Vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Vaccine

Volumn 27, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2009, Pages

  Paessler, Slobodan ^a   Weaver, Scott C ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Encephalitis; Togaviridae; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

DNA VACCINE; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS VACCINE;

AEROSOL; ARBOVIRUS; ARTICLE; CHIMERA; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GAMMA DELTA T LYMPHOCYTE; HORSE; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPLICON; SINDBIS VIRUS; SOUTH AMERICA; T LYMPHOCYTE; UNITED STATES; VENEZUELA; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

EID: 77958168896     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.095     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Structure and replication of the alphavirus genome. In: Schlesinger S, Schlesinger M, editors. The togaviruses and flaviviruses. New York: Plenum Press; 1986. p. 35-90.
2. Strauss JH, Calisher CH, Dalgarno L, Dalrymple JM, Frey TK, Pettersson RF, et al. Togaviridae. In: Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Martelli GP, et al., editors. Virus Taxonomy Sixth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1995. p. 428-33.
3. Strauss JH, Strauss EG. The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. Microbiol Rev 1994;58(3):491-562.
4. Rice CM, Strauss JH. Nucleotide sequence of the 26S mRNA of Sindbis virus and deduced sequence of the encoded virus structural proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78(4):2062-6.
5. Paessler S, Pfeffer M. Togaviruses causing encephalitis (Togaviridae). In: Mahy BWJ, Van Regenmortel MHV, editors. Encyclopedia of virology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 2008. p. 76-82.
6. Davis NL, Grieder FB, Smith JF, Greenwald GF, Valenski ML, Sellon DC, et al. A molecular genetic approach to the study of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis. Arch Virol Suppl 1994;9:99-109.
7. Kundin WD. Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Infection in young adult mice. J Immunol 1966;96(1):49-58.
8. Jackson AC, SenGupta SK, Smith JF. Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice and hamsters. Vet Pathol 1991;28(5):410-8.
9. Davis NL, Brown KW, Greenwald GF, Zajac AJ, Zacny VL, Smith JF, et al. Attenuated mutants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus containing lethal mutations in the PE2 cleavage signal combined with a second-site suppressor mutation in E1. Virology 1995;212(1):102-10.
10. Schoneboom BA, Catlin KMK, Marty AM, Grieder FB. Inflammation is a component of neurodegeneration in response to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2000;(109):132-46.
11. Schoneboom BA, Fultz MJ, Miller TH, McKinney LC, Grieder FB. Astrocytes as targets for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. J Neurovirol 1999;5(4):342-54.
12. Grieder FB, Davis BK, Zhou XD, Chen SJ, Finkelman FD, Gause WC. Kinetics of cytokine expression and regulation of host protection following infection with molecularly cloned Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Virology 1997 Jul 7;233(2):302-12.
13. Garcia-Tamayo J, Carreno G, Esparza J. Central nervous system alterations as sequelae of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in rat. J Pathol 1979;128(128):87-91.
14. Gorelkin L. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in an adult animal host. An electron microscopic study. Am J Pathol 1973;73(2):425-42.
15. Grieder FB, Davis NL, Aronson JF, Charles PC, Sellon DC, Suzuki K, et al. Specific restrictions in the progression of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-induced disease resulting from single amino acid changes in the glycoproteins. Virology 1995;206(2):994-1006.
16. Ryzhikov AB, Ryabchikova EI, Sergeev AN, Tkacheva NV. Spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice olfactory tract. Arch Virol 1995;140(12):2243-54.
17. Phillpotts RJ, O'Brien L, Appleton RE, Carr S, Bennett A. Intranasal immunisation with defective adenovirus serotype 5 expressing the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E2 glycoprotein protects against airborne challenge with virulent virus. Vaccine 2005;23(February (13)):1615-23.
18. Phillpotts RJ, Jones LD, Howard SC. Monoclonal antibody protects mice against infection and disease when given either before or up to 24 h after airborne challenge with virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2002;20(February (11-12)):1497-504.
19. Paessler S, Yun NE, Judy BM, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Grund AH, et al. Alpha-beta T cells provide protection against lethal encephalitis in the murine model of VEEV infection. Virology 2007;367(July (2)):307-23.
20. Yun NE, Peng BH, Bertke AS, Borisevich V, Smith JK, Smith JN, et al. CD4+ T cells provide protection against acute lethal encephalitis caused by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2009;27(June (30)):4064-73.
21. Paessler S, Ni H, Petrakova O, Fayzulin RZ, Yun N, Anishchenko M, et al. Replication and clearance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from the brains of animals vaccinated with chimeric SIN/VEE viruses. J Virol 2006;80(March (6)):2784-96.
