenko I, Renstrom F, Ruokonen A, Salomaa V, Sandhu MS, Scott LJ, Scuteri A, Silander K, Song K, Yuan X, Stringham HM, Swift AJ, Tuomi T, Uda M, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wallace C, Walters GB, Weedon MN, Witteman JC, Zhang C, Zhang W, Caulfield MJ, Collins FS, Davey SG, Day IN, Franks PW, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Jarvelin MR, Kong A, Kooner JS, Laakso M, Lakatta E, Mooser V, Morris AD, Peltonen L, Samani NJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Tanaka T, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Wareham NJ, Hugh W, Waterworth DM, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Groop L, Hunter DJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Schlessinger D, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Abecasis GR, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJ, Stefansson K, Mohlke KL, Barroso I, McCarthy MI. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet. 2009;5: e1000508.
18. Barrett JC, Clayton DG, Concannon P, Akolkar B, Cooper JD, Erlich HA, Julier C, Morahan G, Nerup J, Nierras C, Plagnol V, Pociot F, Schuilenburg H, Smyth DJ, Stevens H, Todd JA, Walker NM, Rich SS. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2009;41:703-707.
19. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14, 000 cases of seven common diseases and 3, 000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447:661-678.
20. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Hengstenberg C, Mangino M, Mayer B, Dixon RJ, Meitinger T, Braund P, Wichmann HE, Barrett JH, Konig IR, Stevens SE, Szymczak S, Tregouet DA, Iles MM, Pahlke F, Pollard H, Lieb W, Cambien F, Fischer M, Ouwehand W, Blankenberg S, Balmforth AJ, Baessler A, Ball SG, Strom TM, Braenne I, Gieger C, Deloukas P, Tobin MD, Ziegler A, Thompson JR, Schunkert H. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:443-453.
21. Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Musunuru K, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Anand S, Engert JC, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Morgan T, Spertus JA, Stoll M, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Siscovick DS, O'Donnell CJ, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Melander O, Altshuler D, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Berzuini C, Bernardinelli L, Peyvandi F, Tubaro M, Celli P, Ferrario M, Fetiveau R, Marziliano N, Casari G, Galli M, Ribichini F, Rossi M, Bernardi F, Zonzin P, Piazza A, Mannucci PM, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Yee J, Friedlander Y, Elosua R, Marrugat J, Lucas G, Subirana I, Sala J, Ramos R, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Williams G, Nathan DM, MacRae CA, O'Donnell CJ, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Peltonen L, Melander O, Berglund G, Voight BF, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Asselta R, Duga S, Spreafico M, Musunuru K, Daly MJ, Purcell S, Voight BF, Purcell S, Nemesh J, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Schwartz SM, Yee J, Kathiresan S, Lucas G, Subirana I, Elosua R, Surti A, Guiducci C, Gianniny L, Mirel D, Parkin M, Burtt N, Gabriel SB, Samani NJ, Thompson JR, Braund PS, Wright BJ, Balmforth AJ, Ball SG, Hall AS, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, Konig I, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Ouwehand W, Hengstenberg C, Deloukas P, Scholz M, Cambien F, Reilly MP, Li M, Chen Z, Wilensky R, Matthai W, Qasim A, Hakonarson HH, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler L, Lindsay JM, Waksman R, Epstein SE, Rader DJ, Scheffold T, Berger K, Stoll M, Huge A, Girelli D, Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Corrocher R, Morgan T, Spertus JA, McKeown P, Patterson CC, Schunkert H, Erdmann E, Linsel-Nitschke P, Lieb W, Ziegler A, Konig IR, Hengstenberg C, Fischer M, Stark K, Grosshennig A, Preuss M, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Holm H, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Engert JC, Do R, Xie C, Anand S, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D, Mannucci PM, Siscovick D, O'Donnell CJ, Samani NJ, Melander O, Elosua R, Peltonen L, Salomaa V, Schwartz SM, Altshuler D. Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 2009;41:334-341.
22. Marchini J, Howie B, Myers S, McVean G, Donnelly P. A new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes. Nat Genet. 2007;39:906-913.
23. Devlin B, Roeder K. Genomic control for association studies. Biometrics. 1999;55:997-1004.
24. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:559-575.
25. Aulchenko YS, Ripke S, Isaacs A, van Duijn CM. GenABEL: an R library for genome-wide association analysis. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:1294-1296.
