Physical exercise attenuates MPTP-induced deficits in mice

Neurotoxicity Research

Volumn 18, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 313-327

  Archer, Trevor ^a   Fredriksson, Anders ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Attenuation; Dopamine; Dose; Exercise; Hypokinesia; Locomotion; Mice; MPTP; Rearing; Restoration; Total activity; Wheel running

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; DOPAMINE; LEVODOPA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; C57BL 6 MOUSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE INTENSITY; HYPOKINESIA; KINESIOTHERAPY; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOUSE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THERAPY EFFECT; TREADMILL EXERCISE;

ANIMALS; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MPTP POISONING; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; PHYSICAL EXERTION;

ANIMALIA; MUS;

EID: 78049241144     PISSN: 10298428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9168-0     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. AO Ahmad J-H Park L Stenho-Bittel YS Lau 2009 Effects of endurance exercise on ventral tegmental area neurons in the chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid-treated mice Neurosci Lett 450 102 105 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntlyqsA%3D%3D 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.065 19084578
2. I Aksu A Topcu UM Camsari O Acikgoz 2009 Effect of acute and chronic exercise on oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum Neurosci Lett 452 281 285 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisFKrtbw%3D 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.029 18817845
3. M Al-Jarrah K Pothakos L Novikova IV Smirnova MJ Kurz L Stenho-Bittel YS Lau 2007 Endurance exercise promotes cardiorespiratory rehabilitation without neurorestoration in the chronic mouse model of Parkinsonism with severe neurodegeneration Neuroscience 149 28 37 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFemtbrM 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.038 17869432 (Pubitemid 47488652)
4. T Archer A Fredriksson 2003 An antihypokinesic action of α2-adrenoceptors upon MPTP-induced behavior deficits in mice J Neural Transm 110 183 200 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1Cks7c%3D 10.1007/s00702-002-0777-5 12589577 (Pubitemid 36216500)
5. T Archer A Fredriksson 2006 Influence of noradrenaline denervation upon MPTP-induced deficts in mice J Neural Transm 113 1119 1129 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xosleqsb8%3D 10.1007/s00702-005-0402-5 16362627 (Pubitemid 44291008)
6. T Archer A Fredriksson 2007 Functional consequences of iron overload in catecholaminergic interactions: the Youdim factor Neurochem Res 32 1625 1639 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVGmsLrP 10.1007/s11064-007-9358-1 17694434 (Pubitemid 47428859)
7. T Archer A Fredriksson G Jonsson T Lewander AK Mohammed SB Ross U Söderberg 1986 Central noradrenaline depletion antagonizes aspects of d-amphetamineinduced hyperactivity in the rat Psychopharmacology 88 141 146 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XitFyqurs%3D 10.1007/BF00652230 3081924 (Pubitemid 16165671)
8. CH Balthazar LH Leite AG Rodrigues CC Coimbra 2009 Performance-enhancing and thermoregulatory effects of intracerebroventricular dopamine in running rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93 465 469 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpt1Kqsrg%3D 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.06.009 19549536
9. Belke W (1996) Investigating the reinforcing properties of running. In: Epling WF, Pierce WD (eds) Activity anorexia: theory, research, and treatment. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp 45-55
10. DS Bilowit 1956 Establishing physical objectives in rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson's disease Phys Ther Rev 36 176 178 1:STN:280: DyaG28%2FkvFygsg%3D%3D 13297544
11. L Björk S Lindgren U Hacksell T Lewander 1991 (S)-UH-301 antagonizes (R)-8-OH-DPAT-induced cardiovascular effects in the rat Eur J Pharmacol 199 367 370 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90502-H 1833212
12. T Cambras J Vilaplana A Campuzano MM Canal-Corretger M Carulla A Diez-Noguera 2000 Entrainment of the rat motor activity rhythm: effects of light-dark cycle and physical exercise Physiol Behav 70 227 232 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmslOjur0%3D 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00241-9 11006420
