메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 136, Issue 652, 2010, Pages 1733-1752

Impact of cloud and radiation scheme modifications on climate simulated by the ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM

Author keywords

Climate modelling; Cloud parametrization; Radiative transfer; Subgrid scale cloud effects

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CO; ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS; CLIMATE MODELLING; CLOUD FIELDS; CLOUD FRACTION; DIRECT IMPACT; HIGH LATITUDES; INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY PROJECTS; LAYER OCEAN MODEL; MONTE CARLO; OBSERVATIONAL DATA; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARAMETRIZATIONS; RADIATIVE EFFECTS; RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; SEA LEVEL PRESSURE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES; SHORT WAVES; STATISTICAL PROPERTIES; SUBGRID SCALE; SUBGRID-SCALE CLOUD EFFECTS; THREE MODELS; TOTAL WATER CONTENT;

EID: 77958569438     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.674     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0037284056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring instantaneous, multivariate and nonlinear sensitivities for the analysis of feedback processes in a dynamical system: Lorenz model case-study
    • Aires F, Rossow WB. 2003. Inferring instantaneous, multivariate and nonlinear sensitivities for the analysis of feedback processes in a dynamical system: Lorenz model case-study. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 2127-2152.
    • (2003) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 2127-2152
    • Aires, F.1    Rossow, W.B.2
  • 2
    • 77958583206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMIP Project Office. 'AMIP II Guidelines'. AMIP Newsletter No. 8. Available at .
    • AMIP Project Office. 1996. 'AMIP II Guidelines'. AMIP Newsletter No. 8. Available at
    • (1996)
  • 3
    • 0028885476 scopus 로고
    • Methodological dependencies of cloud radiative forcing for the Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model
    • D1
    • Barker HW. 1995. Methodological dependencies of cloud radiative forcing for the Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 100D1 1017-1025.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 1017-1025
    • Barker, H.W.1
  • 4
    • 0030438259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization for computing grid-averaged solar fluxes for inhomogeneous marine boundary layer clouds. Part I: Methodology and homogeneous biases.
    • Barker HW. 1996. A parameterization for computing grid-averaged solar fluxes for inhomogeneous marine boundary layer clouds. Part I: Methodology and homogeneous biases. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 2289-2303.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 2289-2303
    • Barker, H.W.1
  • 5
    • 0032741043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of domain-averaged solar fluxes to assumptions about cloud geometry
    • Barker HW, Stephens GL, Fu Q. 1999. The sensitivity of domain-averaged solar fluxes to assumptions about cloud geometry. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 2127-2152.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 2127-2152
    • Barker, H.W.1    Stephens, G.L.2    Fu, Q.3
  • 6
    • 77958543284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation: Application within large-scale models'. In: Proc. of the GCSS-ARM Workshop on the Representation of Cloud Systems in Large-Scale Models, Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, 20-24 May 2002, GEWEX, 1-10. Available at .
    • Barker HW, Pincus R, Morcrette J-J. 2002. 'The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation: Application within large-scale models'. In: Proc. of the GCSS-ARM Workshop on the Representation of Cloud Systems in Large-Scale Models, Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, 20-24 May 2002, GEWEX, 1-10. Available at
    • (2002)
    • Barker, H.W.1    Pincus, R.2    Morcrette, J.3
  • 9
    • 0035515160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection: Evaluation using TOGA COARE data
    • Bony S, Emanuel KA. 2001. A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection: Evaluation using TOGA COARE data. J. Atmos. Sci. 58: 3158-3183.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 3158-3183
    • Bony, S.1    Emanuel, K.A.2
  • 12
    • 66849097946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium climate sensitivity: Is it accurate to use a slab ocean model?
    • Danabasoglu G, Gent PR. 2009. Equilibrium climate sensitivity: Is it accurate to use a slab ocean model? J. Climate 22: 2494-2499.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 2494-2499
    • Danabasoglu, G.1    Gent, P.R.2
  • 13
    • 56349157052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere-ocean models
    • Dufresne JL, Bony S. 2008. An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere-ocean models. J. Climate 21: 5135-5144.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 5135-5144
    • Dufresne, J.L.1    Bony, S.2
  • 14
    • 45349103866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The annual cycle of the energy budget. Part I: Global mean and land-ocean exchanges.
