Controversies and future perspectives of antiplatelet therapy in secondary stroke prevention

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 2371-2380

  Weber, Ralph ^a   Diener, Hans Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet; Aspirin resistance; Cilostazol; Clopidogrel; Ischaemic stroke; Prevention; Sarpogrelate; SCH 530348; Terutroban; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

3 ((6 AMINO (4 CHLOROBENZENESULFONYL) 2 METHYL 5,6,7,8 TETRAHYDRONAPHT) 1 YL)PROPIONIC ACID; 3-((6-AMINO-(4-CHLOROBENZENESULFONYL)-2-METHYL-5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRONAPHT)-1-YL)PROPIONIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DRUG DERIVATIVE; LACTONE; NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVE; PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; SARPOGRELATE; SUCCINIC ACID DERIVATIVE; TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVE; TICLOPIDINE; VORAPAXAR;

ARTICLE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INTERACTION; HUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SECONDARY PREVENTION; STROKE; THROMBOSIS;

ASPIRIN; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; LACTONES; NAPHTHALENES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PROPIONIC ACIDS; PYRIDINES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STROKE; SUCCINATES; TETRAZOLES; THROMBOSIS; TICLOPIDINE;

EID: 77958527092     PISSN: 15821838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01162.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Author not listed. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324: 71-86.
2. Von Hundelshausen P, Weber C. Platelets as immune cells: bridging inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2007; 100: 27-40.
3. Mackman N. Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis. Nature. 2008; 451: 914-8.
4. Reininger AJ, Bernlochner I, Penz SM, et al. A 2-step mechanism of arterial thrombus formation induced by human atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55: 1147-58.
5. Mohler ER, 3rd. Atherothrombosis-wave goodbye to combined anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy? N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 293-6.
6. Weber R, Weimar C, Diener HC. Medical prevention of stroke and stroke recurrence in patients with TIA and minor stroke. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009; 10: 1883-94.
7. Siller-Matula JM, Krumphuber J, Jilma B. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical profile of novel antiplatelet drugs targeting vascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol. 2010; 159: 502-17.
8. Gilbert JC, DeFeo-Fraulini T, Hutabarat RM, et al. First-in-human evaluation of anti von Willebrand factor therapeutic aptamer ARC1779 in healthy volunteers. Circulation. 2007; 116: 2678-86.
9. Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F, et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke. 2001; 32: 2559-66.
10. Weiss N, Miller F, Cazaubon S, et al. The blood-brain barrier in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1788: 842-57.
11. Eisert WG, Schlachetzki F. Chapter 10: vascular endothelium and the blood-brain barrier. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008; 92: 197-214.
12. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci. 1999; 22: 391-7.
13. Asahi M, Wang X, Mori T, et al. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene knock-out on the proteolysis of blood-brain barrier and white matter components after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci. 2001; 21: 7724-32.
14. Benchenane K, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Fernandez-Monreal M, et al. Equivocal roles of tissue-type plasminogen activator in stroke-induced injury. Trends Neurosci. 2004; 27: 155-60.
15. Algra A, Van Gijn J. Cumulative meta-analysis of aspirin efficacy after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999; 66: 255.
16. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Aspirin resistance. Lancet. 2006; 367: 606-17.
17. Patrono C, Coller B, FitzGerald GA, et al. Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004; 126: 234-64S.
18. Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, et al. Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1650-5.
19. Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Thom J, et al. Incomplete inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis by acetylsalicylic acid: determinants and effect on cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2008; 118: 1705-12.
20. Harrison P, Segal H, Silver L, et al. Lack of reproducibility of assessment of aspirin responsiveness by optical aggregometry and two platelet function tests. Platelets. 2008; 19: 119-24.
21. Santilli F, Rocca B, De Cristofaro R, et al. Platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition by low-dose aspirin is not reflected consistently by platelet function assays: implications for aspirin "resistance". J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53: 667-77.
22. Breet NJ, Van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ, et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. Jama. 2010; 303: 754-62.
23. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, et al. Aspirin noncompliance is the major cause of "aspirin resistance" in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Am Heart J. 2009; 157: 889-93.
24. Hamann GF, Weimar C, Glahn J, et al. Adherence to secondary stroke prevention strategies-results from the German Stroke Data Bank. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 15: 282-8.
25. Glader EL, Sjolander M, Eriksson M, et al. Persistent use of secondary preventive drugs declines rapidly during the first 2 years after stroke. Stroke. 2010; 41: 397-401.
26. Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ, et al. Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1647-52.
27. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 25: 457-507.
28. Usman MH, Notaro LA, Nagarakanti R, et al. Combination antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention: enhanced efficacy or double trouble? Am J Cardiol. 2009; 103: 1107-12.
29. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364: 331-7.
30. Fan YH, Zhang L, Lam WW, et al. Cerebral microbleeds as a risk factor for subsequent intracerebral hemorrhages among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34: 2459-62.
31. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, et al. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6: 961-9.
32. Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology. 2004; 62: 569-73.
33. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 1305-16.
34. Markus HS, Droste DW, Kaps M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation. 2005; 111: 2233-40.
35. Wong KS, Chen C, Fu J, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 489-97.
36. Markus HS, King A, Shipley M, et al. Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 663-71.
37. Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res. 2007; 100: 1261-75.
38. Storey RF, Sanderson HM, White AE, et al. The central role of the P(2T) receptor in amplification of human platelet activation, aggregation, secretion and procoagulant activity. Br J Haematol. 2000; 110: 925-34.
39. Angiolillo DJ, Capranzano P. Pharmacology of emerging novel platelet inhibitors. Am Heart J. 2008; 156: S10-15.
40. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996; 348: 1329-39.
41. Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1238-51.
42. Gilard M, Arnaud B, Le Gal G, et al. Influence of omeprazol on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated to aspirin. J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4: 2508-9.
43. Sibbing D, Morath T, Stegherr J, et al. Impact of proton pump inhibitors on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost. 2009; 101: 714-9.
44. O'Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet. 2009; 374: 989-97.
45. Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome. Jama. 2009; 301: 937-44.
46. Hulot JS, Collet JP, Silvain J, et al Cardiovascular risk in clopidogrel-treated patients according to cytochrome P450 2C19*2 loss-of-function allele or proton pump inhibitor coadministration: a systematic meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 56: 134-43.
47. Jernberg T, Payne CD, Winters KJ, et al. Prasugrel achieves greater inhibition of platelet aggregation and a lower rate of non-responders compared with clopidogrel in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 1166-73.
48. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 2001-15.
49. Serebruany VL, Alberts MJ, Hanley DF. Prasugrel in the poststroke cohort of the TRITON Trial: the clear and present danger. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 26: 93-4.
50. Goto S. Cilostazol: potential mechanism of action for antithrombotic effects accompanied by a low rate of bleeding. Atheroscler Suppl. 2005; 6: 3-11.
51. Rybalkin SD, Rybalkina I, Beavo JA, et al. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C promotes human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res. 2002; 90: 151-7.
52. Kwon SU, Cho YJ, Koo JS, et al. Cilostazol prevents the progression of the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: the multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke. 2005; 36: 782-6.
53. Gotoh F, Tohgi H, Hirai S, et al. Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000; 9: 147-57.
54. Huang Y, Cheng Y, Wu J, et al. Cilostazol as an alternative to aspirin after ischaemic stroke: a randomised, double-blind, pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 494-9.
55. Uchiyama S, for the CSPS II Group. The main results and subgroup analyses of cilostazol stroke prevention study II (CSPS II). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010; 29: 2.
56. Nishihira K, Yamashita A, Tanaka N, et al. Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor prevents occlusive thrombus formation on neointima of the rabbit femoral artery. J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4: 247-55.
57. Rashid M, Manivet P, Nishio H, et al. Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling. Life Sci. 2003; 73: 193-207.
58. Shinohara Y, Nishimaru K, Sawada T, et al. Sarpogrelate-aspirin comparative clinical study for efficacy and safety in secondary prevention of cerebral infarction (S-ACCESS): a randomized, double-blind, aspirin-controlled trial. Stroke. 2008; 39: 1827-33.
59. Chamorro A. TP receptor antagonism: a new concept in atherothrombosis and stroke prevention. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009; 27: 20-7.
60. Worth NF, Berry CL, Thomas AC, et al. S18886, a selective TP receptor antagonist, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 183: 65-73.
61. Belhassen L, Pelle G, Dubois-Rande JL, et al. Improved endothelial function by the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist S 18886 in patients with coronary artery disease treated with aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41: 1198-204.
62. Bousser MG, Amarenco P, Chamorro A, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study of terutroban 30 mg/day versus aspirin 100 mg/day in stroke patients: the prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009; 27: 509-18.
63. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Antithrombotic drugs for patients with ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent major vascular events. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 273-84.
64. Leger AJ, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-activated receptors in cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1070-7.
65. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Fox KA, et al. Evaluation of a novel antiplatelet agent for secondary prevention in patients with a history of atherosclerotic disease: design and rationale for the Thrombin-Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events (TRA 2 degrees P)-TIMI 50 trial. Am Heart J. 2009; 158: 335-41.
66. Becker RC, Moliterno DJ, Jennings LK, et al. Safety and tolerability of SCH 530348 in patients undergoing non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Lancet. 2009; 373: 919-28.