13. E Challet A Malan P Pévet 1996 Daily hypocaloric feeding entrains circadian rhythms of wheel-running and body temperature in rats kept at constant darkness Neurosci Lett 211 1 4 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xkt1Sqtro%3D 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12715-4 8809833 (Pubitemid 26228013)
14. MR Ciucci ST Ma JR Kane AM Ahrens T Schallert 2008 Limb use and complex ultrasonic vocalization in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: deficit-targeted training Parkinsonism Relat Disord 14 Suppl. 2 S172 S175 10.1016/j.parkreldis. 2008.04.027 18585950
15. AD Cohen JL Tillerson AD Smith T Schallert MJ Zigmond 2003 Neuroprotective effects of prior limb use in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats: possible role of GDNF J Neurochem 85 299 305 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlymu7k%3D 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01657.x 12675906
16. CW Cotman NC Berchtold 2002 Exercise: a behavioural intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity Trends Neurosci 25 295 301 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks1ymtL8%3D 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4 12086747 (Pubitemid 34667010)
17. L de Visser R van der Bos BM Spruijt 2005 Automated home cage observations as a tool to measure the effects of wheel running on cage floor locomotion Behav Brain Res 160 382 388 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.12.004 15863235 (Pubitemid 40603535)
18. L de Visser R van der Bos AK Stoker MJH Kas BM Spruijt 2007 Effects of genetic background and environmental novelty on wheel running as a rewarding behaviour in mice Behav Brain Res 177 290 297 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.019 17174413 (Pubitemid 46149906)
19. E Decamp JS Schneider 2004 Attention and executive function deficits in chronic low-dose MPTP-treated non-human primates Eur J Neurosci 20 1371 1378 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvjs1OjsA%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03586.x 15341609 (Pubitemid 39233588)
20. MD Döbrössy SB Dunnett 2001 The influence of environment and experience on neural grafts Nat Rev Neurosci 2 871 879 10.1038/35104055 11733794 (Pubitemid 33674074)
21. MD Döbrössy SB Dunnett 2003 Motor training effects on recovery of function after striatal lesions and striatal grafts Exp Neurol 184 274 284 10.1016/S0014-4886(03)00028-1 14637098 (Pubitemid 37444037)
22. AL Dunn MH Trivedi JB Kampert CG Clark HO Chambliss 2005 Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response Am J Prev Med 28 1 8 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.003 15626549 (Pubitemid 40051319)
23. BE Fisher GM Petzinger K Nixon E Hogg S Bremmer CK Meshul MW Jakowec 2004 Exercise-induced behavioral recovery and neuroplasticity in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse basal ganglia J Neurosci Res 77 378 390 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmslaitLg%3D 10.1002/jnr.20162 15248294 (Pubitemid 38970982)
24. TE Foley M Fleshner 2008 Neuroplasticity of dopamine circuits after exercise: implications for central fatigue Neuromol Med 10 67 80 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnsVKntb0%3D 10.1007/s12017-008-8032-3
25. CM Fox LO Ramig MR Ciucci S Sapir DH McFarland BG Farley 2006 The science and practice of LSVT/LOUD: neural plasticity approach to treating individuals with Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders Semin Speech Lang 27 283 299 10.1055/s-2006-955118 17117354 (Pubitemid 44970749)
26. A Fredriksson T Archer 1994 MPTP-induced behavioural and biochemical deficits: a parametric analysis J Neural Transm Dis Dement Sect 7 123 132 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlslanur8%3D 10.1007/BF02260967 (Pubitemid 24158184)
27. A Fredriksson T Archer 2003 Effect of postnatal iron administration on MPTP-induced behavioural deficits and neurotoxicity: behavioural enhancement by L-Dopa-MK-801 co-administration Behav Brain Res 139 31 46 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXitV2htrk%3D 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00035-9 12642174 (Pubitemid 36298490)
28. A Fredriksson T Archer 2007 Postnatal iron overload destroys NA-DA functional interactions J Neural Transm 114 195 203 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXnsF2qtA%3D%3D 10.1007/s00702-006-0522-6 16932993 (Pubitemid 46147156)
29. A Fredriksson C Gentsch T Archer 1994 Synergistic interactions between NMDA-antagonists and L-Dopa on activity in MPTP-treated mice J Neural Transm [Gen Sect] 97 197 209 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXitFGhtL0%3D 10.1007/BF02336141
