Oncolytic virotherapy reaches adolescence

Pediatric Blood and Cancer

Volumn 55, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1253-1263

  Hammill, Adrienne M ^a   Conner, Joseph ^b   Cripe, Timothy P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Crusade Laboratories Limited   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Herpes simplex virus; HSV1716; JX 594; Oncolytic virus; Pediatric cancer; Reolysin; Reovirus; Seneca Valley virus; Vaccinia

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARBOPLATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; HSV 1716; JX 594; NTX 010; ONCOLYTIC VIRUS; PACLITAXEL; PLACEBO; PLATINUM; REOLYSIN; SENECA VALLEY VIRUS 001; SEPREHVIR; SVV 001; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTHRALGIA; BLADDER CARCINOMA; BRAIN TUMOR; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER MODEL; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOID; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CARCINOMA; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG SAFETY; EOSINOPHIL COUNT; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GLIOMA; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HISTORY; HOSPITALIZED CHILD; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIVER CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MONOTHERAPY; MYALGIA; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NEUROBLASTOMA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY; OSTEOSARCOMA; OVARY CARCINOMA; PANCREAS CARCINOMA; PICORNAVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROSTATE TUMOR; REOVIRUS; RETINOBLASTOMA; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOSARCOMA; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN TUMOR; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; SOLID TUMOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR CELL DESTRUCTION; VACCINIA VIRUS; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN;

ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY; ONCOLYTIC VIRUSES;

EID: 78049274563     PISSN: 15455009     EISSN: 15455017     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22724     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Dock G. The influence of complicating diseases upon leukaemia. Am J Med Sci 1904; 127: 561-592.
2. Levaditi C, Nicolau S. Sur la culture de virus vaccinal dans les neoplasmes epitheliaux. CR Soc Biol 1922; 86: 928.
3. Levaditi C, Nicolau S. Affinite du virus herpetique pour les neoplasmes epitheliaux. CR Soc Biol 1922; 87: 498-500.
4. Moore A. Viruses with oncolytic properties and their adaptation to tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 1952; 54: 945-952.
5. Moore AE. The destructive effect of the virus of Russian Far East encephalitis on the transplantable mouse sarcoma 180. Cancer 1949; 2: 525-534.
6. Moore AE, O'Connor S. Further studies on the destructive effect of the virus of Russian Far East encephalitis on the transplantable mouse sarcoma 180. Cancer 1950; 3: 886-890.
7. Moore AE. Enhancement of oncolytic effect of Russian encephalitis virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1951; 76: 749-754.
8. Moore AE. Inhibition of growth of five transplantable mouse tumors by the virus of Russian Far East encephalitis. Cancer 1951; 4: 375-382.
9. Kelly E, Russell SJ. History of oncolytic viruses: Genesis to genetic engineering. Mol Ther 2007; 15: 651-659.
10. Kenney S, Pagano J. Viruses as oncolytic agents: A new age for "therapeutic" viruses? J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1185-1186.
11. Newman W, Southam CM. Virus treatment in advanced cancer: A pathological study of fifty-seven cases. Cancer 1954; 7: 106-118.
12. Southam CM, Moore AE. Induced virus infections in man by the Egypt isolates of West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1954; 3: 19-50.
13. Southam CM, Moore AE. Induced immunity to cancer cell homografts in man. Ann NY Acad Sci 1958; 73: 635-653.
14. Langer E. Human experimentation: Cancer studies at Sloan-Kettering stir public debate on medical ethics. Science 1964; 143: 551-553.
15. Lerner B. Sins of omission-Cancer research without informed consent. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 628-630.
16. Kirn D, Martuza R, Zwiebel J. Replication-selective virotherapy for cancer: Biological principles, risk management and future directions. Nat Med 2001; 7: 781-787.
17. Quigg M, Mairs RJ, Brown SM, et al. Assessment in vitro of a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma, combining herpes simplex virus HSV1716-mediated oncolysis with gene transfer and targeted radiotherapy. Med Chem 2005; 1: 423-429.
