Adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing's syndrome

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 135-140

  Abdelmannan, Dima ^a   Aron, David C ^a,b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenal tumor; Cushing's syndrome; Hypercortisolism; Incidentaloma

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; PRASTERONE SULFATE;

ADRENAL TUMOR; CONSENSUS; CUSHING SYNDROME; DECISION MAKING; DIABETES MELLITUS; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMAGING; INCIDENTALOMA; LABORATORY TEST; LOW DRUG DOSE; REVIEW;

ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; CUSHING SYNDROME; HUMANS;

EID: 78049334730     PISSN: 13899155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-010-9141-5     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Cushing H. The pituitary body and its disorders. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1912.
2. R Chidiac D Aron 1997 Incidentalomas: a disease of modern technology Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 26 233 253 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ivVygtw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70242-5 (Pubitemid 27123903)
3. L Nieman B Biller J Findling J Newell-Price, et al. 2008 The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 1526 1540 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvFWhu78%3D 10.1210/jc.2008-0125 18334580 (Pubitemid 351656485)
4. R Pasquali V Vicennati 2008 Steroids and the metabolic syndrome J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 109 258 265 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVeitL4%3D 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.03.009 18407490
5. JU Weaver 2001 Are we in danger from an epidemic of Cushing's syndrome? Nature knows its course Clin Endoccrinol (Oxf) 55 719 721 1:STN:280: DC%2BD387mt1GksA%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01422.x (Pubitemid 34008740)
6. M Terzolo A Pia A Ali, et al. 2002 Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome? J Clin Endicrinol Metab 87 998 1003 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XitlWgs7c%3D 10.1210/jc.87.3.998 (Pubitemid 36121054)
7. PM Stewart 2010 Is subclinical Cushing's syndrome an entity or a statistical fallout from diagnostic testing? Consensus surrounding the diagnosis is required before optimal treatment can be defined J Clin Endicrinol Metab 95 2618 2620 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnvVaksrs%3D 10.1210/jc.2010-0633
8. 131I-19-Iodocholesterol J Nucl Med 15 4 246 251 1:STN:280:DyaE2c7ivFWlsw%3D%3D 4361925
9. F Mantero M Terzolo G Arnaldi, et al. 2010 A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study group on adrenal tumors of the italian society of endocrinology J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 637 644 10.1210/jc.85.2.637
10. C Mitchell R Auchus K Juneja, et al. 2007 Subclinical Cushing's syndrome is not so subclinical: improvement after adrenalectomy in 9 patients Surgery 142 900 905 10.1016/j.surg.2007.10.001 18063074 (Pubitemid 350184118)
11. A Angeli M Terzolo 2002 Editorial: adrenal incidentaloma-a modern disease with old complications J Clin Endicrinol Metab 87 4872 4878 10.1210/jc.2001-011766 (Pubitemid 35316318)
12. M Reincke J Nieke GP Krestin W Saeger B Allolio W Winkelmann 1992 Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentalomas": comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75 3 826 832 1:STN:280:DyaK38zovVeltQ%3D%3D 10.1210/jc.75.3.826 1517373
13. J Newell-Price A Grossman 1996 Adrenal incidentaloma: subclinical Cushing's syndrome Postgrad Med J 72 207 210 1:STN:280:DyaK283pslantA%3D%3D 10.1136/pgmj.72.846.207 8733526
14. MK McLeod NW Thompson MD Gross A-G Bondeson L Bondeson 1990 Sub-clinical Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal gland incidentalomas Am Surgeon 56 398 403 1:STN:280:DyaK3czhsVWisQ%3D%3D 2164335
15. Gagliardi L, Torpy D. Subclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal incidentaloma: a common problem or an artefact of current diagnostic testing? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; Apr. 25 [Epub ahead of print].
16. G Piaditid A Kaltsas II A Gouli, et al. 2009 High prevalence of autonomous cortisol and aldosterone secretion from adrenal adenomas Clin Endocrinol 71 772 778 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03551.x
17. A Kasperlik-Zaluska M Otto A Cichocki E Roslonowska, et al. 2008 1, 161 patients with adrenal incidentalomas: indications for surgery Langen Arch Surg 393 121 126 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7gt1WqtA%3D%3D 10.1007/s00423-007-0238-6
18. R Sippel H Chen 2004 Subclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas Surg Clin North Am 84 875 885 10.1016/j.suc.2004.01.001 15145240 (Pubitemid 38622422)
19. W Young Jr H du Plessis G Thompson C Grant, et al. 2008 The clinical conundrum of corticotropin-independent autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with bilateral adrenal masses World J Surg 32 856 862 10.1007/s00268-007-9332-8 18074172