26. Chasman DI, Pare G, Mora S, Hopewell JC, Peloso G, Clarke R, Cupples LA, Hamsten A, Kathiresan S, Malarstig A, Ordovas JM, Ripatti S, Parker AN, Miletich JP, Ridker PM. Forty-three loci associated with plasma lipoprotein size, concentration and cholesterol content in genome-wide analysis. PLoS Genet. 2009;5: e1000730.
27. Zelcer N, Hong C, Boyadjian R, Tontonoz P. LXR regulates cholesterol uptake through Idol-dependent ubiquitination of the LDL receptor. Science. 2009;325:100-104.
28. Munro S, Cuthbertson DJ, Cunningham J, Sales M, Cohen PT. Human skeletal muscle expresses a glycogen-targeting subunit of PP1 that is identical to the insulin-sensitive glycogen-targeting subunit G (L) of liver. Diabetes. 2002;51:591-598.
29. Besecker B, Bao S, Bohacova B, Papp A, Sadee W, Knoell DL. The human zinc transporter SLC39A8 (Zip8) is critical in zinc-mediated cytoprotection in lung epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;294:L1127-L1136.
30. Schaeffer L, Gohlke H, Muller M, Heid IM, Palmer LJ, Kompauer I, Demmelmair H, Illig T, Koletzko B, Heinrich J. Common genetic variants of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster and their reconstructed haplotypes are associated with the fatty acid composition in phospholipids. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15:1745-1756.
31. Xia ZB, Popovic R, Chen J, Theisler C, Stuart T, Santillan DA, Erfurth F, Diaz MO, Zeleznik-Le NJ. The MLL fusion gene, MLL-AF4, regulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1B (p27kip1) expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:14028-14033.
32. McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Cardon LR, Goldstein DB, Little J, Ioannidis JP, Hirschhorn JN. Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9:356-369.
33. Grundy SM. Promise of low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy for primary and secondary prevention. Circulation. 2008;117:569-573.
34. Benn M. Apolipoprotein B levels, APOB alleles, and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population, a review. Atherosclerosis. 2009;206:17-30.
35. Cambien F, Tiret L. Genetics of cardiovascular diseases: from single mutations to the whole genome. Circulation. 2007;116:1714-1724.
36. Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH Jr, Hobbs HH. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1264-1272.
37. Soutar AK, Naoumova RP. Mechanisms of disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4:214-225.
38. Nierman MC, Rip J, Kuivenhoven JA, Sakai N, Kastelein JJ, de Sain-van der Velden MG, Stroes ES, Prinsen BH. Enhanced apoB48 metabolism in lipoprotein lipase X447 homozygotes. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194:446-451.
39. Vaessen SF, Schaap FG, Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK, Hutten BA, Boekholdt SM, Hattori H, Sandhu MS, Bingham SA, Luben R, Palmen JA, Wareham NJ, Humphries SE, Kastelein JJ, Talmud PJ, Khaw KT. Apolipoprotein A-V, triglycerides and risk of coronary artery disease: the prospective Epic-Norfolk Population Study. J Lipid Res. 2006;47:2064-2070.
40. Sagoo GS, Tatt I, Salanti G, Butterworth AS, Sarwar N, van MM, Jukema JW, Wiman B, Kastelein JJ, Bennet AM, de FU, Danesh J, Higgins JP. Seven lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphisms, lipid fractions, and coronary disease: a HuGE association review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1233-1246.
41. Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Ordovas JM. The APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster, lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005;16:153-166.
42. Rahalkar AR, Giffen F, Har B, Ho J, Morrison KM, Hill J, Wang J, Hegele RA, Joy T. Novel LPL mutations associated with lipoprotein lipase deficiency: two case reports and a literature review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;87:151-160.
43. Miller M, Ginsberg HN, Schaefer EJ. Relative atherogenicity and predictive value of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1003-1008.
44. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:299-308.
45. Criqui MH. Triglycerides and coronary heart disease revisited (again). Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:425-427.
46. Thompson A, Di AE, Sarwar N, Erqou S, Saleheen D, Dullaart RP, Keavney B, Ye Z, Danesh J. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with CETP mass and activity, lipid levels, and coronary risk. J Am Med Assoc. 2008;299:2777-2788.
47. Movva R, Rader DJ. Laboratory assessment of HDL heterogeneity and function. Clin Chem. 2008;54:788-800.
48. Barter PJ, Puranik R, Rye KA. New insights into the role of HDL as an anti-inflammatory agent in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2007;9:493-498.
49. Godsland IF, Johnston DG, Chaturvedi N. Mechanisms of disease: lessons from ethnicity in the role of triglyceride metabolism in ischemic heart disease. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3:530-538.