18. Mace AT, Harrow SJ, Ganly I, et al. Cytotoxic effects of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2007; 127: 880-887.
19. Kottke T, Hall G, Pulido J, et al. Antiangiogenic cancer therapy combined with oncolytic virotherapy leads to regression of established tumors in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 1551-1560.
20. Kanai R, Wakimoto H, Cheema T, et al. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors and chemotherapy: Are combinatorial strategies more effective for cancer? Future Oncol 2010; 6: 619-634.
21. Nguyen TL, Tumilasci VF, Singhroy D, et al. The emergence of combinatorial strategies in the development of RNA oncolytic virus therapies. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11: 889-897.
22. Crompton AM, Kirn DH. From ONYX-015 to armed vaccinia viruses: The education and evolution of oncolytic virus development. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2007; 7: 133-139.
23. Coukos G, Makrigiannakis A, Kang EH, et al. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 lacking ICP34.5 induces p53-independent death and is efficacious against chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 3342-3353.
24. Hermiston T. Gene delivery from replication-selective viruses: Arming guided missiles in the war against cancer. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 1169-1172.
25. Kaur B, Cripe TP, Chiocca EA. "Buy one get one free": Armed viruses for the treatment of cancer cells and their microenvironment. Curr Gene Ther 2009; 9: 341-355.
26. Toda M, Rabkin SD, Kojima H, et al. Herpes simplex virus as an in situ cancer vaccine for the induction of specific anti-tumor immunity. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 385-393.
27. Benencia F, Courreges MC, Fraser NW, et al. Herpes virus oncolytic therapy reverses tumor immune dysfunction and facilitates tumor antigen presentation. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7: 8.
28. Cripe TP, Dunphy EJ, Holub AD, et al. Fiber knob modifications overcome low, heterogeneous expression of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor which limits adenovirus gene transfer and oncolysis for human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 2953-2960.
29. Parikh N, Currier MA, Adams LC, et al. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants are more efficacious than wild-type adenovirus for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastomas in preclinical models. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 44: 469-478.
30. Bharatan N, Currier M, Cripe T. Differential susceptibility of pediatric sarcoma cells to oncolysis by conditionally replication-competent herpes simplex viruses. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 24: 447-453.
31. Rice A, Currier M, Adams L, et al. Ewing sarcoma family of tumors express adenovirus receptors and are susceptible to adenovirus-mediated oncolysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 24: 527-533.
32. Currier MA, Mahller YY, Adams LC, et al. Widespread intratumoral virus distribution with fractionated injection enables local control of large human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts by oncolytic herpes simplex viruses. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12: 407-416.
33. Mahller YY, Rangwala F, Ratner N, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with high and low Ras-GTP are permissive for oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46: 745-754.
34. Mahller YY, Vaikunth SS, Currier MA, et al. Oncolytic HSV and erlotinib inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in a novel malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor xenograft model. Mol Ther 2007; 15: 279-286.
35. Currier MA, Gillespie RA, Sawtell NM, et al. Efficacy and safety of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus rRp450 alone and combined with cyclophosphamide. Mol Ther 2008; 16: 879-885.
36. Mahller YY, Vaikunth SS, Ripberger MC, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 via oncolytic herpesvirus inhibits tumor growth and vascular progenitors. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 1170-1179.
37. Mahller YY, Williams JP, Baird WH, et al. Neuroblastoma cell lines contain pluripotent tumor initiating cells that are susceptible to a targeted oncolytic virus. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e4235.
38. Eshun F, Currier M, Gillespie R, et al. VEGF blockade decreases tumor uptake of systemic oncolytic Herpes virus but enhances therapeutic efficacy when given after virotherapy. Gene Ther 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
39. Friedman GK, Pressey JG, Reddy AT, et al. Herpes simplex virus oncolytic therapy for pediatric malignancies. Mol Ther 2009; 17: 1125-1135.
40. Morton C, Houghton P, Kolb E, et al. Initial testing of the replication competent Seneca Valley Virus (NTX-010) by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010 (in press).
