Maternal obesity and infant outcomes

Early Human Development

Volumn 86, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 715-722

  Ruager Martin, Rikke ^a   Hyde, Matthew J ^a   Modi, Neena ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Child; Embryonic and fetal development; Obesity; Pregnancy complications; Pregnancy outcome; Prenatal exposure delayed effects

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD HEALTH; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE INFERTILITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; MATERNAL HYPERTENSION; MATERNAL OBESITY; NEWBORN MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURITY; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STILLBIRTH;

ADULT; ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL WELFARE; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS;

EID: 78049299953     PISSN: 03783782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.007     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Department of Health. Health Profile of England 2008. London2008.
2. Prentice A.M. The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 2006 Feb, 35(1):93-99.
3. National Obesity Observatory Trends in obesity prevalence. London: Department of Health 2010, [cited 2010 20/08/10]; Available from: http://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/trends.
4. Heslehurst N., Ells L.J., Simpson H., Batterham A., Wilkinson J., Summerbell C.D. Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36, 821 women over a 15-year period. BJOG. 2007 Feb, 114(2):187-194.
5. Fattah C., Farah N., O'Toole F., Barry S., Stuart B., Turner M.J. Body Mass Index (BMI) in women booking for antenatal care: comparison between selfreported and digital measurements. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009 May, 144(1):32-34.
6. International Obesity TaskForce, European Association for the Study of Obesity. Obesity in Europe - the case for action. London2002.
7. Lobstein T., Frelut M.L. Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obes Rev 2003 Nov, 4(4):195-200.
8. Stamatakis E., Primatesta P., Chinn S., Rona R., Falascheti E. Overweight and obesity trends from 1974 to 2003 in English children: what is the role of socioeconomic factors?. Arch Dis Child 2005 Oct, 90(10):999-1004.
9. Wang Y., Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006, 1(1):11-25.
10. Despres J.P., Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2006 Dec 14, 444(7121):881-887.
11. Lashen H., Fear K., Sturdee D.W. Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod 2004 Jul, 19(7):1644-1646.
12. van der Steeg J.W., Steures P., Eijkemans M.J., Habbema J.D., Hompes P.G., Burggraaff J.M., et al. Obesity affects spontaneous pregnancy chances in subfertile, ovulatory women. Hum Reprod 2008 Feb, 23(2):324-328.
13. Andreasen K.R., Andersen M.L., Schantz A.L. Obesity and pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004 Nov, 83(11):1022-1029.
14. Usha Kiran T.S., Hemmadi S., Bethel J., Evans J. Outcome of pregnancy in a woman with an increased body mass index. BJOG 2005 Jun, 112(6):768-772.
15. Rogers J., Mitchell G.W. The relation of obesity to menstrual disturbances. N Engl J Med 1952 Jul 10, 247(2):53-55.
16. Hartz A.J., Barboriak P.N., Wong A., Katayama K.P., Rimm A.A. The association of obesity with infertility and related menstural abnormalities in women. Int J Obes 1979, 3(1):57-73.
17. Pasquali R., Patton L., Gambineri A. Obesity and infertility. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Dec, 14(6):482-487.
18. Pasquali R. Obesity, fat distribution and infertility. Maturitas 2006 Jul 20, 54(4):363-371.
19. UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE public health guidance 27: Weight management before, during and after pregnancy London2010.
20. Chibber R. Unexplained antepartum fetal deaths: what are the determinants?. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005 Apr, 271(4):286-291.
21. Cnattingius S., Bergstrom R., Lipworth L., Kramer M.S. Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 1998 Jan 15, 338(3):147-152.
22. Froen J.F., Arnestad M., Frey K., Vege A., Saugstad O.D., Stray-Pedersen B. Risk factors for sudden intrauterine unexplained death: epidemiologic characteristics of singleton cases in Oslo, Norway, 1986-1995. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 Mar, 184(4):694-702.
23. Kristensen J., Vestergaard M., Wisborg K., Kesmodel U., Secher N.J. Pre-pregnancy weight and the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death. BJOG. 2005 Apr, 112(4):403-408.
