메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1-16

Cartilaginous epiphyses in extant archosaurs and their implications for reconstructing limb function in dinosaurs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLIGATOR; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIRD; BODY HEIGHT; BODY SIZE; BONE REMODELING; CARTILAGINOUS TISSUE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DINOSAUR; EPIPHYSIS; FEMUR; FOSSIL; HUMERUS; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOTOMY; OSTRICH; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TAXONOMY; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; GROWTH PLATE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; LIMB; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 77958550072     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013120     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (104)

References (122)
  • 1
    • 0004843833 scopus 로고
    • Lubrication of and by articular cartilage
    • Hall BK, ed., New York: Academic Press
    • McCutchen C (1983) Lubrication of and by articular cartilage. In: Hall BK, ed. Cartilage: structure, function, and biochemistry. New York: Academic Press. pp 87-109.
    • (1983) Cartilage: Structure, Function, and Biochemistry , pp. 87-109
    • McCutchen, C.1
  • 2
    • 0002464650 scopus 로고
    • Arthrologia
    • Baumel JJ, ed., 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Society
    • Baumel JJ, Raikow R (1993) Arthrologia. In: Baumel JJ, ed. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Society. pp 133-187.
    • (1993) Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium , pp. 133-187
    • Baumel, J.J.1    Raikow, R.2
  • 3
    • 0032219645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic mechanical factors in the evolution of long bone epiphyses
    • Carter D, Mikic B, Padian K (1998) Epigenetic mechanical factors in the evolution of long bone epiphyses. Zool J Linn Soc 123: 163-178.
    • (1998) Zool J Linn Soc , vol.123 , pp. 163-178
    • Carter, D.1    Mikic, B.2    Padian, K.3
  • 4
    • 77958582729 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of skeletal growth and remodeling
    • Owen R, Goodfellow J, Bullough P, eds., London: Heinemann Medical
    • Enlow D (1980) Dynamics of skeletal growth and remodeling. In: Owen R, Goodfellow J, Bullough P, eds. Scientific Foundations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. London: Heinemann Medical. pp 185-192.
    • (1980) Scientific Foundations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , pp. 185-192
    • Enlow, D.1
  • 5
    • 84866972560 scopus 로고
    • Reptilian epiphyses
    • Moodie R (1908) Reptilian epiphyses Amer J Anat 7: 442-467.
    • (1908) Amer J Anat , vol.7 , pp. 442-467
    • Moodie, R.1
  • 6
    • 0009878543 scopus 로고
    • Die Bildung des Markknochens beim Hühnchen und bei Sä ugetieren und das Wesen der endchondralen Ossifikation in historischer Betrachtung
    • Lubosch W (1924) Die Bildung des Markknochens beim Hühnchen und bei Sä ugetieren und das Wesen der endchondralen Ossifikation in historischer Betrachtung. Morphologie Jarbusch 53: 49-93.
    • (1924) Morphologie Jarbusch , vol.53 , pp. 49-93
    • Lubosch, W.1
  • 7
    • 77958538322 scopus 로고
    • The structure of the epiphysis in Sphenodon and the primitive form of secondary centre
    • Haines R (1939) The structure of the epiphysis in Sphenodon and the primitive form of secondary centre. J Anat 74: 80-90.
    • (1939) J Anat , vol.74 , pp. 80-90
    • Haines, R.1
  • 8
    • 0345719903 scopus 로고
    • Epiphyseal structure in lizards and marsupials
    • Haines RW (1941) Epiphyseal structure in lizards and marsupials. J Anat 75: 282-294.
    • (1941) J Anat , vol.75 , pp. 282-294
    • Haines, R.W.1
  • 10
    • 0002037607 scopus 로고
    • The Bone of Reptiles
    • Gans C, ed., Morphology A. London: Academic Press
    • Enlow D (1969) The Bone of Reptiles. In: Gans C, ed. The Biology of the Reptilia Volume 1 Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp 45-80.
    • (1969) The Biology of the Reptilia , vol.1 , pp. 45-80
    • Enlow, D.1
  • 11
    • 77953998899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shape of articular surface of crocodilian (Archosauria) elbow joints and its relevance to sauropsids
    • Fujiwara S, Taru H, Suzuki D (2010) Shape of articular surface of crocodilian (Archosauria) elbow joints and its relevance to sauropsids. J Morphol 271: 883-896.
    • (2010) J Morphol , vol.271 , pp. 883-896
    • Fujiwara, S.1    Taru, H.2    Suzuki, D.3
  • 12
    • 84979133592 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of epiphyses and of endochondral bone
    • Haines RW (1942) The evolution of epiphyses and of endochondral bone. Biol Rev 17: 262-292.
