Correspondence: Debating China's naval nationalism

International Security

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 161-169

  Glosny, Michael A ^a,c   Saunders, Phillip C ^b   Ross, Robert S ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b China Security Fellow at the Center for Strategic Research in the Institute for National   (China)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958565079     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: 15314804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_c_00021     Document Type: Letter

References (66)

1. Robert S. Ross, "China's Naval Nationalism: Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response," International Security, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Fall 2009), pp. 46-81 at p. 46.
2. Further references to this article appear parenthetically in the text.
3. Senior Capt. Hao Yanbing and Lt. Yang Zhirong, Haishang Liliang yu Zhonghua Minzu de Weida Fuxing [Sea power and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation] (Beijing: National Defense University Press, 2005), p. 204.
4. For an authoritative article from the early 1990s, see Maj. Gen. Peng Guangqian, Zhongguo Junshi Zhanlüe Wenti [Issues in Chinese military strategy] (Beijing: PLA Press, 2006), p. 96.
5. See also David M. Finkelstein, "China's National Military Strategy: An Overview of the 'Military Strategic Guidelines,'" in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobell, eds., Right Sizing the People's Liberation Army: Exploring the Contours of China's Military (Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2007), pp. 69-140.
6. Paul H.B. Godwin, "From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy, and Capabilities towards 2000," China Quarterly, No. 146 (June 1996), pp. 464-487.
7. M. Taylor Fravel, Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008).
8. Robert G. Sutter, China's Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).
9. Liu Zhongmin andWang Xiaojuan, "Chengqing Zhongguo Haiquan Fazhan Zhanlüe de san da Sixiang Fenqi" [Clarifying three big differences in thinking on China's sea power development strategy], Xuexi Yuekan [Study monthly], No. 9 (2005), p. 32.
10. On frontier defense, see M. Taylor Fravel, "Securing Borders: China's Doctrine and Force Structure for Frontier Defense," Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 30, Nos. 4-5 (August-October 2007), pp. 705-737.
11. Murray Scot Tanner, "How China Manages Internal Security and Its Impact on PLA Missions," in Roy Kamphausen, David Lai, and Andrew Scobell, eds., Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other Than Taiwan (Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 2009), pp. 39-98.
12. For a similar analysis, see Michael McDevitt, "The Strategic and Operational Context Driving PLA Navy Building," in Kamphausen and Scobell, Right Sizing the People's Liberation Army, pp. 481-522.
13. For an analysis of the growing importance of the maritime domain for China, see Andrew S. Erickson, Lyle J. Goldstein, and Carnes Lord, eds., China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2009).
14. Ye Zicheng and Mu Xinhai, "Dui Zhongguo Haiquan Fazhan Zhanlüe de jidian Sikao" [Some points of reflection on China's sea power development strategy], Guoji Zhengzhi Yanjiu [Studies of international politics], No. 3 (August 2005), p. 17.
15. For a similar critique of Ye Zicheng's continentalist arguments, see Ni Lexiong, "Cong Luquan dao Haiquan de Lishi Biran: jian yu Ye Zicheng Jiaoshou Shangque" [The historical inevitability of transition from land power to sea power: A discussion with Professor Ye Zicheng], Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi [World economics and politics], No. 11 (2007), p. 31.
16. World Trade Organization, "China Country Profile," December 2009, http://stat.wto.org.
17. "Sea Change in Thinking about China's Navy," China Daily, April 23, 2009. In 2009, six of the world's ten busiest ports were in China.
18. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), "Special Chapter: Asia," in Review of Maritime Transport (New York: United Nations, 2009).
19. International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook, 2008 (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2008), pp. 93, 103.
20. UNCTAD, "Special Chapter: Asia.".
21. China's dependence on imports for natural gas will also rise to 40 percent by 2030.
22. See IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2008, pp. 110, 115.
23. For an excellent analysis of Chinese energy demands, see Bernard D. Cole, The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-first Century, 2d ed. (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, forthcoming), chap. 3.
24. "Zhongyang Waishi Gongzuo Huiyi zai Jing Juxing, Hu Jintao zuo Zhongyao Jianghua" [Foreign affairs work conference convened in Beijing, Hu Jintao gives important speech], Xinhua news agency, August 23, 2006
25. Senior Col. Wang Lidong, Guojia Haishang Liyilun [On national maritime interests] (Beijing: NDU Press, 2007).
26. According to the authoritative "China Academic Journals" database, from 1994 to 2003, an average of 21.2 articles per year contained a reference in the text to "overseas interests," with a high of 35 in 2002. From 2004 to 2009, 89.7 articles per year included a reference in the full text, with a low of 69 in 2004.
27. Shao Yongling and Shi Yinhong, "Jindai Ouzhou Luhai Fuhe Guojia de Mingyun yu Dangdai Zhongguo de Xuanze" [The fate of modern European land-sea hybrid countries and contemporary China's choices], Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi [World economics and politics], No. 10 (2000), pp. 47-52.