41. Smith ER, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses as novel anticancer agents: Turning one scourge against another. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2000; 9: 311-327.
42. Varghese S, Rabkin S. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9: 967-978.
43. Arceci R, Cripe T. Emerging cancer-targeted therapies. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49: 1339-1368.
44. Cripe T, Mackall C. Exploiting genetic alterations to design novel therapies for cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2001; 15: 657-675.
45. Martuza R. Conditionally replicating herpes vectors for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 841-846.
46. MacLean AR, ul-Fareed M, Robertson L, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 deletion variants 1714 and 1716 pinpoint neurovirulence-related sequences in Glasgow strain 17+ between immediate early gene 1 and the 'a' sequence. J Gen Virol 1991; 72: 631-639.
47. Valyi-Nagy T, Fareed MU, O'Keefe JS, et al. The herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17+ gamma 34.5 deletion mutant 1716 is avirulent in SCID mice. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 2059-2063.
48. Roizman B, Sears A. Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. In: Fields BN, Knipe, DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1996. pp 2231-2295.
49. Pawlik TM, Nakamura H, Yoon SS, et al. Oncolysis of diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma by intravascular administration of a replication-competent, genetically engineered herpesvirus. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2790-2795.
50. Toda M, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Treatment of human breast cancer in a brain metastatic model by G207, a replication-competent multimutated herpes simplex virus 1. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9: 2177-2185.
51. Carew JF, Kooby DA, Halterman MW, et al. Selective infection and cytolysis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with sparing of normal mucosa by a cytotoxic herpes simplex virus type 1 (G207). Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 1599-1606.
52. Kasuya H, Nishiyama Y, Nomoto S, et al. Intraperitoneal delivery of hrR3 and ganciclovir prolongs survival in mice with disseminated pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol 1999; 72: 136-141.
53. Walker JR, McGeagh KG, Sundaresan P, et al. Local and systemic therapy of human prostate adenocarcinoma with the conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus vector G207. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 2237-2243.
54. Coukos G, Makrigiannakis A, Montas S, et al. Multi-attenuated herpes simplex virus-1 mutant G207 exerts cytotoxicity against epithelial ovarian cancer but not normal mesothelium and is suitable for intraperitoneal oncolytic therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2000; 7: 275-283.
55. Oyama M, Ohigashi T, Hoshi M, et al. Intravesical and intravenous therapy of human bladder cancer by the herpes vector G207. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 1683-1693.
56. Harland J, Papanastassiou V, Brown SM. HSV1716 persistence in primary human glioma cells in vitro. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 1194-1198.
57. Randazzo BP, Kesari S, Gesser RM, et al. Treatment of experimental intracranial murine melanoma with a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus 1 mutant. Virology 1995; 211: 94-101.
58. Kesari S, Randazzo BP, Valyi-Nagy T, et al. Therapy of experimental human brain tumors using a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus mutant. Lab Invest 1995; 73: 636-648.
59. Lambright ES, Kang EH, Force S, et al. Effect of preexisting anti-herpes immunity on the efficacy of herpes simplex viral therapy in a murine intraperitoneal tumor model. Mol Ther 2000; 2: 387-393.
60. Kucharczuk JC, Randazzo B, Chang MY, et al. Use of a "replication-restricted" herpes virus to treat experimental human malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 466-471.
61. Lasner TM, Kesari S, Brown SM, et al. Therapy of a murine model of pediatric brain tumors using a herpes simplex virus type-1 ICP34.5 mutant and demonstration of viral replication within the CNS. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996; 55: 1259-1269.
62. Thomas D, Fraser N. HSV-1 therapy of primary tumors reduces the number of metastases in an immune-competent model of metastatic breast cancer. Mol Ther 2003; 8: 543-551.
63. Toyoizumi T, Mick R, Abbas AE, et al. Combined therapy with chemotherapeutic agents and herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP34.5 mutant (HSV-1716) in human non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 3013-3029.
