Psychopathology, defence mechanisms, and the psychosocial work environment

International Journal of Social Psychiatry

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 563-577

  Larsen, Anelia ^a   Bøggild, Henrik ^b   Mortensen, Jens Tølbøll ^a   Foldager, Leslie ^c   Hansen, John ^a   Christensen, Anders ^d   Arendt, Mikkel ^c   Rosenberg, Nicole ^c   Munk Jørgensen, Povl ^a  

^a AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b Public Health Medical Office   (Denmark)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d LILLEBAELT HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

adaptation; defence styles; psychopathology; work environment; working population

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; WORKPLACE;

ADULT; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRES; WORKPLACE;

EID: 77958606441     PISSN: 00207640     EISSN: 17412854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020764008099555     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4 th ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Andrea, H., Bultmann, U., Beurskens, A.J., Swaen, G.M., van Schayck, C.P. & Kant, I.J. (2004) Anxiety and depression in the working population using the HAD Scale - psychometrics, prevalence and relationships with psychosocial work characteristics. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 637-646.
3. Andrews, G., Singh, M. & Bond, M. (1993) The Defence Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 246-256.
4. Bond, M. (2004) Empirical studies of defence style: Relationships with psychopathology and change. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 263-278.
5. Bond, M., Gardner, S.T., Christian, J. & Sigal, J.J. (1983) Empirical study of self-rated defence styles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 333-338.
6. Cox, T., Griffiths, A. & Rial-Gonzáles, E. (2000) Research on Work-Related Stress. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
7. Cramer, P. (2000) Defence mechanisms in psychology today. Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55, 637-646.
8. Cramer, P. (1998) Coping and defence mechanisms: What's the difference ? Journal of Personality, 66, 919-946.
9. de Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A., Houtman, I.L. & Bongers, P.M. (2003) 'The very best of the millennium': Longitudinal research and the demand-control-(support) model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 282-305.
10. De Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A.J., Houtman, I.L.D. & Bongers, P.M. (2004) The relationships between work characteristics and mental health: Examining normal, reversed and reciprocal relationships in a four-wave study. Work and Stress, 18, 149-166.
11. Derogatis, L.R. (1994) SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
12. Erickson, S., Feldman, S.S. & Steiner, H. (1997) Defence reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, 45-56.
13. Erickson, S.J., Feldman, S.S. & Steiner, H. (1996) Defence mechanisms and adjustment in normal adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 826-828.
14. Fletcher, B.C. (2003) A fit approach to work stress and health. In The Handbook of Work & Health Psychology (M.J. Schrabracq, J.A.M. Winnubst & C.L. Cooper (eds)), pp. 549-568). Chichester: John Wiley.
15. Garst, H., Frese, M. & Molenaar, P.C. (2000) The temporal factor of change in stressor-strain relationships: A growth curve model on a longitudinal study in East Germany. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 417-438.
16. Godin, I., Kittel, F., Coppieters, Y. & Siegrist, J. (2005) A prospective study of cumulative job stress in relation to mental health. BMC Public Health, 5, 67.
17. Hoffmann, W., Terschuren, C., Holle, R., Kamtsiuris, P., Bergmann, M., Kroke, A. et al. (2004) The problem of response in epidemiologic studies in Germany (Part II). Gesundheitswesen, 66, 482-491. (Pubitemid 39294701)
18. Holi, M.M., Marttunen, M. & Aalberg, V. (2003) Comparison of the GHQ-36, the GHQ-12 and the SCL-90 as psychiatric screening instruments in the Finnish population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 233-238.
19. Holi, M.M., Sammallahti, P.R. & Aalberg, V.A. (1999) Defence styles explain psychiatric symptoms: An empirical study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 654-660.
20. Karasek, R. & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of the Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
21. Khan, A.A., Jacobson, K.C., Gardner, C.O., Prescott, C.A. & Kendler, K.S. (2005) Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 190-196.
22. Kjoller, M. & Rasmussen, N.K. (2002) Danish Health and Morbidity Survey 2000 and trends since 1987. Copenhagen: National Institute of Public Health.
23. Kristensen, T.S., Hannerz, H., Hogh, A. & Borg, V. (2005) The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire: A tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 31, 438-449.