    • (1942) Biol Rev , vol.17 , pp. 262-292
    • Haines, R.W.1
  • 14
    • 0038687536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental regulation of the growth plate
    • Kronenberg H (2003) Developmental regulation of the growth plate. Nature 423: 332-336.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , pp. 332-336
    • Kronenberg, H.1
  • 16
    • 4243138581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone histology of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaurs and of dinosaurs in general, Part I: Introduction to bone tissues
    • Reid R (1996) Bone histology of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaurs and of dinosaurs in general, Part I: introduction to bone tissues. BYU Geol Stud 41: 25-72.
    • (1996) BYU Geol Stud , vol.41 , pp. 25-72
    • Reid, R.1
  • 17
    • 0000151362 scopus 로고
    • The histology of dinosaurian bone and its possible bearing on dinosaurian physiology
    • Ferguson M, ed., New York: Academic Press
    • Reid R (1984) The histology of dinosaurian bone and its possible bearing on dinosaurian physiology. In: Ferguson M, ed. Zool Soc Lond Symp 52 The structure, development and evolution of reptiles. New York: Academic Press. pp 629-663.
    • (1984) Zool Soc Lond Symp 52 the Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles , pp. 629-663
    • Reid, R.1
  • 18
    • 0002770499 scopus 로고
    • Comparative microstructure of bone
    • Hall BK, ed, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC press
    • de Ricqles A (1991) Comparative microstructure of bone. In: Hall BK, ed. Bone: bone matrix and bone specific products. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC press. pp 1-78.
    • (1991) Bone: Bone Matrix and Bone Specific Products , pp. 1-78
    • de Ricqles, A.1
  • 19
    • 0027788196 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of the growth plate and the growth of long bones in juvenile dinosaurs
    • Barreto CR, Albrecht M, Bjorling DE, Horner JR, Wilsman NJ (1993) Evidence of the growth plate and the growth of long bones in juvenile dinosaurs. Science 262: 2020-2023.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 2020-2023
    • Barreto, C.R.1    Albrecht, M.2    Bjorling, D.E.3    Horner, J.R.4    Wilsman, N.J.5
  • 20
    • 0002290789 scopus 로고
    • Epiphyses and sesamoids
    • Gans C, ed., Morphology A. London: Academic Press
    • Haines RW (1969) Epiphyses and sesamoids. In: Gans C, ed. Biology of the Reptilia Volume 1 Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp 81-115.
    • (1969) Biology of the Reptilia , vol.1 , pp. 81-115
    • Haines, R.W.1
  • 21
    • 0029731566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juvenile skeletal structure and the reproductive habits of dinosaurs
    • Geist N, Jones T (1996) Juvenile skeletal structure and the reproductive habits of dinosaurs. Science 272: 712-714.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 712-714
    • Geist, N.1    Jones, T.2
  • 22
    • 0014788847 scopus 로고
    • Scale effects in animal joints: 1. Articular cartilage thickness and compressive stress
    • Simon W (1970) Scale effects in animal joints: 1. Articular cartilage thickness and compressive stress. Arth Rheumat 13: 244-255.
    • (1970) Arth Rheumat , vol.13 , pp. 244-255
    • Simon, W.1
  • 23
    • 0031106789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive determination of cartilage thickness throughout joint surfaces using magnetic resonance imaging
    • Eckstein F AC, Sittek H, Becker C, Milz S, Schulte E, et al. (1997) Noninvasive determination of cartilage thickness throughout joint surfaces using magnetic resonance imaging. J Biomech 30: 285-289.
    • (1997) J Biomech , vol.30 , pp. 285-289
    • Eckstein, F.A.C.1    Sittek, H.2    Becker, C.3    Milz, S.4    Schulte, E.5
  • 24
    • 37649008042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Articular cartilage in the knee joint of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, Blumehbach 1797
    • Egger GF, Witter K, Weissengruber G, Forstenpointer G (2008) Articular cartilage in the knee joint of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, Blumehbach 1797. J Morphol 269: 118-127.
    • (2008) J Morphol , vol.269 , pp. 118-127
    • Egger, G.F.1    Witter, K.2    Weissengruber, G.3    Forstenpointer, G.4
  • 25
    • 0003166620 scopus 로고
    • Monographs of the British Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Part II. (Genera Bothriospondylus, Cetiosaurus, Omosaurus)
    • Owen R (1875) Monographs of the British Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Part II. (Genera Bothriospondylus, Cetiosaurus, Omosaurus). Palaeontographical Society Monographs 29: 15-93.