24. Nohr E.A. Obesity in pregnancy: epidemiological studies based on the Danish National Birth Cohort 2005, University of Aarhus.
25. Nohr E.A., Bech B.H., Davies M.J., Frydenberg M., Henriksen T.B., Olsen J. Prepregnancy obesity and fetal death: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Obstet Gynecol 2005 Aug, 106(2):250-259.
26. Stephansson O., Dickman P.W., Johansson A., Cnattingius S. Maternal weight, pregnancy weight gain, and the risk of antepartum stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 Feb, 184(3):463-469.
27. Chu S.Y., Callaghan W.M., Kim S.Y., Schmid C.H., Lau J., England L.J., et al. Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diab Care 2007 Aug, 30(8):2070-2076.
28. Fortner R.T., Pekow P., Solomon C.G., Markenson G., Chasan-Taber L. Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risk of hypertensive pregnancy among Latina women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 200(2). 167.e1-e7.
29. Sattar N., Clark P., Holmes A., Lean M.E., Walker I., Greer I.A. Antenatal waist circumference and hypertension risk. Obstet Gynecol 2001 Feb, 97(2):268-271.
30. Thadhani R., Stampfer M.J., Hunter D.J., Manson J.E., Solomon C.G., Curhan G.C. High body mass index and hypercholesterolemia: risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Oct, 94(4):543-550.
31. Weiss J.L., Malone F.D., Emig D., Ball R.H., Nyberg D.A., Comstock C.H., et al. Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate-a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Apr, 190(4):1091-1097.
32. Duckitt K., Harrington D. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2005 Mar 12, 330(7491):565.
33. O'Brien T.E., Ray J.G., Chan W.S. Maternal body mass index and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic overview. Epidemiology 2003 May, 14(3):368-374.
34. Chu S.Y., Kim S.Y., Schmid C.H., Dietz P.M., Callaghan W.M., Lau J., et al. Maternal obesity and risk of cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2007 Sep, 8(5):385-394.
35. Ehrenberg H.M., Durnwald C.P., Catalano P., Mercer B.M. The influence of obesity and diabetes on the risk of cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Sep, 191(3):969-974.
36. Aly H, Hammad T, Nada A, Mohamed M, Bathgate S, El-Mohandes A. Maternal obesity, associated complications and risk of prematurity. J Perinatol. Jul;30(7):447-51.
37. Alanis MC, Villers MS, Law TL, Steadman EM, Robinson CJ. Complications of cesarean delivery in the massively obese parturient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print].
38. Lewis G. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Why mothers die?. The Sixth Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 2000-2002, CEMACH2004, London.
39. Lewis G. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers' Lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 2003-2005, London, CEMACH.2007.
40. Cedergren M., Kallen B. Maternal obesity and the risk for orofacial clefts in the offspring. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005 Jul, 42(4):367-371.
41. Cedergren M.I., Kallen B.A. Maternal obesity and infant heart defects. Obes Res 2003 Sep, 11(9):1065-1071.
42. Shaw G.M., Carmichael S.L. Prepregnant obesity and risks of selected birth defects in offspring. Epidemiology 2008 Jul, 19(4):616-620.
43. Waller D.K., Shaw G.M., Rasmussen S.A., Hobbs C.A., Canfield M.A., Siega-Riz A.M., et al. Prepregnancy obesity as a risk factor for structural birth defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007 Aug, 161(8):745-750.
44. Watkins M.L., Rasmussen S.A., Honein M.A., Botto L.D., Moore C.A. Maternal obesity and risk for birth defects. Pediatrics 2003, 111(5 Part 2):1152-1158. May.
45. Rasmussen S.A., Chu S.Y., Kim S.Y., Schmid C.H., Lau J. Maternal obesity and risk of neural tube defects: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008 Jun, 198(6):611-619.
46. Stothard K.J., Tennant P.W., Bell R., Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009 Feb 11, 301(6):636-650.
47. Werler M.M., Louik C., Shapiro S., Mitchell A.A. Prepregnant weight in relation to risk of neural tube defects. JAMA. 1996 Apr 10, 275(14):1089-1092.