20. Y Reznik H Lefebvre V Rohmer, et al. 2004 Aberrant adrenal sensitivity to multiple ligands in unilateral incidentaloma with subclinical autonomous cortisol hypersecretion: a prospective clinical study Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61 311 319 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVSitrk%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02048.x (Pubitemid 39287059)
21. P Anagnostis A Karagiannis K Tziomalos A Kakafika V Athyros D Mikhailidis 2009 Adrenal incidentaloma: a diagnostic challenge Hormones (Athens) 8 3 163 184
22. T Mazzuco I Bourdeau A Lacroix 2009 Adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: diagnosis and treatment Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 16 3 203 210 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXltVCqsLY%3D 19390321
23. C Eller-Vainicher V Morelli A Salcuni, et al. 2010 Post-surgical hypocortisolism after removal of an adrenal incidentaloma: is it predictable by an accurate endocrinological work-up before surgery? Eur J Endocrinol 162 91 99 10.1530/EJE-09-0775 19797503
24. NIH Consensus Panel. NIH state of the science conference on the management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass. 2002. Ref Type: Report
25. JA Yanovski C GBJr GP Chrousos LK Nieman 1993 Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. A new text to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from Pseudo-Cushing's state J Am Med Assoc 269 2232 2238 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3jtlaqsA%3D%3D 10.1001/jama.269.17.2232 (Pubitemid 23120279)
26. ML Nunes S Vattaut JB Corcuff, et al. 2009 Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of overt and subclinical Cushing's syndrome in hospitalized and ambulatory patients J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 2 456 462 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhvFCqsLg%3D 10.1210/jc.2008-1542 19001518
27. B Masserini V Morelli S Bergamaschi F Ermetici, et al. 2009 The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma Eur J Endocrinol 160 1 87 92 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVOhsb%2FN 10.1530/EJE-08-0485 18835977
28. V Morelli B Masserini A Salcuni CC Eller-Vainicher, et al. 2010 Subclinical Hypercortisolism: correlation between biochemical diagnostic criteria and clinical aspects Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10 2262 2265
29. L Tauchmanova R Rossi V Nuzzo, et al. 2001 Bone loss determined by quantitative ultrasonometry correlates inversely with disease activity in patients with endogenous glucocorticoid excess due to adrenal mass Eur J Endocrinol 145 241 247 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmslGksb8%3D 10.1530/eje.0.1450241 11517003
30. L Tauchmanova R Rossi B Biondi, et al. 2002 Patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk J Clin Endicrinol Metab 87 4872 4878 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1yns7w%3D 10.1210/jc.2001-011766 (Pubitemid 35316318)
31. M Terzolo G Reimondo S Bovio A Angeli 2004 Subclinical Cushing's syndrome Pituitary 7 217 223 10.1007/s11102-005-4024-6 16132200 (Pubitemid 43115856)
32. I Chiodini V Morelli B Masserini A Salcuni, et al. 2009 Bone mineral density, prevalence of vertebral fractures and bone quality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas with and without subclinical hypercortisolism: an Italian Multicenter Study J Clin Endicrinol Metab 94 3207 3214 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtFCht7bM 10.1210/jc.2009-0468
33. I Chiodini G Guglielimi C Battista, et al. 2004 Spinal volumetric bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in female patients with adrenal incidentalomas: the effects of subclinical hypercortisolism and gonadal status J Clin Endicrinol Metab 89 2237 2241 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvFyrt7Y%3D 10.1210/jc.2003-031413 (Pubitemid 38619858)
34. I Chiodini R Viti F Coletti G Guglielmi C Battista, et al. 2009 Eugonadal male patients with adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical hypercortisolism have increased rate of vertebral fractures Clin Endocrinol 70 208 213 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsVChsLc%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03310.x
35. Y Erbil N Ozbey U Barbaros H Unalp A Salmaslioglu S Ozarmagan 2009 Cardiovascular risk in patients with nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma: myth or reality? World J Surg 33 10 2099 2105 10.1007/s00268-009-0178-0 19649755
36. C Francucci R Caudarella S Rillis P Fiscaletti, et al. 2008 Adrenal incidentaloma: effects on bone metabolism J Endocrinol Invest 31 7 (suppl) 48 52 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnnslehtQ%3D%3D 18791352
37. D Hadjidakia, et al. 2003 Does subclinical hypercortisolism adversely affect the bone mineral density of patients with adrenal incidentalomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58 72 77 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01676.x (Pubitemid 36098851)