30. A Fredriksson A Plaznik E Sundström G Jonsson T Archer 1990 MPTP-induced hypoactivity in mice: reversal by L-Dopa Pharmacol Toxicol 67 295 301 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhslCrsQ%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00833.x 2077520
31. A Fredriksson T Palomo TN Chase T Archer 1999 Tolerance to a suprathreshold dose of L-Dopa in MPTP mice: effects of glutamate antagonists J Neural Transm 106 283 300 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvFKqsb8%3D 10.1007/s007020050158 10392537 (Pubitemid 29196932)
32. A Fredriksson N Schröder P Eriksson I Izquierdo T Archer 2001 Neonatal iron potentiates adult MPTP-induced neurodegenerative and functional deficits Parkinsonism Relat Dis 7 97 105 10.1016/S1353-8020(00)00028-6 (Pubitemid 32184563)
33. DC German EL Nelson CL Liang SG Speciale CM Sinton PK Sonsalla 1996 The neurotoxin MPTP causes degeneration of specific nucleus A8, A9 and A10 dopaminergic neurons in the mouse Neurodegeneration 5 299 312 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7nvFGlsw%3D%3D 10.1006/neur.1996.0041 9117541 (Pubitemid 27077888)
34. F Gomez-Pinilla Z Ying RR Roy R Molteni VR Edgerton 2002 Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity J Neurophysiol 88 2187 2195 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xptlelsrc%3D 10.1152/jn.00152.2002 12424260
35. VA Goodwin SH Richards RS Taylor AH Taylor JL Campbell 2008 The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Mov Dis 23 631 640 10.1002/mds.21922
36. M Harri J Lindblom H Malinen M Hyttinen T Lapvetelainen S Escola HJ Helminen 1999 Effect of access to a running wheel on behaviour of C57Bl/6 J mice Lab Anim Sci 49 401 405 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvgvVGhsA%3D%3D 10480645
37. RE Heikkila B-A Sieber L Manzino PK Sonsalla 1989 Some features of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrohydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse Mol Chem Neuropathol 10 171 183 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXntFKrtA%3D%3D 10.1007/BF03159727 2669769
38. A Hurwitz 1989 The benefit of a home exercise regime for ambulatory Parkinson's disease patients J Neurosci Nurs 21 180 184 1:STN:280: DyaL1M3nvVyiuw%3D%3D 2525159
39. V Jackson-Lewis M Jakowec RE Burke S Przedborski 1995 Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death cauesed by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Neurodegeneration 4 257 269 1:STN:280:DyaK287jtVylug%3D%3D 10.1016/1055-8330(95)90015-2 8581558
40. M Jahanshahi IH Jenkins RG Brown CD Marsden RE Passingham DJ Brooks 1995 Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. I. An investigation using measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with PET and movement-related potentials in normal and Parkinson's disease subjects Brain 118 913 933 10.1093/brain/118.4.913 7655888
41. Kirk R (1995) Experimental design: procedures for the behavioral sciences. Brooks/Cole, Belmont
42. MJ Kurz K Pothakos S Jamaluddon M Scott-Pandorf C Arellano Y-S Lau 2007 A chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease has a reduced gait pattern certainty Neurosci Lett 429 39 42 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGjurrN 17977658
43. JW Langston 1985 MPTP neurotoxicity: an overview and characterization of phases of toxicity Life Sci 36 201 206 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXntlGmtw%3D%3D 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90059-1 2857048 (Pubitemid 15193978)
44. Lau YS (2005) Progressive neurodegeneration in the chronic MPTP/probenecid model of Parkinson's disease. In: Ebadi M, Pfeiffer R (eds) Parkinson's disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 109-115
45. D Laurin R Verreault J Lindsay K MacPherson K Rockwood 2001 Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons Arch Neurol 58 498 504 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7pvVChtw%3D%3D 10.1001/archneur.58.3.498 11255456 (Pubitemid 32217469)
46. BT Lett VL Grant MJ Byrne MT Koh 2000 Pairings of a distinctive chamber with the after effect of wheel running produce conditioned place preference Appetite 34 87 94 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3htFyqsw%3D%3D 10.1006/appe.1999.0274 10744895 (Pubitemid 30160695)
47. JT Lightfoot MJ Turner M Daves A Vordermark SR Kleeberger 2004 Genetic influence on daily wheel running activity level Physiol Genomics 19 270 276 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVyhsL4%3D 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00125.2004 15383638