22. Bennett AM, Lescott T, Phillpotts RJ. Improved protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis by genetic engineering of a recombinant vaccinia virus. Viral Immunol 1998;11(3):109-17.
23. Jones LD, Bennett AM, Moss SR, Gould EA, Phillpotts RJ. Cytotoxic T-cell activity is not detectable in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-infected mice. Virus Res 2003;91(February (2)):255-9.
24. Thach DC, Kimura T, Griffin DE. Differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/cBy mice in mortality and virus replication after intranasal infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus. J Virol 2000;74(13):6156-61.
25. Rowell JF, Griffin DE. Contribution of T cells to mortality in neurovirulent Sindbis virus encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2002;127(June (1-2)):106-14.
26. Ziegler SF. FOXP3: of mice and men. Annu Rev Immunol 2005;24(December):209-26.
27. Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 2003;299(February (5609)):1057-61.
28. Loser K, Hansen W, Apelt J, Balkow S, Buer J, Beissert S. In vitro-generated regulatory T cells induced by Foxp3-retrovirus infection control murine contact allergy and systemic autoimmunity. Gene Ther 2005;12(September (17)):1294-304.
29. King NJ, Getts DR, Getts MT, Rana S, Shrestha B, Kesson AM. Immunopathology of flavivirus infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2007;85(January (1)):33-42.
30. Solomon T, Winter PM. Neurovirulence and host factors in flavivirus encephalitis-evidence from clinical epidemiology. Arch Virol Suppl 2004;(18):161-70.
31. Kagi D, Hengartner H. Different roles for cytotoxic T cells in the control of infections with cytopathic versus noncytopathic viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8(August (4)):472-7.
32. Griffin DE. Immune responses to RNA-virus infections of the CNS. Nat Rev Immunol 2003;3(June (6)):493-502.
33. Ma J, Urba WJ, Si L, Wang Y, Fox BA, Hu HM. Anti-tumor T cell response and protective immunity in mice that received sublethal irradiation and immune reconstitution. Eur J Immunol 2003;33(August (8)):2123-32.
34. Marks L, Levy RB. The cytotoxic potential of regulatory T cells: what has been learned from gene knockout model systems? Transplantation 2004;77(January (1 Suppl.)):S19-22.
35. Trapani JA. Dual mechanisms of apoptosis induction by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Int Rev Cytol 1998;182:111-92.
36. Shresta S, Pham CT, Thomas DA, Graubert TA, Ley TJ. How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets? Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10(October (5)):581-7.
37. Kajino K, Kajino Y, Greene MI. Fas- and perforin-independent mechanism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte. Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):89-93.
38. Hayday AC, Roberts S, Ramsburg E. Gammadelta cells and the regulation of mucosal immune responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162(October (4 Pt 2)):S161-3.
39. Hayday AC. [gamma][delta] cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:975-1026.
40. Wang T, Scully E, Yin Z, Kim JH, Wang S, Yan J, et al. IFN-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection. J Immunol 2003;171(September (5)):2524-31.
41. Cardona AE, Teale JM. Gamma/delta T cell-deficient mice exhibit reduced disease severity and decreased inflammatory response in the brain in murine neurocysticercosis. J Immunol 2002;169(September (6)):3163-71.
42. Dandekar AA, Perlman S. Virus-induced demyelination in nude mice is mediated by gamma delta T cells. Am J Pathol 2002;161(October (4)):1255-63.
43. Theiler M, Smith HH. Use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. J Exp Med 1937;65:787-800.
44. Berge TO, Banks IS, Tigertt WD. Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by in vitro cultivation in guinea pig heart cells. Am J Hyg 1961;73:209-18.
45. Walton TE, Alvarez Jr O, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM. Experimental infection of horses with an attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain TC-83). Infect Immun 1972;5(May (5)):750-6.
46. Pittman PR, Makuch RS, Mangiafico JA, Cannon TL, Gibbs PH, Peters CJ. Longterm duration of detectable neutralizing antibodies after administration of liveattenuated VEE vaccine and following booster vaccination with inactivated VEE vaccine. Vaccine 1996;14(March (4)):337-43.
47. Jahrling PB, Stephenson EH. Protective efficacies of live attenuated and formaldehyde-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccines against aerosol challenge in hamsters. J Clin Microbiol 1984;19(March (3)):429-31.
48. Pratt WD, Gibbs P, Pitt ML, Schmaljohn AL. Use of telemetry to assess vaccine-induced protection against parenteral and aerosol infections of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in non-human primates. Vaccine 1998;16(9-10):1056-64.
49. Kinney RM, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Roehrig JT, Woodward TM, et al. Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain TC-83 is encoded by the 5'-noncoding region and the E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 1993;67(March (3)):1269-77.
50. Pratt WD, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Smith JF. Genetically engineered, live attenuated vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis: testing in animal models. Vaccine 2003;21(September (25-26)):3854-62.