24. la Cour, P. (2002) Psychological defences of Danish medical students. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 22-26.
25. Larisch, M., Joksimovic, L., Von Dem, K.O., Starke, D. & Siegrist, J. (2003) Effort-reward imbalance at work and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional investigation of middle-aged employees. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 53, 223-228.
26. Mausner-Dorsch, H. & Eaton, W.W. (2000) Psychosocial work environment and depression: Epidemiologic assessment of the demand-control model. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1765-1770.
27. Mayfield, D., Mcleod, G. & Hall, P. (1974) Cage Questionnaire: Validation of a New Alcoholism Screening Instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 1121-1123.
28. Muris, P., Winands, D. & Horselenberg, R. (2003) Defence styles, personality traits, and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 771-780.
29. Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J.F., David, S., Barouhiel, L. & Barrandon, G. (2006) Psychosocial work environment and mental health: Job strain and effort-reward imbalance models in a context of major organizational changes. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 12, 111-119.
30. Niedhammer, I., Goldberg, M., Leclerc, A., Bugel, I. & David, S. (1998) Psychosocial factors at work and subsequent depressive symptoms in the Gazel cohort. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 24, 197-205. (Pubitemid 28369435)
31. Olsen, L.R., Mortensen, E.L. & Bech, P. (2004) Prevalence of major depression and stress indicators in the Danish general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 96-103.
32. Olsen, L.R., Mortensen, E.L. & Bech, P. (2006) Mental distress in the Danish general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 477-484.
33. Paterniti, S., Niedhammer, I., Lang, T. & Consoli, S.M. (2002) Psychosocial factors at work, personality traits and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal results from the GAZEL Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 111-117.
34. Perry, J.C., Hoglend, P., Shear, K., Vaillant, G.E., Horowitz, M., Kardos, M.E. et al. (1998) Field trial of a diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms for DSM-IV. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 56-68.
35. Pikhart, H., Bobak, M., Pajak, A., Malyutina, S., Kubinova, R., Topor, R. et al. (2004) Psychosocial factors at work and depression in three countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1475-1482.
36. Roesler, U., Jacobi, F. & Rau, R. (2006) Work and mental disorders in a German national representative sample. Work and Stress, 20, 234-244.
37. Rugulies, R., Bultmann, U., Aust, B. & Burr, H. (2006) Psychosocial work environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: Prospective findings from a five-year follow-up of the Danish work environment cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 877-887.
38. Sammallahti, P., Aalberg, V. & Pentinsaari, J.P. (1994) Does defence style vary with severity of mental disorder? An empirical assessment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 290-294.
39. Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G.H., Reister, G. & Tress, W. (2000) The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R). A German validation study. Quality of Life Research, 9, 185-193.
40. Stansfeld, S. & Candy, B. (2006) Psychosocial work environment and mental health: A meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32, 443-462.
41. Stansfeld, S., Feeney, A., Head, J., Canner, R., North, F. & Marmot, M. (1995) Sickness absence for psychiatric illness: The Whitehall II Study. Social Science and Medicine, 40, 189-197.
42. Tennant, C. (2001) Work-related stress and depressive disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 697-704.
43. Trijsburg, R.W., Van t'Spijker, A., Van, H.L., Hesselink, A.J. & Duivenvoorden, H.J. (2000) Measuring overall defensive functioning with the Defence Style Questionnaire: A comparison of different scoring methods. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 432-439.
44. Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Poikolainen, K., Aalto-Setala, T. & Lonnqvist, J. (1997) Psychological defence styles in late adolescence and young adulthood: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1148-1153.
45. Vaillant, G.E. (1977) Adaptation to Life. Boston: Little, Brown.
46. Vaillant, G.E. (1994) Ego mechanisms of defence and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 44-50.
47. Wang, J., Adair, C.E. & Patten, S.B. (2006) Mental health and related disability among workers: A population-based study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49, 514-522.
48. Wittchen, H.U. & Jacobi, F. (2005) Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe: A critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 357-376.
49. Zapf, D., Dormann, C. & Frese, M. (1996) Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 145-169.