28. Senior Col. Feng Liang and Lt. Col. Duan Tingzhi, "Zhongguo Haiyang Diyuan Anquan Tezheng yu Xinshiji Haishang Anquan Zhanlüe" [The characteristics of China's sea geosecurity and maritime security strategy in the new century], Zhongguo Junshi Kexue [China military science], No. 1 (2007), pp. 22-29.
29. Fang Kun, "Zhanlüe Diyuan yu Zhongguo Haijun Jianshe" [Geostrategy and the construction of China's navy], Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi [World economics and politics], No. 8 (2004), pp. 43-48.
30. For earlier discussions of China and aircraft carriers, see Ian Storey and You Ji, "China's Aircraft Carrier Ambitions: Seeking Truth from Rumors," Naval War College Review, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Winter 2004), pp. 77-93.
31. Andrew S. Erickson and Andrew R. Wilson, "China's Aircraft Carrier Dilemma," Naval War College Review, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Autumn 2006), pp. 13-45.
32. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, "Democratization and the Danger of War," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), p. 33.
33. Thomas J. Christensen, "Chinese Realpolitik: Reading Beijing's Worldview," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5 (September/October 1996), p. 41.
34. Robert S. Ross and Zhu Feng, "The Rise of China: Theoretical and Policy Perspectives," in Ross and Zhu, eds., China's Ascent: Power, Security, and the Future of International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008), p. 303.
35. Jack S. Levy, "The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique," in Manus I. Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 259-288.
36. M. Taylor Fravel, "The Limits of Diversion: Rethinking Internal and External Conflict," Security Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2 (May 2010), pp. 307-341.
37. Joseph Fewsmith and Stanley Rosen, "The Domestic Context of Chinese Foreign Policy: Does 'Public Opinion' Matter?" in David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 155.
38. Yinan He, "History, Chinese Nationalism, and the Emerging Sino-Japanese Conflict," Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 16, No. 50 (February 2007), p. 19.
39. Peter Hays Gries, China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
40. Susan L. Shirk, China: Fragile Superpower: How Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
41. Matthew A. Baum and Philip B.K. Potter, "The Relationships between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis," Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 11 (June 2008), pp. 39-65.
42. Erica Strecker Downs and Phillip C. Saunders, "Legitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Diaoyu Islands," International Security, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Winter 1998/99), pp. 114-146.
43. Daniel M. Hartnett, "The PLA's Domestic and Foreign Activities and Orientation," testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, at the hearing "China's Military and Security Activities Abroad," Washington, D.C., March 4, 2009.
44. Senior Col. Li Jie, Hangmuzhilu: Haishang "juwuba" de Fazhan, Zhenglun ji Sikao [The road to an aircraft carrier: Developments, debates, and reflections on maritime "invincible giant"] (Beijing: Sea Tide, 2009), p. 186.
45. Wang Shengrong, Haiquan dui Daguo Xingshuai de Lishi Yingxiang [The historical influence of sea power on the rise and fall of the great powers] (Beijing: Sea Tide Press, 2009), p. 398.
46. In the preface to a new book on aircraft carriers, Rear Adm. Yin Zhuo writes, "Entering the 21st century, aircraft carriers not only continue to serve a huge function in areas of traditional battle, but also make a prominent contribution in nontraditional military uses.".
47. Li, Hangmuzhilu, p. 1.
48. For other examples, see ibid., pp. 214-218.
49. Hao and Yang, Haishang Liliang yu Zhonghua Minzu de Weida Fuxing.
50. Senior Col. Dai Xu, "Baowei Haiwai Liyi, Yao Jian Yiliu Haijun" [To safeguard overseas interests, need to build a first-rate navy], Huanqiu Shibao [Global times], December 8, 2008.
51. PLA officers repeat this wide range of potential missions in interviews as well.
52. See interviews by Michael A. Glosny, Beijing, summer 2004, spring-summer 2006.
53. Interviews by Glosny and Phillip C. Saunders, Washington, D.C., fall 2007, fall 2008, and fall 2009.
54. Interviews by Glosny, Beijing, summer 2006; Washington, D.C., fall 2008.
55. Li, Hangmuzhilu, p. 217.
56. Interviews by Glosny, summer 2005.
57. Dai, "Baowei Haiwai Liyi, Yao Jian Yiliu Haijun.".
58. Interviews by Glosny, Beijing, summer 2006; and interviews by Glosny and Saunders, Washington, D.C., fall 2007, fall 2008, and fall 2009.
59. Zhang Wenmu, "Jingji Quanqiuhua yu Zhongguo Haiquan" [Economic globalization and China's sea power], in Guo Shuyong, ed., Zhanlüe Yanjianglu [Lectures on strategy] (Beijing: Daxue Chubanshe, 2006), p. 93.
60. Liu and Zhao, "Guanyu Zhongguo Haiquan Fazhan ZhanlüeWenti de Ruogan Sikao," p. 94.
61. Shao and Shi, "Jindai Ouzhou Luhai Fuhe Guojia de Mingyun yu Dangdai Zhongguo de Xuanze".
62. Liu Zhongmin, "ZhongMei Haizhan zhishuo shi Wudao" [Talking about a U.S.-China naval war is misleading], Huanqiu Shibao [Global times], March 12, 2008.
63. Ye and Mu, "Dui Zhongguo Haiquan Fazhan Zhanlüe de jidian Sikao," pp. 16, 17.
64. Wu Shengli and Liu Xiaojiang, "Jianshe yizhi yu Lüxing Xinshiji Xinjieduan Wojun Lishi Shiming Yaoqiu Xiangshiying de Qiangda de Renmin Haijun" [Build a powerful people's navy suited to the requirements of performing military missions in a new century and a new stage], Qiushi [Seeking truth], May 1, 2009.
65. Hao and Yang, Haishang Liliang yu Zhonghua Minzu de Weida Fuxing.
66. For a similar conception of a coalition, see John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, No. 132 (December 1992), pp. 999-1028.