    • (1875) Palaeontographical Society Monographs , vol.29 , pp. 15-93
    • Owen, R.1
  • 26
    • 0004320733 scopus 로고
    • On the saurians recently discovered in the Dakota Beds of Colorado
    • Cope E (1878) On the saurians recently discovered in the Dakota Beds of Colorado. Amer Nat 12: 71-85.
    • (1878) Amer Nat , vol.12 , pp. 71-85
    • Cope, E.1
  • 27
    • 77958555309 scopus 로고
    • Marsh on Diplodocus
    • Cope E (1884) Marsh on Diplodocus. Amer Nat 18: 526.
    • (1884) Amer Nat , vol.18 , pp. 526
    • Cope, E.1
  • 28
    • 0002110006 scopus 로고
    • Principle characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VI: Restoration of Brontosaurus
    • Marsh O (1883) Principle characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VI: Restoration of Brontosaurus. Amer J Sci 3: 81-85.
    • (1883) Amer J Sci , vol.3 , pp. 81-85
    • Marsh, O.1
  • 29
  • 30
    • 0004237518 scopus 로고
    • Additional characters of the great herbivorous dinosaur Camarasaurus
    • Osborn H (1898) Additional characters of the great herbivorous dinosaur Camarasaurus. Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist 19: 219-233.
    • (1898) Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist , vol.19 , pp. 219-233
    • Osborn, H.1
  • 31
    • 0001874908 scopus 로고
    • Diplodocus (Marsh): Its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton
    • Hatcher J (1901) Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Mem Carn Mus 1: 1-63.
    • (1901) Mem Carn Mus , vol.1 , pp. 1-63
    • Hatcher, J.1
  • 32
    • 0343629740 scopus 로고
    • On the habits and the pose of the sauropodous dinosaurs, especially of Diplodocus
    • Hay O (1908) On the habits and the pose of the sauropodous dinosaurs, especially of Diplodocus. Amer Nat 42: 672-681.
    • (1908) Amer Nat , vol.42 , pp. 672-681
    • Hay, O.1
  • 33
    • 0015223640 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the brontosaurs
    • Bakker R (1971) Ecology of the brontosaurs. Nature 229: 172-174.
    • (1971) Nature , vol.229 , pp. 172-174
    • Bakker, R.1
  • 34
    • 33846254082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Super sizing the giants: First cartilage preservation at a sauropod limb joint
    • Schwarz D, Wings O, Meyer C (2007) Super sizing the giants: first cartilage preservation at a sauropod limb joint. J Geol Soc London 164: 61-65.
    • (2007) J Geol Soc London , vol.164 , pp. 61-65
    • Schwarz, D.1    Wings, O.2    Meyer, C.3
  • 35
    • 0002414886 scopus 로고
    • Sauropod habits and habitats. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology
    • Coombs WJ (1975) Sauropod habits and habitats. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17: 1-33.
    • (1975) Palaeoecology , vol.17 , pp. 1-33
    • Coombs, W.J.1
  • 36
    • 0002169821 scopus 로고
    • On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Bernissart (Belgium)
    • Norman D (1980) On the ornithischian dinosaur Iguanodon bernissartensis from the Lower Cretaceous of Bernissart (Belgium). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Memoire 178: 1-103.
    • (1980) Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Memoire , vol.178 , pp. 1-103
    • Norman, D.1
  • 37
    • 0000252163 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae)
    • Nicholls E, Russell A (1985) Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae). Palaeont 28: 643-677.
    • (1985) Palaeont , vol.28 , pp. 643-677
    • Nicholls, E.1    Russell, A.2
  • 40
    • 33847306331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of sauropod phylogeny and evolution
    • Currey Rogers KA Wilson J, ed., Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Wilson J (2005) Overview of sauropod phylogeny and evolution. In: Currey Rogers KA Wilson J, ed. The Sauropods: evolution and paleobiology. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp 15-49.
    • (2005) The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology , pp. 15-49
    • Wilson, J.1
  • 41
    • 0004141440 scopus 로고
    • William Morrow, New York City
    • Bakker R (1986) The Dinosaur Heresies: William Morrow, New York City. 481 p.
    • (1986) The Dinosaur Heresies , pp. 481
    • Bakker, R.1
  • 42
    • 0003056509 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor adaptations in the hindlimb and pelvis of the Thecodontia
    • Parrish J (1986a) Locomotor adaptations in the hindlimb and pelvis of the Thecodontia. Hunteria 1: 1-35.
    • (1986) Hunteria , vol.1 , pp. 1-35
    • Parrish, J.1
  • 43
    • 0023119736 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the tarsus in the phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria)
    • Padian K, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Parrish J (1986b) Structure and function of the tarsus in the phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria). In: Padian K, ed. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 35-43.