64. Coukos G, Makrigiannakis A, Kank E, et al. Use of carrier cells to deliver a replication-selective Herpes simplex virus-1 mutant for the intraperitoneal therapy of epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1523-1537.
65. Brown SM, Harland J, MacLean AR, et al. Cell type and cell state determine differential in vitro growth of non-neurovirulent ICP34.5-negative herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 2367-2377.
66. Chahlavi A, Rabkin S, Todo T, et al. Effect of prior exposure to herpes simplex virus 1 on viral vector-mediated tumor therapy in immunocompetent mice. Gene Ther 1999; 6: 1751-1758.
67. Delman KA, Bennett JJ, Zager JS, et al. Effects of preexisting immunity on the response to herpes simplex-based oncolytic viral therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 2465-2472.
68. Liu B, Robinson M, Han Z-Q, et al. ICP34.5 deleted herpes simplex virus with enhanced oncolytic, immune stimulating, and anti-tumour proporties. Gene Ther 2003; 10: 292-303.
69. Miller C, Fraser N. Role of the immune response during neuro-attenuated herpes simplex virus-mediated tumor destruction in a muring intracranial melanoma model. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5714-5722.
70. Rampling R, Cruickshank G, Papanastassiou V, et al. Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Gene Ther 2000; 7: 859-866.
71. Papanastassiou V, Rampling R, Fraser M, et al. The potential for efficacy of the modified (ICP 34.5(-)) herpes simplex virus HSV1716 following intratumoural injection into human malignant glioma: A proof of principle study. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 398-406.
72. Harrow S, Papanastassiou V, Harland J, et al. HSV1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: Safety data and long-term survival. Gene Ther 2004; 11: 1648-1658.
73. MacKie RM, Stewart B, Brown SM. Intralesional injection of herpes simplex virus 1716 in metastatic melanoma. Lancet 2001; 357: 525-526.
74. Mace AT, Ganly I, Soutar DS, et al. Potential for efficacy of the oncolytic Herpes simplex virus 1716 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2008; 30: 1045-1051.
75. Benencia F, Courreges MC, Fraser NW, et al. Herpes virus oncolytic therapy reverses tumor immune dysfunction and facilitates tumor antigen presentation. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7: 1194-1205.
76. Casey CG, Iskander JK, Roper MH, et al. Adverse events associated with smallpox vaccination in the United States, January-October 2003. JAMA 2005; 294: 2734-2743.
77. Hansen RM, Libnoch JA. Remission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia after smallpox vaccination. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138: 1137-1138.
78. Burdick KH, Hawk WA. Vitiligo in a case of vaccinia virus-treated melanoma. Cancer 1964; 17: 708-712.
79. Hunter-Craig I, Newton KA, Westbury G, et al. Use of vaccinia virus in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. Br Med J 1970; 2: 512-515.
80. Roenigk HH, Jr., Deodhar S, St Jacques R, et al. Immunotherapy of malignant melanoma with vaccinia virus. Arch Dermatol 1974; 109: 668-673.
81. Mastrangelo MJ, Maguire HC, Jr., Eisenlohr LC, et al. Intratumoral recombinant GM-CSF-encoding virus as gene therapy in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 1999; 6: 409-422.
82. Gomella LG, Mastrangelo MJ, McCue PA, et al. Phase i study of intravesical vaccinia virus as a vector for gene therapy of bladder cancer. J Urol 2001; 166: 1291-1295.
83. Kim JH, Oh JY, Park BH, et al. Systemic armed oncolytic and immunologic therapy for cancer with JX-594, a targeted poxvirus expressing GM-CSF. Mol Ther 2006; 14: 361-370.
84. Park BH, Hwang T, Liu TC, et al. Use of a targeted oncolytic poxvirus, JX-594, in patients with refractory primary or metastatic liver cancer: A phase I trial. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 533-542.
85. Liu TC, Hwang T, Park BH, et al. The targeted oncolytic poxvirus JX-594 demonstrates antitumoral, antivascular, and anti-HBV activities in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Ther 2008; 16: 1637-1642.