38. G Osella G Reimondo P Peretti A Alí, et al. 2001 The patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenoma (incidentaloma) are not at increased risk of osteoporosis J Clin Endicrinol Metab 86 604 607 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXht1Knsb8%3D 10.1210/jc.86.2.604 (Pubitemid 32207466)
39. G Bernini, et al. 2003 Anthropometric, haemodynamic, humoral and hormonal evaluation in patients with incidental adrenocortical adenomas before and after surgery Eur J Endocrinol 148 213 219 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhvF2jtLg%3D 10.1530/eje.0.1480213 12590640 (Pubitemid 36305687)
40. R Emral, et al. 2003 Prevalence of subclinical Cushing's syndrome in 70 patients with adrenal incidentaloma: clinical, biochemical and surgical outcomes Endocr J 50 399 408 10.1507/endocrj.50.399 14599113 (Pubitemid 37129032)
41. S Midorikawa H Sanada S Hasimoto, et al. 2001 The improvement of insulin resistance in patients with adrenal incidentalomas by surgical resection Clin Endoccrinol (Oxf) 54 797 804 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzmtFyhuw%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01274.x (Pubitemid 34208891)
42. M Sereg A Szappanos J Toke, et al. 2009 Atherosclerotic risk factors and complications in patients with non-functioning adrenal adenomas treated with or without adrenalectomy: a long-term follow-up study Eur J Endocrinol 160 647 655 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFOkur8%3D 10.1530/EJE-08-0707 19174533
43. M Tsuiki A Tanabe S Takagi, et al. 2008 Cardiovascular risks and their long-term clinical outcome in patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome Endocr J 55 737 745 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVaqtrvL 10.1507/endocrj.K07E-177 18506093
44. I Chiodini V Morelli A Salcuni, et al. 2010 Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2736 2745 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnvVaksLw%3D 10.1210/jc.2009-2387 20375210
45. A Toniato I Merante-Boschin G Opocher M Pelizzo, et al. 2009 Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study Ann Surg 249 3 388 391 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819a47d2 19247023
46. L Barzon C Scaroni N Sonino F Fallo, et al. 1999 Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas J Clin Endicrinol Metab 84 520 526 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ksFSjug%3D%3D 10.1210/jc.84.2.520 (Pubitemid 29075678)
47. L Barzon F Fall N Sonino M Boscaro 2002 Development of overt Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma Eur J Endocrinol 146 61 66 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtVamtL8%3D 10.1530/eje.0.1460061 11751069
48. A Kurtaran T Traub B Shapiro 2002 Development of overt Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma Eur J Radiol 41 123 130 10.1016/S0720-048X(01)00442-9 11809541 (Pubitemid 34164133)
49. R Libe C Dall'Asta L Barbetta A Baccarelli P Beck-Peccoz 2002 Long-term follow-up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas Eur J Endocrinol 147 489 494 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotlCgtLY%3D 10.1530/eje.0.1470489 12370111
50. M Terzolo G Reimondo A Angeli 2009 Definition of an optimal strategy to evaluate and follow-up adrenal incidentalomas: time for further research Eur J Endocrinol 161 4 529 532 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlOit7vL 10.1530/EJE-09-0473 19692548
51. E Vassilatou A Vryonidou S Michalopoulou J Manolis, et al. 2009 Hormonal activity of adrenal incidentalomas: results from a long-term follow-up study Clin Endocrinol 70 674 679 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3ls1Kiuw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2265. 2008.03492.x
52. C Fagour S Bardet V Rohmer, et al. 2009 Usefulness of adrenal scintigraphy in the follow-up of adrenocortical incidentalomas: a prospective multicenter study Eur J Endocrinol 160 257 264 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVOhsb3P 10.1530/EJE-08-0299 18974229
53. T Cawood P Hunt D O'Shea D Cole S Soule 2009 Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink? European J Endocrinol 161 513 527 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlOit7vK 10.1530/EJE-09-0234
54. E Kebebew E Reiff Q Duh O Clark A McMillian 2006 Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink? World J Surg 30 872 878 10.1007/s00268-005-0329- x 16680602 (Pubitemid 43724119)
55. J Kievit H Haak 2000 Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal incidentaloma. A cost-effectiveness analysis Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29 1 69 69 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ps1yitg%3D%3D 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70117-1 10732265
56. JH Stone 2006 Incidentalomas-clinical correlation and transslational science required N Engl J Med 354 26 2748 2749 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsVKrtbc%3D 10.1056/NEJMp058264 16807411 (Pubitemid 43974192)