    • (1986) The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs , pp. 35-43
    • Parrish, J.1
  • 44
    • 33748729161 scopus 로고
    • The scientific approach to the art of bringing dinosaurs to life
    • Czerkas S, Olson E, eds., Seattle: University of Washington Press
    • Hallett M (1987) The scientific approach to the art of bringing dinosaurs to life. In: Czerkas S, Olson E, eds. Dinosaurs past and present, Volume 1. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp 96-113.
    • (1987) Dinosaurs Past and Present , vol.1 , pp. 96-113
    • Hallett, M.1
  • 45
    • 0013036770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Paul G (2002) Dinosaurs of the air. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 460 p.
    • (2002) Dinosaurs of the Air , pp. 460
    • Paul, G.1
  • 47
    • 0033788031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: Implications for gait and locomotion
    • Paul G, Christiansen P (2000) Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion. Paleobiol 26: 450-465.
    • (2000) Paleobiol , vol.26 , pp. 450-465
    • Paul, G.1    Christiansen, P.2
  • 48
    • 0002436087 scopus 로고
    • The forelimb of Torosaurus and an analysis of the posture and gait of ceratopsian dinosaurs
    • Thomason J, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Johnson R, Ostrom J (1995) The forelimb of Torosaurus and an analysis of the posture and gait of ceratopsian dinosaurs. In: Thomason J, ed. Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 205-218.
    • (1995) Functional Morphology In Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 205-218
    • Johnson, R.1    Ostrom, J.2
  • 49
    • 0012937749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The function of the manus and forelimb of Deinonychus antirrhopus and its importance for the origin of avian flight
    • Gauthier J, Gall L, eds., New Haven, CT: Yale Peabody Museum
    • Gishlick A (2001) The function of the manus and forelimb of Deinonychus antirrhopus and its importance for the origin of avian flight. In: Gauthier J, Gall L, eds. New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds. New Haven, CT: Yale Peabody Museum. pp 301-318.
    • (2001) New Perspectives On the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds , pp. 301-318
    • Gishlick, A.1
  • 50
    • 4344712846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape in Morrison sauropods: Implications for functional morphology and paleobiology
    • Bonnan M (2004) Morphometric analysis of humerus and femur shape in Morrison sauropods: implications for functional morphology and paleobiology. Paleobiology 30: 444-470.
    • (2004) Paleobiology , vol.30 , pp. 444-470
    • Bonnan, M.1
  • 51
    • 22344453126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and implications for predatory behaviour
    • Senter P, Robin J (2005) Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and implications for predatory behaviour. J Zool 266: 307-318.
    • (2005) J Zool , vol.266 , pp. 307-318
    • Senter, P.1    Robin, J.2
  • 52
    • 24344493870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function in the stunted forelimbs of Monoykus olecranus (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater
    • Senter P (2005) Function in the stunted forelimbs of Monoykus olecranus (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater. Paleobiol 31: 373-381.
    • (2005) Paleobiol , vol.31 , pp. 373-381
    • Senter, P.1
  • 53
    • 33645035412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaur locomotion: Beyond the bones
    • Hutchinson J, Gatesy S (2006) Dinosaur locomotion: beyond the bones. Nature 440: 292-294.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 292-294
    • Hutchinson, J.1    Gatesy, S.2
  • 55
    • 67651085499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraint-based exclusion of limb poses for reconstructing theropod dinosaur locomotion
    • Gatesy S, Bäker M, Hutchinson JR (2009) Constraint-based exclusion of limb poses for reconstructing theropod dinosaur locomotion. J Vert Paleont 29: 535-544.
    • (2009) J Vert Paleont , vol.29 , pp. 535-544
    • Gatesy, S.1    Bäker, M.2    Hutchinson, J.R.3
  • 58
    • 4243926763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The articular cartilage of extant archosaur limb bones: Implications for dinosaur functional morphology and allometry
    • Holliday CM, Ridgely RC, Sedlmayr JC, Witmer LM (2001) The articular cartilage of extant archosaur limb bones: implications for dinosaur functional morphology and allometry. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 62A.
    • (2001) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.62 A , pp. 21
    • Holliday, C.M.1    Ridgely, R.C.2    Sedlmayr, J.C.3    Witmer, L.M.4
  • 59
    • 78649704359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflect overlying joint shape in stress-bearing elements: Implications for non-avian dinosaur locomotion
    • In press
    • Bonnan M, Sandrik J, Nishiwaki T, Wilhite D, Elsey R, et al. (In press) Calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflect overlying joint shape in stress-bearing elements: implications for non-avian dinosaur locomotion. Anat Rec.