51. Hart MK, Caswell-Stephan K, Bakken R, Tammariello R, Pratt W, Davis N, et al. Improved mucosal protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is induced by the molecularly defined, live-attenuated V3526 vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2000;18(26):3067-75.
52. Ludwig GV, Turell MJ, Vogel P, Kondig JP, Kell WK, Smith JF, et al. Comparative neurovirulence of attenuated and non-attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;64(1-2):49-55.
53. Turell MJ, Ludwig GV, Kondig J, Smith JF. Limited potential for mosquito transmission of genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60(6): 1041-4.
54. Rao V, Hinz ME, Roberts BA, Fine D. Environmental hazard assessment of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidate strain V3526. Vaccine 2004;22(June (20)):2667-73.
55. Reed DS, Lind CM, Lackemeyer MG, Sullivan LJ, Pratt WD, Parker MD. Genetically engineered, live, attenuated vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with a virulent IE strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2005;23(May (24)):3139-47.
56. Fine DL, Roberts BA, Terpening SJ, Mott J, Vasconcelos D, House RV. Neurovirulence evaluation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine candidate V3526 in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2008;26(June (27-28)):3497-506.
57. Pedersen Jr CE, Robinson DM, Cole Jr FE. Isolation of the vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes in Louisiana. Am J Epidemiol 1972;95(May (5)):490-6.
58. Volkova E, Frolova E, Darwin JR, Forrester NL, Weaver SC, Frolov I. IRESdependent replication of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus makes it highly attenuated and incapable of replicating in mosquito cells. Virology 2008;377(July (1)):160-9.
59. Beck CE, Wyckoff RWG. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Science 1938;88(2292):530.
60. Kubes V, Rios FA. The causitive agent of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in Venezuela. Science 1939;90:20-1.
61. Randall R, Maurer FD, Smadel JE. Immunization of laboratory workers with purified Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine. J Immunol 1949;63(November (3)):313-8.
62. Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Trent DW. Molecular evidence for the origin of the widespread Venezuelan equine encephalitis epizootic of 1969 to 1972. J Gen Virol 1992;73(Pt 12):3301-5.
63. Weaver SC, Pfeffer M, Marriott K, Kang W, Kinney RM. Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60(3):441-8.
64. Sutton LS, Brooke CC. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis due to vaccination in man. J Am Med Assoc 1954;155(17):1473-6.
65. Wang E, Petrakova O, Adams AP, Aguilar PV, Kang W, Paessler S, et al. Chimeric Sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis vaccine candidates are highly attenuated and immunogenic in mice. Vaccine 2007;25(October (43)):7573-81.
66. Paessler S, Fayzulin RZ, Anishchenko M, Greene IP, Weaver SC, Frolov I. Recombinant sindbis/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic. J Virol 2003;77(September (17)):9278-86.
67. Ni H, Yun NE, Zacks MA, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, da Rosa AP, et al. Recombinant alphaviruses are safe and useful serological diagnostic tools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;76(April (4)):774-81.
68. Frolov I, Frolova E, Schlesinger S. Sindbis virus replicons and Sindbis virus: assembly of chimeras and of particles deficient in virus RNA. J Virol 1997;71(4):2819-29.
69. Liljestrom P, Garoff H. A new generation of animal cell expression vectors based on the Semliki Forest virus replicon. Biotechnology (NY) 1991;9(December (12)):1356-61.
70. Pushko P, Parker M, Ludwig GV, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Smith JF. Repliconhelper systems from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: expression of heterologous genes in vitro and immunization against heterologous pathogens in vivo. Virology 1997;239(2):389-401.
71. Polo JM, Belli BA, Driver DA, Frolov I, Sherrill S, Hariharan MJ, et al. Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virusderived vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96(April (8)):4598-603.
72. Zhou X, Berglund P, Rhodes G, Parker SE, Jondal M, Liljestrom P. Self-replicating Semliki Forest virus RNA as recombinant vaccine. Vaccine 1994;12(December (16)):1510-4.
73. Davis NL, West A, Reap E, MacDonald G, Collier M, Dryga S, et al. Alphavirus replicon particles as candidate HIV vaccines. IUBMB Life 2002;53(4-5):209-11.
74. Thompson JM, Whitmore AC, Konopka JL, Collier ML, Richmond EM, Davis NL, et al. Mucosal and systemic adjuvant activity of alphavirus replicon particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(March (10)):3722-7.
75. Dupuy LC, Locher CP, Paidhungat M, Richards MJ, Lind CM, Bakken R, et al. Directed molecular evolution improves the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2009;27(June (31)):4152-60.
76. Phillpotts RJ, Lescott TL, Jacobs SC. Vaccinia virus recombinants encoding the truncated structural gene region of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) give solid protection against peripheral challenge but only partial protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. Acta Virol 2000;44(October (5)):233-9.