    • Fasullo JT, Trenberth KE. 2008. The annual cycle of the energy budget. Part I: Global mean and land-ocean exchanges. J. Climate 21: 2297-2312.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 2297-2312
    • Fasullo, J.T.1    Trenberth, K.E.2
  • 15
    • 0002510178 scopus 로고
    • Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization
    • Fouquart Y, Bonnel B. 1980. Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 53: 35-62.
    • (1980) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.53 , pp. 35-62
    • Fouquart, Y.1    Bonnel, B.2
  • 16
    • 0002823302 scopus 로고
    • An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation
    • Geleyn J-F, Hollingsworth A. 1979. An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 52: 1-16.
    • (1979) Beitr. Phys. Atmos. , vol.52 , pp. 1-16
    • Geleyn, J.1    Hollingsworth, A.2
  • 17
    • 0035334760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP)
    • Grabowski WW. 2001. Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP). J. Climate 58: 978-997.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.58 , pp. 978-997
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 20
  • 21
    • 0033757660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deriving cloud overlap statistics from radar
    • Hogan RJ, Illingworth AJ. 2000. Deriving cloud overlap statistics from radar. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126: 2903-2909.
    • (2000) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.126 , pp. 2903-2909
    • Hogan, R.J.1    Illingworth, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 36549072572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
    • IPCC. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assesment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change., eds.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York.
    • IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assesment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York.
    • (2007)
    • Solomon, S.1    Qin, D.2    Manning, M.3    Chen, Z.4    Marquis, M.5    Averyt, K.B.6    Tignor, M.7    Miller, H.L.8
  • 23
    • 0032766611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of vertically varying cloud fraction in the parametrization of microphysical processes in the ECMWF model
    • Jakob C, Klein SA. 1999. The role of vertically varying cloud fraction in the parametrization of microphysical processes in the ECMWF model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 941-965.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 941-965
    • Jakob, C.1    Klein, S.A.2
  • 24
    • 36549070196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature and humidity biases in global climate models and their impact on climate feedbacks
    • DOI:10.1029/2007GL030429.
    • John VO, Soden BJ. 2007. Temperature and humidity biases in global climate models and their impact on climate feedbacks. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L18704. DOI:10.1029/2007GL030429.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • John, V.O.1    Soden, B.J.2
  • 26
    • 40849150834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the simulated interannual and subseasonal variability in an AMIP-style simulation using the CSU Multiscale Modeling Framework
    • Khairoutdinov M, DeMott C, Randall DA. 2008. Evaluation of the simulated interannual and subseasonal variability in an AMIP-style simulation using the CSU Multiscale Modeling Framework. J. Climate 21: 413-431.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 413-431
    • Khairoutdinov, M.1    DeMott, C.2    Randall, D.A.3
  • 28
    • 0033401193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and sensitivities of frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model
    • Klein SA, Jakob C. 1999. Validation and sensitivities of frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model. Mon. Weather Rev. 127: 2514-2531.
    • (1999) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2514-2531
    • Klein, S.A.1    Jakob, C.2
  • 29
    • 36749096374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From cloud overlap to PDF overlap
    • Larson VE. 2007. From cloud overlap to PDF overlap. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 1877-1891.
    • (2007) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.133 , pp. 1877-1891
    • Larson, V.E.1
  • 31
    • 0030377126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM4 general circulation model
    • Lohmann U, Roeckner E. 1996. Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM4 general circulation model. Clim. Dyn. 12: 557-572.
    • (1996) Clim. Dyn. , vol.12 , pp. 557-572
    • Lohmann, U.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 32
    • 0036749141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-layer overlap characteristics derived from long-term cloud radar data
    • Mace GG, Benson-Troth S. 2002. Cloud-layer overlap characteristics derived from long-term cloud radar data. J. Climate 15: 2505-2515.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 2505-2515
    • Mace, G.G.1    Benson-Troth, S.2
  • 33
    • 0037064630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Max Planck Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
    • Marsland SJ, Haak H, Jungclaus JH, Latif M, Röske F. 2003. The Max Planck Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Ocean Model. 5: 91-127.
    • (2003) Ocean Model. , vol.5 , pp. 91-127
    • Marsland, S.J.1    Haak, H.2    Jungclaus, J.H.3    Latif, M.4    Röske, F.5
  • 35
    • 0000453046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave
    • D14
    • Mlawer EJ, Taubman SJ, Brown PD, Iacono MJ, Clough SA. 1997. Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res. 102D14 16663-16682.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 16663-16682
    • Mlawer, E.J.1    Taubman, S.J.2    Brown, P.D.3    Iacono, M.J.4    Clough, S.A.5
  • 36
    • 57349153518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a new radiation package, McRad, in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System
    • Morcrette J-J, Barker HW, Cole JNS, Iacono MJ, Pincus R. 2008. Impact of a new radiation package, McRad, in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System. Mon. Weather Rev. 136: 4774-4798.