    • Anat Rec
    • Bonnan, M.1    Sandrik, J.2    Nishiwaki, T.3    Wilhite, D.4    Elsey, R.5
  • 60
    • 0002512690 scopus 로고
    • The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils
    • Thomason J, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Witmer LM (1995) The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In: Thomason J, ed. Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 19-33.
    • (1995) Functional Morphology In Vertebrate Paleontology , pp. 19-33
    • Witmer, L.M.1
  • 61
    • 84985407437 scopus 로고
    • The thickness of the walls of tubular bones
    • Currey J, Alexander R (1985) The thickness of the walls of tubular bones. J Zool 206: 453-468.
    • (1985) J Zool , vol.206 , pp. 453-468
    • Currey, J.1    Alexander, R.2
  • 62
    • 0002543688 scopus 로고
    • Body mass and hindlimb bone cross-sectional and articular dimensions in anthropoid primates
    • Damuth J, MacFadden B, eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Ruff C (1990) Body mass and hindlimb bone cross-sectional and articular dimensions in anthropoid primates. In: Damuth J, MacFadden B, eds. Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: estimation and biological implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 119-150.
    • (1990) Body Size In Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications , pp. 119-150
    • Ruff, C.1
  • 63
    • 0026514015 scopus 로고
    • Use of biplanar radiographs for estimating crosssectional geometric properties of mandibles
    • Biknevicius A, Ruff C (1992) Use of biplanar radiographs for estimating crosssectional geometric properties of mandibles. Anat Rec 232: 157-163.
    • (1992) Anat Rec , vol.232 , pp. 157-163
    • Biknevicius, A.1    Ruff, C.2
  • 64
    • 0032008113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal allometry and interlimb scaling patterns in mustelid carnivorans
    • Heinrich R, Biknevicius A (1998) Skeletal allometry and interlimb scaling patterns in mustelid carnivorans. J Morphol 235: 121-134.
    • (1998) J Morphol , vol.235 , pp. 121-134
    • Heinrich, R.1    Biknevicius, A.2
  • 65
    • 0032996977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass estimation in armoured mammals: Cautions and encouragements for the use of parameters from the appendicular skeleton
    • Biknevicius A (1999) Body mass estimation in armoured mammals: cautions and encouragements for the use of parameters from the appendicular skeleton. J Zool 248: 179-187.
    • (1999) J Zool , vol.248 , pp. 179-187
    • Biknevicius, A.1
  • 67
    • 84985349877 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals
    • Alexander R, Jayes A (1983) A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J Zool 201: 135-152.
    • (1983) J Zool , vol.201 , pp. 135-152
    • Alexander, R.1    Jayes, A.2
  • 68
    • 0037186557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner
    • Hutchinson JR, Garcia M (2002) Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner. Nature 415: 1018-1021.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 1018-1021
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1    Garcia, M.2
  • 69
    • 7044222264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical modeling and sensitivity analysis of bipedal running ability. II. Extinct taxa
    • Hutchinson JR (2004) Biomechanical modeling and sensitivity analysis of bipedal running ability. II. Extinct taxa. J Morphol 262: 411-461.
    • (2004) J Morphol , vol.262 , pp. 411-461
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1
  • 70
    • 0003147108 scopus 로고
    • Das Tragsystem der Krokodile-ein biomechanische und phylogenetische Analyse
    • Frey E (1988) Das Tragsystem der Krokodile-ein biomechanische und phylogenetische Analyse. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 426: 1-60.
    • (1988) Stuttgarter Beiträge Zur Naturkunde, Serie a (Biologie) , vol.426 , pp. 1-60
    • Frey, E.1
  • 71
    • 0035728854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics
    • Brochu CA (2001) Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1185-1201.
    • (2001) Journal of Paleontology , vol.75 , pp. 1185-1201
    • Brochu, C.A.1
  • 73
    • 0001294969 scopus 로고
    • Osteologia
    • Baumel JJ, ed, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Society
    • Baumel JJ Witmer LM (1993) Osteologia. In: Baumel JJ, ed. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Society. pp 45-132.
    • (1993) Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium , pp. 45-132
    • Baumel, J.J.1    Witmer, L.M.2
  • 74
    • 0000864179 scopus 로고
    • The primitive form of the epiphysis in the long bones of the tetrapods
    • Haines RW (1938) The primitive form of the epiphysis in the long bones of the tetrapods. J Anat 72: 323-343.
    • (1938) J Anat , vol.72 , pp. 323-343
    • Haines, R.W.1
  • 75
    • 0001691506 scopus 로고
    • The posture of hadrosaurian dinosaurs
    • Galton P (1970) The posture of hadrosaurian dinosaurs. J Paleont 44: 464-473.