48. Mojtabai R. Body mass index and serum folate in childbearing age women. Eur J Epidemiol 2004, 19(11):1029-1036.
49. Hendricks K.A., Nuno O.M., Suarez L., Larsen R. Effects of hyperinsulinemia and obesity on risk of neural tube defects among Mexican Americans. Epidemiology 2001 Nov, 12(6):630-635.
50. Rajasingam D., Seed P.T., Briley A.L., Shennan A.H., Poston L. A prospective study of pregnancy outcome and biomarkers of oxidative stress in nulliparous obese women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 200(4):395. Apr.
51. Ehrenberg H.M., Mercer B.M., Catalano P.M. The influence of obesity and diabetes on the prevalence of macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Sep, 191(3):964-968.
52. Jensen D.M., Damm P., Sorensen B., Molsted-Pedersen L., Westergaard J.G., Ovesen P., et al. Pregnancy outcome and prepregnancy body mass index in 2459 glucose-tolerant Danish women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Jul, 189(1):239-244.
53. Jolly M.C., Sebire N.J., Harris J.P., Regan L., Robinson S. Risk factors for macrosomia and its clinical consequences: a study of 350,311 pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003 Nov 10, 111(1):9-14.
54. Knight B., Shields B.M., Hill A., Powell R.J., Wright D., Hattersley A.T. The impact of maternal glycemia and obesity on early postnatal growth in a nondiabetic Caucasian population. Diab Care 2007 Apr, 30(4):777-783.
55. Sebire N.J., Jolly M., Harris J.P., Wadsworth J., Joffe M., Beard R.W., et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287, 213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 Aug, 25(8):1175-1182.
56. Boney C.M., Verma A., Tucker R., Vohr B.R. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005 Mar, 115(3):e290-e296.
57. Eriksson B, Lof M, Forsum E. Body composition in full-term healthy infants measured with air displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12weeks of age. Acta Paediatr. Apr;99(4):563-8.
58. Owens LA, O'Sullivan EP, Kirwan B, Avalos G, Gaffney G, Dunne F. ATLANTIC DIP: the impact of obesity on pregnancy outcome in glucose-tolerant women. Diabetes Care. Mar;33(3):577-9.
59. Baeten J.M., Bukusi E.A., Lambe M. Pregnancy complications and outcomes among overweight and obese nulliparous women. Am J Public Health 2001 Mar, 91(3):436-440.
60. Cedergren M.I. Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004 Feb, 103(2):219-224.
61. Lucas A., Morley R., Cole T.J., Bamford M.F., Boon A., Crowle P., et al. Maternal fatness and viability of preterm infants. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988 May 28, 296(6635):1495-1497.
62. Naeye R.L. Maternal body weight and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Aug, 52(2):273-279.
63. Harder T., Bergmann R., Kallischnigg G., Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005 Sep 1, 162(5):397-403.
64. Arenz S., Ruckerl R., Koletzko B., von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity-a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004 Oct, 28(10):1247-1256.
65. Armstrong J., Reilly J.J. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002 Jun 8, 359(9322):2003-2004.
66. Dewey K.G. Is breastfeeding protective against child obesity?. J Hum Lact 2003 Feb, 19(1):9-18.
67. Owen C.G., Martin R.M., Whincup P.H., Davey-Smith G., Gillman M.W., Cook D.G. The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Dec, 82(6):1298-1307.
68. Owen C.G., Martin R.M., Whincup P.H., Smith G.D., Cook D.G. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics 2005 May, 115(5):1367-1377.
69. Singhal A., Lucas A. Early origins of cardiovascular disease: is there a unifying hypothesis?. Lancet 2004 May 15, 363(9421):1642-1645.
70. Donath S.M., Amir L.H. Maternal obesity and initiation and duration of breastfeeding: data from the longitudinal study of Australian children. Matern Child Nutr 2008 Jul, 4(3):163-170.
71. Oddy W.H., Li J., Landsborough L., Kendall G.E., Henderson S., Downie J. The association of maternal overweight and obesity with breastfeeding duration. J Pediatr 2006 Aug, 149(2):185-191.