48. Y Liu H Yu N Mohell G Nordvall T Lewander U Hacksell 1995 Derivatives of cis-2-amino-8-hydroxy-1-methyltetralin: mixed 5-HT1A-receptor agonists and dopamine D2-receptor antagonists J Med Chem 38 150 160 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXivVekt74%3D 10.1021/jm00001a020 7530773
49. TH Meek BP Lonquich RM Hannon T Garland 2009 Endurance capacity of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running J Exp Biol 212 2908 2917 10.1242/jeb.028886 19717672
50. I Miyai Y Fujimoto Y Ueda H Yamamoto S Nozaki T Saito J Kang 2000 Treadmill training with body weight support: its effect on Parkinson's disease Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81 849 852 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czlt1yqsg%3D%3D 10.1053/apmr.2000.4439 10895994 (Pubitemid 30460796)
51. Morris M, Schoo A (2004) Optimizing exercise and physical activity in older adults. Butterworth Heinemann, Edinburgh
52. S Muhlack J Welnic D Woitalla T Müller 2007 Exercise improves efficacy of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease Mov Dis 22 427 430 10.1002/mds.21346 (Pubitemid 46569706)
53. L Novikova BL Garris DR Garris YS Lau 2006 Early signs of neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the progressive neurodegenerative mouse 1.methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine/ probenecid model of Parkinson's disease Neuroscience 140 67 76 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksVGisLg%3D 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.007 16533572 (Pubitemid 43668437)
54. SJ O'Dell NB Gross AN Fricks BD Casiano TB Nguyen JF Marshall 2007 Running wheel exercise enhances recovery from nigrostriatal dopamine injury without inducing neuroprotection Neuroscience 144 1141 1151 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2006.10.042 17157992 (Pubitemid 46014003)
55. SS Palmer JA Mortimer DD Webster R Bistevins GL Dickinson 1986 Exercise therapy for Parkinson's disease Arch Phys Med Rehab 67 741 745 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FisFSksA%3D%3D 10.1016/0003-9993(86)90007-9 (Pubitemid 16002528)
56. E Petroske GE Meredith S Callen S Totterdell YS Lau 2001 Mouse model of Parkinsonism: a comparison between subacute MPTP and chronic MPTP/probenecid treatment Neuroscience 106 589 601 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlOrtLk%3D 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00295-0 11591459 (Pubitemid 32925247)
57. GM Petzinger JP Walsh G Akopian E Hogg A Abernathy P Arevalo P Turnquist M Vuckovic BE Fisher DM Togasaki MW Jakowec 2007 Effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic transmission in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury J Neurosci 27 52291 52300 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1069-07.2007 (Pubitemid 46790176)
58. M Pohl G Rockstroh S Ruckreim G Mrass J Mehrholz 2003 Immediate effects of speed-dependent treadmill training on gait parameters in early Parkinson's disease Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 1760 1766 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00433-7 14669180 (Pubitemid 37509785)
59. K Pothakos MJ Kurz YS Lau 2009 Restorative effect of endurance exercise on behavioral deficits in the chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease with severe neurodegeneration BMC Neurosci 10 1 14 10.1186/1471-2202-10-6
60. AL Ridgel JL Vitek JL Alberts 2009 Forced, not voluntary, exercise improves motor function in Parkinson's disease patients Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23 600 608 10.1177/1545968308328726 19131578
61. U Sabatini K Boulanouar N Fabre, et al. 2000 Cortical motor reorganisation in akinetic patients with Parkinson's disease: a functional MRI study Brain 123 394 403 10.1093/brain/123.2.394 10648446
62. CM Sherwin 1998 The use and perceived importance of three resources which provide caged laboratory mice the opportunity for extended locomotion Appl Anim Behav Sci 55 353 367 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00049-X (Pubitemid 28131901)
63. CM Sherwin 1998 Voluntary wheel running: a review and novel interpretation Anim Behav 56 11 27 10.1006/anbe.1998.0836 9710457 (Pubitemid 28348956)
64. AD Smith MJ Zigmond 2003 Can the brain be protected through exercise? Lessons from an animal model of parkinsonism Exp Neurol 184 31 39 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptVeksLw%3D 10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.08.017 14637076 (Pubitemid 37444017)
65. PK Sonsalla RE Heikkila 1986 The influence of dose and dosing interval on MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice Eur J Pharmacol 129 339 345 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhsVejug%3D%3D 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90444-9 3490988