    • (1970) J Paleont , vol.44 , pp. 464-473
    • Galton, P.1
  • 76
    • 0001941992 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: An explanation in functional terms
    • Joysey K, Kemp T, eds., Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd
    • Charig A (1972) The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms. In: Joysey K, Kemp T, eds. Studies in vertebrate evolution. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp 121-155.
    • (1972) Studies In Vertebrate Evolution , pp. 121-155
    • Charig, A.1
  • 77
    • 0001858981 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs
    • Alexander RMcN (1985) Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 1-25.
    • (1985) Zool J Linn Soc , vol.83 , pp. 1-25
    • Alexander, R.1
  • 78
    • 84954945101 scopus 로고
    • Basal archosaurs: Phylogenetic relationships and functional implications
    • Sereno PC (1991) Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. J Vert Paleont 11: 1-65.
    • (1991) J Vert Paleont , vol.11 , pp. 1-65
    • Sereno, P.C.1
  • 79
    • 84954920750 scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurian precursors from the middle Triassic of Argentina: Lagerpeton chanarensis
    • Sereno PC, Arcucci A (1993) Dinosaurian precursors from the middle Triassic of Argentina: Lagerpeton chanarensis. J Vert Paleont 13: 385-399.
    • (1993) J Vert Paleont , vol.13 , pp. 385-399
    • Sereno, P.C.1    Arcucci, A.2
  • 81
    • 0032725144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Titanosaurs and the origin of "wide-gauge" trackways: A biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion
    • Wilson J, Carrano M (1999) Titanosaurs and the origin of "wide-gauge" trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion. Paleobiology 25: 252-267.
    • (1999) Paleobiology , vol.25 , pp. 252-267
    • Wilson, J.1    Carrano, M.2
  • 82
    • 0034475091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaurs locomotion
    • Hutchinson JR, Gatesy S (2000) Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaurs locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 734-751.
    • (2000) Paleobiology , vol.26 , pp. 734-751
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1    Gatesy, S.2
  • 83
    • 0032219645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic mechanical factors in the evolution of long bone epiphyses
    • Carter DR, Mikic B, Padian K (1998) Epigenetic mechanical factors in the evolution of long bone epiphyses. The Zoological Society of London 123: 163-178.
    • (1998) The Zoological Society of London , vol.123 , pp. 163-178
    • Carter, D.R.1    Mikic, B.2    Padian, K.3
  • 86
    • 0035017241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of limb bone scaling, curvature and eccentricity in mammals and non-avian dinosaurs
    • Carrano MT (2001) Implications of limb bone scaling, curvature and eccentricity in mammals and non-avian dinosaurs. J Zool 254: 41-55.
    • (2001) J Zool , vol.254 , pp. 41-55
    • Carrano, M.T.1
  • 87
    • 0024903765 scopus 로고
    • The gaits of dinosaurs
    • Gillette D, Lockley M, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Thulborn R (1989) The gaits of dinosaurs. In: Gillette D, Lockley M, eds. Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 39-50.
    • (1989) Dinosaur Tracks and Traces , pp. 39-50
    • Thulborn, R.1
  • 88
    • 33846062297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs
    • Mazzetta G, Christiansen P, Farina R (2004) Body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs. Hist Biol. pp 1-13.
    • (2004) Hist Biol , pp. 1-13
    • Mazzetta, G.1    Christiansen, P.2    Farina, R.3
  • 89
    • 33845901816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade
    • Royo-Torres R, Cobos A, Alcalá L (2006) A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925-1927.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1925-1927
    • Royo-Torres, R.1    Cobos, A.2    Alcalá, L.3
  • 90
    • 0002087901 scopus 로고
    • How dinosaurs ran
    • Alexander R (1991) How dinosaurs ran. Sci Amer 264: 62-68.
    • (1991) Sci Amer , vol.264 , pp. 62-68
    • Alexander, R.1
  • 91
    • 84891475702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sauropoda
    • Weishampel D, Dodson P, Osmo ́lska H, eds, 2nd edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
    • Upchurch P, Barrett P, Dodson P (2004) Sauropoda. In: Weishampel D, Dodson P, Osmo ́lska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp 259-322.
    • (2004) The Dinosauria , pp. 259-322
    • Upchurch, P.1    Barrett, P.2    Dodson, P.3
  • 92
    • 27244439394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of hindlimb muscle moment arms in Tyrannosaurus rex using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal computer model: Implications for stance, gait, and speed
    • Hutchinson JR, Anderson FC, Blemker S, Delp SL (2005) Analysis of hindlimb muscle moment arms in Tyrannosaurus rex using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal computer model: implications for stance, gait, and speed. Paleobiology 31: 676-701.