72. Baker J.L., Michaelsen K.F., Sorensen T.I., Rasmussen K.M. High prepregnant body mass index is associated with early termination of full and any breastfeeding in Danish women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 Aug, 86(2):404-411.
73. Rasmussen K.M., Kjolhede C.L. Prepregnant overweight and obesity diminish the prolactin response to suckling in the first week postpartum. Pediatrics 2004 May, 113(5):e465-e471.
74. Danielzik S., Langnase K., Mast M., Spethmann C., Muller M.J. Impact of parental BMI on the manifestation of overweight 5-7year old children. Eur J Nutr 2002 Jun, 41(3):132-138.
75. Lustig R.H. Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Thermodynamics. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006 Aug, 2(8):447-458.
76. Dabelea D., Hanson R.L., Lindsay R.S., Pettitt D.J., Imperatore G., Gabir M.M., et al. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships. Diabetes 2000 Dec, 49(12):2208-2211.
77. Ay L., Van Houten V.A., Steegers E.A., Hofman A., Witteman J.C., Jaddoe V.W., et al. Fetal and postnatal growth and body composition at 6months of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 Jun, 94(6):2023-2030.
78. Sparks J.W. Human intrauterine growth and nutrient accretion. Semin Perinatol 1984 Apr, 8(2):74-93.
79. Catalano P.M., Thomas A., Huston-Presley L., Amini S.B. Increased fetal adiposity: a very sensitive marker of abnormal in utero development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Dec, 189(6):1698-1704.
80. Hull H.R., Dinger M.K., Knehans A.W., Thompson D.M., Fields D.A. Impact of maternal body mass index on neonate birthweight and body composition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 198(4):416. Apr.
81. Sewell M.F., Huston-Presley L., Super D.M., Catalano P. Increased neonatal fat mass, not lean body mass, is associated with maternal obesity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006 Oct, 195(4):1100-1103.
82. Harvey N.C., Poole J.R., Javaid M.K., Dennison E.M., Robinson S., Inskip H.M., et al. Parental determinants of neonatal body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 Feb, 92(2):523-526.
83. Gale C.R., Javaid M.K., Robinson S.M., Law C.M., Godfrey K.M., Cooper C. Maternal size in pregnancy and body composition in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 Oct, 92(10):3904-3911.
84. Arner P. Regional differences in protein production by human adipose tissue. Biochem Soc Trans 2001 May, 29(Pt 2):72-75.
85. Cnop M., Havel P.J., Utzschneider K.M., Carr D.B., Sinha M.K., Boyko E.J., et al. Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 2003 Apr, 46(4):459-469.
86. Wajchenberg B.L. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000 Dec, 21(6):697-738.
87. Fox C.S., Massaro J.M., Hoffmann U., Pou K.M., Maurovich-Horvat P., Liu C.Y., et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007 Jul 3, 116(1):39-48.
88. Demerath E.W., Reed D., Rogers N., Sun S.S., Lee M., Choh A.C., et al. Visceral adiposity and its anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 Nov, 88(5):1263-1271.
89. Kissebah A.H., Krakower G.R. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994 Oct, 74(4):761-811.
90. Eriksson M., Tynelius P., Rasmussen F. Associations of birthweight and infant growth with body composition at age 15-the COMPASS study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008 Jul, 22(4):379-388.
91. Eriksson J., Forsen T., Tuomilehto J., Osmond C., Barker D. Size at birth, childhood growth and obesity in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 May, 25(5):735-740.
92. Charlton M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004 Dec, 2(12):1048-1058.
93. Mingrone G., Manco M., Mora M.E., Guidone C., Iaconelli A., Gniuli D., et al. Influence of maternal obesity on insulin sensitivity and secretion in offspring. Diab Care 2008 Sep, 31(9):1872-1876.
94. Wei J.-N., Sung F.-C., Li C.-Y., Chang C.-H., Lin R.-S., Lin C.-C., et al. Low birth weight and high birth weight infants are both at an increased risk to have type 2 diabetes among schoolchildren in Taiwan. Diab Care 2003 February 1, 26(2):343-348. 2003.