66. E Sundström A Fredriksson T Archer 1990 Chronic neurochemical and behavioural changes in MPTP-lesioned C57 BL/6 mice: a model for Parkinson's disease Brain Res 528 181 188 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91656-2 2271921 (Pubitemid 20318194)
67. JG Swallow PA Carter T Garland 1998 Artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior in house mice Behav Genet 28 227 237 1:STN:280: DyaK1czjsFamtg%3D%3D 10.1023/A:1021479331779 9670598 (Pubitemid 28313461)
68. JG Swallow PA Carter WZ Zhan GC Sieck 1998 Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on aerobic capacity in house mice (Mus domesticus) J Appl Physiol 84 69 76 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7htlGrug%3D%3D 9451619
69. AM Teixeira F Trevizol G Colpo SC Garcia M Charão RP Pereira R Fachinetto JB Rocha ME Bürger 2008 Influence of chronic exercise on reserpine-induced oxidative stress in rats: behavioral and antioxidant evaluations Pharmacol Biochem Behav 88 465 472 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVOlsbbJ 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.10.004 18001823 (Pubitemid 350266790)
70. JW Tetrud JW Langston DE Redmond RH Roth JR Sladek RW Angel 1986 MPTP-induced tremor in human and non-human primates Neurology 36 Suppl. 1 308
71. JL Tillerson AD Cohen J Philpower GW Miller MJ Zigmond T Schallert 2001 Forced limb-use effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 6-hydroxydopamine J Neurosci 21 4427 4435 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktlKlsbg%3D 11404429
72. JL Tillerson WM Caudle ME Reveron GW Miller 2002 Detection of behavioral impairments correlated to neurochemical deficits in mice treated with moderate doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Exp Neurol 178 80 90 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovVygsLc%3D 10.1006/exnr.2002.8021 12460610 (Pubitemid 35425611)
73. JL Tillerson WM Caudle ME Reveron GW Miller 2003 Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson's disease Neuroscience 119 899 911 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXksValurg%3D 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00096-4 12809709 (Pubitemid 36694814)
74. T Toole CG Maitland E Warren MF Hubmann L Panton 2005 The effects of loading and unloading treadmill walking on balance, gait, fall risk, and daily function in Parkinsonism NeuroRehabilitation 20 307 322 16403997
75. MJ Turner SR Kleeberger JT Lightfoot 2005 Influence of genetic background on daily running-wheel activity differs with aging Physiol Genomics 22 76 85 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00243.2004 15855385 (Pubitemid 41356340)
76. FJM Van Eijkeren RSJ Reijmers MJ Kleinveld A Minten JP ter Bruggen BR Bloem 2008 Nordic walking improves mobility in Parkinson's disease Mov Dis 23 2239 2243 10.1002/mds.22293
77. BM Van Gelder MA Tijhuis S Kalmijn S Giampeoli A Nissinen D Kromhout 2004 Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: the FINE study Neurology 63 2316 2321 15623693
78. H Vargas-Perez E Borelli J-L Diaz 2004 Wheel running use in dopamine D2L receptor knockout mice Neurosci Lett 366 172 175 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtVSqu7s%3D 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.029 15276241 (Pubitemid 38970150)
79. MG Vucković RI Wood DP Holschneider A Abernathy DM Togasaki A Smith GM Petzinger MW Jakowec 2008 Memory, mood, dopamine, and serotonin in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury Neurobiol Dis 32 319 327 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.07.015 18718537
80. M Werme P Thoren L Olson S Brene 2000 Running and cocaine both upregulate dynorphin mRNA in medial caudate putamen Eur J Neurosci 12 2967 2974 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvptlantA%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00147.x 10971637
81. T Wichmann MR DeLong 1996 Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia Curr Opin Neurobiol 6 751 758 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhtVOkurc%3D 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80024-9 9000030 (Pubitemid 27052915)
82. MC Yoon MS Shin TS Kim BK Kim IG Ko YH Sung SE Kim HH Lee YP Kim CJ Kim 2007 Treadmill exercise suppresses nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's rats Neurosci Lett 423 12 17 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXosFKlt70%3D 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.06.031 17644250 (Pubitemid 47176783)
83. Yousefi B, Tadibi V, Khoei AF and Montazeri A (2009) Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial. Trials 10:67