    • (2005) Paleobiology , vol.31 , pp. 676-701
    • Hutchinson, J.R.1    Anderson, F.C.2    Blemker, S.3    Delp, S.L.4
  • 93
    • 43949167736 scopus 로고
    • Femoral ontogeny and locomotor biomechanics of Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki (Dinosauria, Iguanodontia)
    • Heinrich R, Ruff C, Weishampel D (1993) Femoral ontogeny and locomotor biomechanics of Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki (Dinosauria, Iguanodontia). Zool J Linn Soc 108: 179-196.
    • (1993) Zool J Linn Soc , vol.108 , pp. 179-196
    • Heinrich, R.1    Ruff, C.2    Weishampel, D.3
  • 94
    • 84890308061 scopus 로고
    • The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)
    • Holtz T (1994) The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). J Vert Paleont 14: 480-519.
    • (1994) J Vert Paleont , vol.14 , pp. 480-519
    • Holtz, T.1
  • 95
    • 0031285349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedalism, flight, and the evolution of theropod locomotor diversity
    • Gatesy S, Middleton K (1997) Bipedalism, flight, and the evolution of theropod locomotor diversity. J Vert Paleont 17: 308-329.
    • (1997) J Vert Paleont , vol.17 , pp. 308-329
    • Gatesy, S.1    Middleton, K.2
  • 96
    • 0032427890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: Integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology
    • Carrano MT (1998) Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology. Paleobiology 24: 450-469.
    • (1998) Paleobiology , vol.24 , pp. 450-469
    • Carrano, M.T.1
  • 97
    • 0033484526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs
    • Carrano MT (1999) What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. J Zool 247: 29-42.
    • (1999) J Zool , vol.247 , pp. 29-42
    • Carrano, M.T.1
  • 98
    • 0033269440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long bone scaling and limb posture in non-avian theropods: Evidence for differential allometry
    • Christiansen P (1999) Long bone scaling and limb posture in non-avian theropods: evidence for differential allometry. J Vert Paleont 19: 666-680.
    • (1999) J Vert Paleont , vol.19 , pp. 666-680
    • Christiansen, P.1
  • 99
    • 0034057145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific scaling of the hindlimb skeleton in lizards, crocodilians, felids and canids: Does limb bone shape correlate with limb posture? J Zool
    • Blob RW (2000) Interspecific scaling of the hindlimb skeleton in lizards, crocodilians, felids and canids: does limb bone shape correlate with limb posture? J Zool, Lond 250: 507-531.
    • (2000) Lond , vol.250 , pp. 507-531
    • Blob, R.W.1
  • 101
    • 11144300280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Femoral dimensions and mid-thigh circumference in Alligator mississippiensis
    • Farlow JO, Elsey RM (2004) Femoral dimensions and mid-thigh circumference in Alligator mississippiensis. Lethaia 37: 401-405.
    • (2004) Lethaia , vol.37 , pp. 401-405
    • Farlow, J.O.1    Elsey, R.M.2
  • 102
    • 35348994879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaylsis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians
    • Senter P (2007) Anaylsis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians. Journal of Zoology 273: 305-314.
    • (2007) Journal of Zoology , vol.273 , pp. 305-314
    • Senter, P.1
  • 103
    • 34347361724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The opisthotonic posture of vertebrate skeletons: Postmortem contraction or death throes?
    • Faux CM, Padian K (2007) The opisthotonic posture of vertebrate skeletons: postmortem contraction or death throes? Paleobiol 33: 201-226.
    • (2007) Paleobiol , vol.33 , pp. 201-226
    • Faux, C.M.1    Padian, K.2
  • 104
    • 77958616721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits
    • Farlow J, Brett- Surman M, eds., Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • Carpenter K (1997) Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits. In: Farlow J, Brett- Surman M, eds. The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp 150-164.
    • (1997) The Complete Dinosaur , pp. 150-164
    • Carpenter, K.1
  • 105
    • 0001237884 scopus 로고
    • Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs
    • Chatterjee S (1985) Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs. Phil Trans Roy Soc London B 309: 395-490.
    • (1985) Phil Trans Roy Soc London B , vol.309 , pp. 395-490
    • Chatterjee, S.1
  • 106
    • 0003034664 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the phytosaurs, Machaeroprosopus and Rutiodon
    • Colbert E (1947) Studies of the phytosaurs, Machaeroprosopus and Rutiodon. Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist 88: 53-96.
    • (1947) Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist , vol.88 , pp. 53-96
    • Colbert, E.1
  • 107
    • 0000367076 scopus 로고
    • Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States
    • Long R, Murray R (1995) Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States. Bull New Mex Mus Nat Hist 4: 1-254.