86. Hales LM, Knowles NJ, Reddy PS, et al. Complete genome sequence analysis of Seneca Valley virus-001, a novel oncolytic picornavirus. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 1265-1275.
87. Reddy PS, Burroughs KD, Hales LM, et al. Seneca Valley virus, a systemically deliverable oncolytic picornavirus, and the treatment of neuroendocrine cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1623-1633.
88. Rudin CM, Lansey D, Burroughs KD, et al. Phase I trial of Seneca Valley Virus (NTX-010), a newly discovered systemically deliverable oncolytic picornavirus, in patients with solid tumors with neuroendocrine features. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, 2007.
89. Rudin CM, Senzer N, Stephenson J, et al. Phase I study of intravenous Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010), a replication competent oncolytic virus, in patients with neuroendocrine (NE) cancers. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 2009.
90. Stanley NF, Dorman DC, Ponsford J. Studies on the pathogenesis of a hitherto undescribed virus (hepato-encephalomyelitis) producing unusual symptoms in suckling mice. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1953; 31: 147-159.
91. Tyler KL, Fields BN. Reoviridiae: A brief introduction. In: Fields BN, Knight JC, editors. Virology, 2nd edition. New York: Raven Press; 1990. pp 1271-1328.
92. Rosen L, Evans HE, Spickard A. Reovirus infections in human volunteers. Am J Hyg 1963; 77: 29-37.
93. Jackson GG, Muldoon RL. Viruses causing common respiratory infections in man. J Infect Dis 1973; 127: 328-355.
94. Minuk GY, Paul RW, Lee PW. The prevalence of antibodies to reovirus type 3 in adults with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease. J Med Virol 1985; 16: 55-60.
95. Minuk GY, Rascanin N, Paul RW, et al. Reovirus type 3 infection in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 1987; 5: 8-13.
96. Sabin AB. Reoviruses. A new group of respiratory and enteric viruses formerly classified as ECHO type 10 is described. Science 1959; 130: 1387-1389.
97. Rosen L, Hovis JF, Mastrota FM, et al. An outbreak of infection with a type 1 reovirus among children in an institution. Am J Epidemiol 1960; 71: 266-274.
98. Hashiro G, Loh PC, Yau JT. The preferential cytotoxicity of reovirus for certain transformed cell lines. Arch Virol 1977; 54: 307-315.
99. Duncan MR, Stanish SM, Cox DC. Differential sensitivity of normal and transformed human cells to reovirus infection. J Virol 1978; 28: 444-449.
100. Strong JE, Coffey MC, Tang D, et al. The molecular basis of viral oncolysis: Usurpation of the Ras signaling pathway by reovirus. EMBO J 1998; 17: 3351-3362.
101. Alain T, Hirasawa K, Pon KJ, et al. Reovirus therapy of lymphoid malignancies. Blood 2002; 100: 4146-4153.
102. Etoh T, Himeno Y, Matsumoto T, et al. Oncolytic viral therapy for human pancreatic cancer cells by reovirus. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 1218-1223.
103. Hirasawa K, Nishikawa SG, Norman KL, et al. Oncolytic reovirus against ovarian and colon cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1696-1701.
104. Norman KL, Coffey MC, Hirasawa K, et al. Reovirus oncolysis of human breast cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13: 641-652.
105. Sei S, Mussio JK, Yang QE, et al. Synergistic antitumor activity of oncolytic reovirus and chemotherapeutic agents in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2009; 8: 47.
106. Wilcox ME, Yang W, Senger D, et al. Reovirus as an oncolytic agent against experimental human malignant gliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 903-912.
107. Zhang WE, Kolb EA. Reolysin, an unmodified Reovirus, has significant anti-tumor activity in childhood sarcomas. 98th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research, Washington, DC. Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research, 2006.
108. Forsyth PA, Yang WQ, Senger D, et al. Reovirus oncolysis in medulloblastoma is effective in vivo and safe in rodents and primates. Orlando, FL: American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2002.