95. Khan I.Y., Dekou V., Douglas G., Jensen R., Hanson M.A., Poston L., et al. A high-fat diet during rat pregnancy or suckling induces cardiovascular dysfunction in adult offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005 Jan, 288(1):R127-R133.
96. Mamun A.A., O'Callaghan M., Callaway L., Williams G., Najman J., Lawlor D.A. Associations of gestational weight gain with offspring body mass index and blood pressure at 21years of age: evidence from a birth cohort study. Circulation 2009 Apr 7, 119(13):1720-1727.
97. Oken E., Taveras E.M., Kleinman K.P., Rich-Edwards J.W., Gillman M.W. Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007 Apr, 196(4):322. e1-8.
98. Ehrenberg H.M., Huston-Presley L., Catalano P.M. The influence of obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus on accretion and the distribution of adipose tissue in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Oct, 189(4):944-948.
99. Dawes M.G., Grudzinskas J.G. Patterns of maternal weight gain in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991 Feb, 98(2):195-201.
100. Schieve L.A., Cogswell M.E., Scanlon K.S., Perry G., Ferre C., Blackmore-Prince C., et al. Prepregnancy body mass index and pregnancy weight gain: associations with preterm delivery. The NMIHS Collaborative Study Group. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Aug, 96(2):194-200.
101. Winkvist A., Stenlund H., Hakimi M., Nurdiati D.S., Dibley M.J. Weight-gain patterns from prepregnancy until delivery among women in Central Java, Indonesia. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 June 1, 75(6):1072-1077. 2002.
102. Nohr E.A., Vaeth M., Baker J.L., Sorensen T., Olsen J., Rasmussen K.M. Combined associations of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 Jun, 87(6):1750-1759.
103. Epstein L.H., Wu Y.W., Paluch R.A., Cerny F.J., Dorn J.P. Asthma and maternal body mass index are related to pediatric body mass index and obesity: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Obes Res 2000 Nov, 8(8):575-581.
104. Reichman N.E., Nepomnyaschy L. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and diagnosis of asthma in offspring at age 3years. Matern Child Health J 2008 Nov, 12(6):725-733.
105. Oddy W.H., Sherriff J.L., de Klerk N.H., Kendall G.E., Sly P.D., Beilin L.J., et al. The relation of breastfeeding and body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: a prospective cohort study to age 6years. Am J Public Health 2004 Sep, 94(9):1531-1537.
106. Rodriguez A. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and risk for inattention and negative emotionality in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Feb;51(2):134-143.
107. Rodriguez A., Miettunen J., Henriksen T.B., Olsen J., Obel C., Taanila A., et al. Maternal adiposity prior to pregnancy is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring: evidence from three prospective pregnancy cohorts. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Mar, 32(3):550-557.
108. Bilbo SD, Tsang V. Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for brain inflammation and behavior of offspring. FASEB J. Jun;24(6):2104-15.
109. Hillier T.A., Pedula K.L., Schmidt M.M., Mullen J.A., Charles M.A., Pettitt D.J. Childhood obesity and metabolic imprinting: the ongoing effects of maternal hyperglycemia. Diab Care 2007 Sep, 30(9):2287-2292.
110. Lauszus F.F., Paludan J., Klebe J.G. Birthweight in women with potential gestational diabetes mellitus-an effect of obesity rather than glucose intolerance?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999 Jul, 78(6):520-525.
111. Kirk S.L., Samuelsson A.M., Argenton M., Dhonye H., Kalamatianos T., Poston L., et al. Maternal obesity induced by diet in rats permanently influences central processes regulating food intake in offspring. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(6):e5870.
112. Shankar K., Harrell A., Liu X., Gilchrist J.M., Ronis M.J., Badger T.M. Maternal obesity at conception programs obesity in the offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008 Feb, 294(2):R528-R538.