    • (1995) Bull New Mex Mus Nat Hist , vol.4 , pp. 1-254
    • Long, R.1    Murray, R.2
  • 108
    • 84891468666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosauropoda
    • Weishampel D, Dodson P, Osmo ́lska H, eds, 2nd edition. Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Galton P, Upchurch P (2004) Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel D, Dodson P, Osmo ́lska H, eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp 232-258.
    • (2004) The Dinosauria , pp. 232-258
    • Galton, P.1    Upchurch, P.2
  • 109
    • 0002614503 scopus 로고
    • The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis
    • Colbert E (1989) The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Mus Nor Ariz Bull 57: 1-160.
    • (1989) Mus Nor Ariz Bull , vol.57 , pp. 1-160
    • Colbert, E.1
  • 111
    • 0002110006 scopus 로고
    • Principle characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VI. Restoration of Brontosaurous
    • Marsh OC (1883) Principle characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VI. Restoration of Brontosaurous. American Journal of Science 26: 81-85.
    • (1883) American Journal of Science , vol.26 , pp. 81-85
    • Marsh, O.C.1
  • 112
    • 0004320733 scopus 로고
    • On the Saurians recently discovered in the Dakota Beds of Colorado
    • Cope ED (1878) On the Saurians recently discovered in the Dakota Beds of Colorado. American Naturalist 12: 71-85.
    • (1878) American Naturalist , vol.12 , pp. 71-85
    • Cope, E.D.1
  • 113
    • 0002143038 scopus 로고
    • Allosaurus fragilis: A revised osteology
    • Madsen JJ (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109: 163.
    • (1976) Utah Geological Survey Bulletin , vol.109 , pp. 163
    • Madsen, J.J.1
  • 114
    • 0002146288 scopus 로고
    • On a new specimen of the lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus
    • Ostrom J (1976) On a new specimen of the lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Brevoria 439: 1-21.
    • (1976) Brevoria , vol.439 , pp. 1-21
    • Ostrom, J.1
  • 115
    • 0036896456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone Microstructure and Developmental Plasticity in Birds and Other Dinosaurs
    • Starck JM, Chinsamy A (2002) Bone Microstructure and Developmental Plasticity in Birds and Other Dinosaurs. J Morphol 254: 232-246.
    • (2002) J Morphol , vol.254 , pp. 232-246
    • Starck, J.M.1    Chinsamy, A.2
  • 116
    • 0035954765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates
    • Erickson GM, Rogers KC, Yerby SA (2001) Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature 412: 429-433.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 429-433
    • Erickson, G.M.1    Rogers, K.C.2    Yerby, S.A.3
  • 117
    • 0035954739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins
    • Padian K, de Ricqlés A, Horner JR (2001) Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature 412: 405-408.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 405-408
    • Padian, K.1    de Ricqlés, A.2    Horner, J.R.3
  • 118
    • 34748920355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sauropod histology: Microscopic views on the lives of giants
    • In: Rogers KC, Wilson J, eds., Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Curry-Rogers K, Erickson G (2005) Sauropod histology: microscopic views on the lives of giants. In: Rogers KC, Wilson J, eds. The Sauropods: evolution and paleobiology. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp 303-326.
    • (2005) The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology , pp. 303-326
    • Curry-Rogers, K.1    Erickson, G.2
  • 119
    • 27844591686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: A microscopic revolution
    • Erickson G (2005) Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: a microscopic revolution. TREE 20: 677-684.
    • (2005) TREE , vol.20 , pp. 677-684
    • Erickson, G.1
  • 120
    • 1642528079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agerelated vascular changes in the epiphysis, physis, and methaphysis: Normal findings on gadolinium-enhanced MRI of piglets
    • Jaramillo D, Villegas-Medina O, Doty D, Rivas R, Strife K, et al. (2004) Agerelated vascular changes in the epiphysis, physis, and methaphysis: normal findings on gadolinium-enhanced MRI of piglets. Amer J Roentgen 182: 353-360.
    • (2004) Amer J Roentgen , vol.182 , pp. 353-360
    • Jaramillo, D.1    Villegas-Medina, O.2    Doty, D.3    Rivas, R.4    Strife, K.5
  • 121
    • 0001178419 scopus 로고
    • The structure and relationships of Protoceratops
    • Brown B Schlaikjer EM (1940) The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Ann New York Acad Sci 40: 133-266.
    • (1940) Ann New York Acad Sci , vol.40 , pp. 133-266
    • Brown, B.1    Schlaikjer, E.M.2
  • 122
    • 84879391101 scopus 로고
    • Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America
    • Lull RS Wright NE (1942) Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 40: 1-242.
    • (1942) Geol Soc Am Spec Pap , vol.40 , pp. 1-242
    • Lull, R.S.1    Wright, N.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.