109. Coffey MC, Strong JE, Forsyth PA, et al. Reovirus therapy of tumors with activated Ras pathway. Science 1998; 282: 1332-1334.
110. Hirasawa K, Nishikawa SG, Norman KL, et al. Systemic reovirus therapy of metastatic cancer in immune-competent mice. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 348-353.
111. Twigger K, Vidal L, White CL, et al. Enhanced in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of combined reovirus and radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 912-923.
112. Pandha HS, Heinemann L, Simpson GR, et al. Synergistic effects of oncolytic reovirus and cisplatin chemotherapy in murine malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 6158-6166.
113. Gidwani P, Zhang E, Guha C, et al. Radiation in combination with Reolysin for pediatric sarcomas. Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA, 2008.
114. Morris DG, Forsyth PA, Paterson AHG, et al. A phase I clinical trial evaluating intralesional Reolysin (reovirus) in histologically confirmed malignancies. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 2002.
115. Thirukkumaran CM, Shi ZQ, Diaz R, et al. Clinical evidence of reovirus oncolysis in human prostate cancer. 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research, Denver, CO, 2009.
116. Forsyth P, Roldan G, George D, et al. A phase I trial of intratumoral administration of reovirus in patients with histologically confirmed recurrent malignant gliomas. Mol Ther 2008; 16: 627-632.
117. Vidal L, Pandha HS, Yap TA, et al. A phase I study of intravenous oncolytic reovirus type 3 Dearing in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7127-7137.
118. Soefje SA, Sarantopoulos J, Sankhala K, et al. A Phase II study of intravenous Reolysin (wild-type reovirus) in the treatment of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas metastatic to the lung. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2008.
119. Mita AC, Sankhala K, Sarantopoulos J, et al. A Phase II study of intravenous REOLYSIN (wild-type reovirus) in the treatment of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas metastatic to the lung. 15th Annual Connective Tissue Oncology Society Meeting, Miami Beach, FL, 2009.
120. Harris D, Melcher A, Newbold K, et al. A Phase I study to evaluate the feasibility, safety and biological effects of intratumoural administration of wild type reovirus (Reolysin) in combination with radiation in patients with advanced malignancies. 99th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research, Los Angeles, CA, 2007.
121. Saunders M, Anthoney A, Coffey M, et al. Results of a phase II study to evaluate the biological effects of intratumoural (ITu) reolysin in combination with low dose radiotherapy (RT) in patients with advanced cancers. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 2009.
122. Arkenau H, Evans J, Lokelma M, et al. A phase I study of the combination of intravenous Reolysin (REO) and gemcitabine (GEM) in patients with advanced cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 2009.
123. Comins C, Spicer J, Protheroe A, et al. A phase I study to evaluate systemic wild-type reovirus (REOLYSIN®) in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced malignancies. International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer 23rd Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2008.
124. Karapanagiotou E, Pandha H, Hall G, et al. Phase I trial of oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin) in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid cancers. International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer 23rd Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2008.
125. Cripe TP, Wang PY, Marcato P, et al. Targeting cancer-initiating cells with oncolytic viruses. Mol Ther 2009; 17: 1677-1682.
126. Mundschau L, Faller D. Oncogenic ras induces an inhibitor of double-stranded RNA-dependent eukaryotic initiation factor 2α-kinase activation. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 23092-23098.
127. He B, Gross M, Roizman B. The gamma(1)34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 complexes with protein phosphatase 1alpha to dephosphorylate the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 843-848.
128. Brown SM, MacLean AR, McKie EA, et al. The herpes simplex virus virulence factor ICP34.5 and the cellular protein MyD116 complex with proliferating cell nuclear antigen through the 63-amino-acid domain conserved in ICP34.5, MyD116, and GADD34. J Virol 1997; 71: 9442-9449.
129. Harland J, Dunn P, Cameron E, et al. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein ICP34.5 is a virion component that forms a DNA-binding complex with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and HSV replication proteins. J Neurovirol 2003; 9: 477-488.