    • (2008) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 4774-4798
    • Morcrette, J.1    Barker, H.W.2    Cole, J.N.S.3    Iacono, M.J.4    Pincus, R.5
  • 37
    • 57349120785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of 3D heterogeneous cloud fields using copulas: Theory for water clouds
    • Norris PM, Oreopoulos L, Hou AY, Tao W-K, Zeng X. 2008. Representation of 3D heterogeneous cloud fields using copulas: Theory for water clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 134: 1843-1864.
    • (2008) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 1843-1864
    • Norris, P.M.1    Oreopoulos, L.2    Hou, A.Y.3    Tao, W.4    Zeng, X.5
  • 38
    • 0032913971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accounting for subgrid-scale cloud variability in a multi-layer 1D solar radiative transfer scheme
    • Oreopoulos L, Barker HW. 1999. Accounting for subgrid-scale cloud variability in a multi-layer 1D solar radiative transfer scheme. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130: 301-330.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 301-330
    • Oreopoulos, L.1    Barker, H.W.2
  • 39
    • 0742270233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields
    • D18 DOI:10.1029/2002JD003322.
    • Pincus R, Barker HW, Morcrette J-J. 2003. A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields. J. Geophys. Res. 108D18 4376. DOI:10.1029/2002JD003322.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 4376
    • Pincus, R.1    Barker, H.W.2    Morcrette, J.3
  • 40
    • 33846235909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using stochastically-generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model
    • Pincus R, Hemler R, Klein SA. 2006. Using stochastically-generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 3644-3656.
    • (2006) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 3644-3656
    • Pincus, R.1    Hemler, R.2    Klein, S.A.3
  • 41
    • 71949105949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the present-day simulation of clouds, precipitation, and radiation in climate models
    • DOI:10.1029/2007JD009334.
    • Pincus R, Batstone CP, Hofmann RJP, Taylor KE, Gleckler PJ. 2008. Evaluating the present-day simulation of clouds, precipitation, and radiation in climate models. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D14209. DOI:10.1029/2007JD009334.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Pincus, R.1    Batstone, C.P.2    Hofmann, R.J.P.3    Taylor, K.E.4    Gleckler, P.J.5
  • 42
    • 0032999648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective longwave cloud fraction and maximum-random overlap of clouds: A problem and a solution
    • Räisänen P. 1998. Effective longwave cloud fraction and maximum-random overlap of clouds: A problem and a solution. Mon. Weather Rev. 126: 3336-3340.
    • (1998) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 3336-3340
    • Räisänen, P.1
  • 43
    • 0033610957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vertical resolution on cloudy-sky radiation calculations: Tests with two schemes
    • D22
    • Räisänen P. 1999. Effect of vertical resolution on cloudy-sky radiation calculations: Tests with two schemes. J. Geophys. Res. 104D22 27407-27419.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 27407-27419
    • Räisänen, P.1
  • 45
    • 30144441543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation's conditional random noise: Impact on simulated climate
    • Räisänen P, Barker HW, Cole JNS. 2005. The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation's conditional random noise: Impact on simulated climate. J. Climate 18: 4715-4730.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 4715-4730
    • Räisänen, P.1    Barker, H.W.2    Cole, J.N.S.3
  • 47
    • 44349156996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noise due to the Monte Carlo Independent-Column Approximation: Short-term and long-term impacts in ECHAM5
    • Räisänen P, Järvenoja S, Järvinen H. 2008. Noise due to the Monte Carlo Independent-Column Approximation: Short-term and long-term impacts in ECHAM5. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 134: 481-495.
    • (2008) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 481-495
    • Räisänen, P.1    Järvenoja, S.2    Järvinen, H.3
  • 52
    • 1642602679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) web site: An online resource for research
    • Rossow WB, Dueñas EN. 2004. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) web site: An online resource for research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85: 167-172.
    • (2004) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.85 , pp. 167-172
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Dueñas, E.N.2
  • 53
    • 77958587799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) documentation of new cloud datasets. WMO/TD-737. World Meteorological Organisation: Geneva.