113. Bayol S.A., Simbi B.H., Bertrand J.A., Stickland N.C. Offspring from mothers fed a "junk food" diet in pregnancy and lactation exhibit exacerbated adiposity that is more pronounced in females. J Physiol 2008 Jul 1, 586(13):3219-3230.
114. Tong J.F., Yan X., Zhu M.J., Ford S.P., Nathanielsz P.W., Du M. Maternal obesity downregulates myogenesis and beta-catenin signaling in fetal skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 Apr, 296(4):E917-E924.
115. Samuelsson A.M., Matthews P.A., Argenton M., Christie M.R., McConnell J.M., Jansen E.H., et al. Diet-induced obesity in female mice leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance: a novel murine model of developmental programming. Hypertension 2008 Feb, 51(2):383-392.
116. Zhu M.J., Ford S.P., Nathanielsz P.W., Du M. Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in sheep on the development of fetal skeletal muscle. Biol Reprod 2004 Dec, 71(6):1968-1973.
117. Drake AJ, Reynolds RM. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk. Reproduction. Jun 18.
118. Kral J.G., Biron S., Simard S., Hould F.S., Lebel S., Marceau S., et al. Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18years. Pediatrics 2006 Dec, 118(6):e1644-e1649.
119. Smith J., Cianflone K., Biron S., Hould F.S., Lebel S., Marceau S., et al. Effects of maternal surgical weight loss in mothers on intergenerational transmission of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 Nov, 94(11):4275-4283.
120. Maggard M.A., Yermilov I., Li Z., Maglione M., Newberry S., Suttorp M., et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008 Nov 19, 300(19):2286-2296.
121. Sjostrom L., Lindroos A.K., Peltonen M., Torgerson J., Bouchard C., Carlsson B., et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004 Dec 23, 351(26):2683-2693.
122. Dodd J.M., Crowther C.A., Robinson J.S. Dietary and lifestyle interventions to limit weight gain during pregnancy for obese or overweight women: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008, 87(7):702-706.
123. Whitaker R.C. Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 2004 Jul, 114(1):e29-e36.
124. Burdette H.L., Whitaker R.C., Hall W.C., Daniels S.R. Maternal infant-feeding style and children's adiposity at 5years of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 May, 160(5):513-520.
125. O'Callaghan M.J., Williams G.M., Andersen M.J., Bor W., Najman J.M. Prediction of obesity in children at 5years: a cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Aug, 33(4):311-316.
126. Salsberry P.J., Reagan P.B. Dynamics of early childhood overweight. Pediatrics 2005 Dec, 116(6):1329-1338.
127. Blair N.J., Thompson J.M., Black P.N., Becroft D.M., Clark P.M., Han D.Y., et al. Risk factors for obesity in 7-year-old European children: the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study. Arch Dis Child 2007 Oct, 92(10):866-871.
128. Fisch R.O., Bilek M.K., Ulstrom R. Obesity and leanness at birth and their relationship to body habitus in later childhood. Pediatrics 1975 Oct, 56(4):521-528.
129. Reilly J.J., Armstrong J., Dorosty A.R., Emmett P.M., Ness A., Rogers I., et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005 Jun 11, 330(7504):1357.
130. Davey Smith G., Steer C., Leary S., Ness A. Is there an intrauterine influence on obesity? Evidence from parent-child associations in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Arch Dis Child 2007 October 1, 92(10):876-880. 2007.
131. Li C., Kaur H., Choi W.S., Huang T.T., Lee R.E., Ahluwalia J.S. Additive interactions of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on childhood overweight. Obes Res 2005 Feb, 13(2):362-371.
132. Lawlor D.A., Smith G.D., O'Callaghan M., Alati R., Mamun A.A., Williams G.M., et al. Epidemiologic evidence for the fetal overnutrition hypothesis: findings from the Mater-University study of pregnancy and its outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2007 Feb 15, 165(4):418-424.
133. Koupil I., Toivanen P. Social and early-life determinants of overweight and obesity in 18-year-old Swedish men. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Jan, 32(1):73-81.
134. Parsons T.J., Power C., Manor O. Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study. BMJ. 2001 Dec 8, 323(7325):1331-1335.