    • Rossow WB, Walker A, Roiter M. 1996. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) documentation of new cloud datasets. WMO/TD-737. World Meteorological Organisation: Geneva.
    • (1996)
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Walker, A.2    Roiter, M.3
  • 54
    • 0033784910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the 'tuning' of autoconversion parameterizations in climate models
    • D12
    • Rotstayn LD. 2000. On the 'tuning' of autoconversion parameterizations in climate models. J. Geophys. Res. 105D12 15495-15507.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 15495-15507
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1
  • 55
    • 48749123389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tripleclouds: An efficient method for representing horizontal cloud inhomogeneity in 1D radiation schemes by using three regions at each height
    • Shonk JKP, Hogan RJ. 2008. Tripleclouds: An efficient method for representing horizontal cloud inhomogeneity in 1D radiation schemes by using three regions at each height. J. Climate 21: 2352-2370.
    • (2008) J. Climate , vol.21 , pp. 2352-2370
    • Shonk, J.K.P.1    Hogan, R.J.2
  • 56
    • 44449106541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards'
    • Simmons A, Uppala S, Dee D, Kobayashi S. 2007. 'ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards'. ECMWF Newsletter 110: 25-35.
    • (2007) ECMWF Newsletter , vol.110 , pp. 25-35
    • Simmons, A.1    Uppala, S.2    Dee, D.3    Kobayashi, S.4
  • 57
    • 6044251401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the use of cloud forcing to estimate cloud feedback
    • Soden BJ, Broccoli AJ, Hemler RS. 2004. On the use of cloud forcing to estimate cloud feedback. J. Climate 17: 3661-3665.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3661-3665
    • Soden, B.J.1    Broccoli, A.J.2    Hemler, R.S.3
  • 58
    • 33646848186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assesment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models
    • Soden BJ, Held IM. 2006. An assesment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Climate 19: 3354-3360.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 3354-3360
    • Soden, B.J.1    Held, I.M.2
  • 59
    • 58149215825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of water vapor to observational estimates of longwave cloud radiative forcing
    • DOI:10.1029/2008JD010053.
    • Sohn B-J, Bennartz R. 2008. Contribution of water vapor to observational estimates of longwave cloud radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D20107. DOI:10.1029/2008JD010053.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Sohn, B.1    Bennartz, R.2
  • 60
    • 0035001627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratosphere adjusted radiative forcing calculations in a comprehensive climate model
    • Stuber N, Sausen R, Ponater M. 2001. Stratosphere adjusted radiative forcing calculations in a comprehensive climate model. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 68: 125-135.
    • (2001) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.68 , pp. 125-135
    • Stuber, N.1    Sausen, R.2    Ponater, M.3
  • 61
    • 0024927328 scopus 로고
    • Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model
    • Sundqvist H, Berge E, Kristjánsson JE. 1989. Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon. Weather Rev. 117: 1641-1657.
    • (1989) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1641-1657
    • Sundqvist, H.1    Berge, E.2    Kristjánsson, J.E.3
  • 64
    • 0001596258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An extension of cloud-radiation parameterization in the ECMWF model: The representation of subgrid-scale variations of optical depth
    • Tiedtke M. 1996. An extension of cloud-radiation parameterization in the ECMWF model: The representation of subgrid-scale variations of optical depth. Mon. Weather Rev. 124: 745-750.
    • (1996) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 745-750
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 65
    • 0037096559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover
    • Tompkins AM. 2002. A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 1917-1942.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 1917-1942
    • Tompkins, A.M.1
  • 66
    • 0034791589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining ERBE and ISCCP data to assess clouds in the Hadley Centre, ECMWF and LMD atmospheric climate models
    • Webb M, Senior CA, Bony S, Morcrette J-J. 2001. Combining ERBE and ISCCP data to assess clouds in the Hadley Centre, ECMWF and LMD atmospheric climate models. Clim. Dyn. 17: 905-922.
    • (2001) Clim. Dyn. , vol.17 , pp. 905-922
    • Webb, M.1    Senior, C.A.2    Bony, S.3    Morcrette, J.4
  • 67
    • 33745555932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative fluxes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model
    • Wild M, Roeckner E. 2006. Radiative fluxes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model. J. Climate 19: 3792-3809.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 3792-3809
    • Wild, M.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 68
    • 0031403103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs
    • Xie P, Arkin P. 1997. Global Precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78: 2539-2558.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 2539-2558
    • Xie, P.1    Arkin, P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.