Design and conduct of caudwell xtreme everest: An observational cohort study of variation in human adaptation to progressive environmental hypoxia

BMC Medical Research Methodology

Volumn 10, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Levett, Denny Zh ^a   Martin, Daniel S ^b   Wilson, Mark H ^c   Mitchell, Kay ^b   Dhillon, Sundeep ^c   Rigat, Fabio ^b   Montgomery, Hugh E ^c   Mythen, Monty G ^a   Grocott, Michael Pw ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ALTITUDE; ANOXIA; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OBSERVATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ALTITUDE; ANOXIA; COHORT STUDIES; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBSERVATION; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE;

EID: 77958041695     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-98     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. High-altitude physiology and pathophysiology: implications and relevance for intensive care medicine. M Grocott H Montgomery A Vercueil, Crit Care 2007 11 203 10.1186/cc5142 17291330
2. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned. EA Deitch, Shock 1998 9 1 11 10.1097/00024382-199801000-00001 9466467
3. Why do animal models (sometimes) fail to mimic human sepsis? CT Esmon, Crit Care Med 2004 32 219 22 10.1097/01.CCM.0000127036.27343.48 15118521
4. Experimental models of sepsis and their clinical relevance. LF Poli-de-Figueiredo AG Garrido N Nakagawa P Sannomiya, Shock 2008 30 Suppl 1 53 59 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318181a343 18704008
5. Human physiology in extreme environments: lessons from life at the limits? MP Grocott, Postgrad Med J 2008 84 2 3 10.1136/pgmj.2007.066472 18230743
6. Limiting factors to oxygen transport on Mount Everest. P Cerretelli, Journal of applied physiology 1976 40 658 667 931890
7. Muscular exercise at great altitudes. LG Pugh MB Gill S Lahiri JS Milledge MP Ward W JB, J Appl Physiol 1964 19 431 440 14173539
8. Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount Everest. JB West SJ Boyer DJ Graber PH Hackett KH Maret JS Milledge RMJ Peters CJ Pizzo M Samaja FH Sarnquist, et al. J Appl Physiol 1983 55 688 698 6415008
9. The sharpened Romberg test for assessing ataxia in mild acute mountain sickness. BG Johnson AD Wright MF Beazley TC Harvey P Hillenbrand CH Imray, Wilderness Environ Med 2005 16 62 66 10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[42:AAAMOA]2.0. CO;2 15974254
10. Hypoxia, hypocapnia and spirometry at altitude. AJ Pollard PW Barry NP Mason DJ Collier RC Pollard PF Pollard I Martin RS Fraser MR Miller JS Milledge, Clin Sci (Lond) 1997 92 593 598 9205420
11. Effect of altitude on spirometric parameters and the performance of peak flow meters. AJ Pollard NP Mason PW Barry RC Pollard DJ Collier RS Fraser MR Miller JS Milledge, Thorax 1996 51 175 178 10.1136/thx.51.2.175 8711651
12. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and arterial oxygen saturation at high altitude. DR Woods AJ Pollard DJ Collier Y Jamshidi V Vassiliou E Hawe SE Humphries HE Montgomery, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 166 362 366 10.1164/rccm.2103060 12153971
13. Genetophysiology: using genetic strategies to explore hypoxic adaptation. M Grocott H Montgomery, High Alt Med Biol 2008 9 123 129 10.1089/ham.2008.1012 18578643
14. Caudwell Xtreme Everest: a field study of human adaptation to hypoxia. M Grocott A Richardson H Montgomery M Mythen, Crit Care 2007 11 151 10.1186/cc5921 17672886
15. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Physicians TATSaACoC, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003 167 211 277 10.1164/rccm.167.2.211 12524257
16. The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. PH Hackett D Rennie HD Levine, Lancet 1976 2 1149 1155 10.1016/S0140-6736(76) 91677-9 62991
17. Changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise measured by near-infrared spectroscopy on ascent to altitude. DS Martin DZ Levett M Mythen MP Grocott, Crit Care 2009 13 Suppl 5 7 10.1186/cc8005 19951391
18. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. WL Beaver K Wasserman BJ Whipp, Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985) 1986 60 2020 2027 3087938
19. Respiratory markers of the anaerobic threshold. BJ Whipp SA Ward K Wasserman, Adv Cardiol 1986 35 47 64 3551516
20. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. WL Beaver K Wasserman BJ Whipp, Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985) 1985 59 1936 1940 4077801
21. The Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Scoring System. RC Roach P Bartsch P Hackett O Oelz, Proceedings of the International Hypoxia Symposium 1993 272 274
22. Procedures for the measurement of acute mountain sickness. JB Sampson A Cymerman RL Burse JT Maher PB Rock, Aviat Space Environ Med 1983 54 1063 1073 6661120
23. The effect of high-altitude on human skeletal muscle energetics: P-MRS results from the Caudwell Xtreme Everest expedition. LM Edwards AJ Murray DJ Tyler GJ Kemp CJ Holloway PA Robbins S Neubauer D Levett HE Montgomery MP Grocott K Clarke, PLoS One 2010 5 10681 10.1371/journal.pone.0010681 20502713
24. Changes in sublingual microcirculatory flow index and vessel density on ascent to altitude. DS Martin P Goedhart A Vercueil C Ince DZ Levett MP Grocott Xtreme Everest Research Group C, Exp Physiol 2010 95 8 880 91 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.051656 20418348
25. Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest. MP Grocott DS Martin DZ Levett R McMorrow J Windsor HE Montgomery, N Engl J Med 2009 360 140 149 10.1056/NEJMoa0801581 19129527
26. The reliability of cycling efficiency. L Moseley AE Jeukendrup, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001 33 621 627
27. Generalized Linear Models. McCullagh P NJA, London: Chapman and Hall 1989
28. Bayesian Data Analysis. A CJB Gelman HS Stern DB Rubin, London: Chapman and Hall 2003
29. Operation Everest II: man at extreme altitude. CS Houston JR Sutton A Cymerman JT Reeves, J Appl Physiol 1987 63 877 882 3654448
30. Pulmonary gas exchange on the summit of Mount Everest. JB West PH Hackett KH Maret JS Milledge RM Peters CJ Pizzo RM Winslow, Journal of applied physiology 1983 55 678 687 6415007
31. Supplemental oxygen and mountaineer death rates on Everest and K2. RB Huey X Eguskitza, JAMA 2000 284 181 10.1001/jama.284.2.181-a 10889590
32. Supplemental oxygen and hyperbaric treatment at high altitude: cardiac and respiratory response. GW Rodway JS Windsor ND Hart, Aviat Space Environ Med 2007 78 613 617 17571664
33. Supplemental oxygen effects on ventilation in acclimatized subjects exercising at 5700 m altitude. JS Windsor GW Rodway, Aviat Space Environ Med 2007 78 426 429 17484347
34. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on the inflammatory response in in vivo and in vitro models. S Hagiwara H Iwasaka S Matumoto S Hidaka T Noguchi, Crit Care Med 2009 37 2 626 33 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181958d91 19114890
35. Animal models of sepsis and its complications. MP Fink, Kidney Int 2008 74 991 993 10.1038/ki.2008.442 18827799
36. A simulation model of glucose regulation in the critically ill. R Hovorka LJ Chassin M Ellmerer J Plank ME Wilinska, Physiol Meas 2008 29 959 978 10.1088/0967-3334/29/8/008 18641427
37. Translational research in the development of novel sepsis therapeutics: logical deductive reasoning or mission impossible? SM Opal E Patrozou, Crit Care Med 2009 37 10 5 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181921497 19104207
38. Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: systematic review. P Perel I Roberts E Sena P Wheble C Briscoe P Sandercock M Macleod LE Mignini P Jayaram KS Khan, BMJ 2007 334 197 10.1136/bmj.39048.407928.BE 17175568
39. Improving clinical trials in the critically ill. DC Angus JP Mira JL Vincent, Crit Care Med 2010 38 527 532 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c0259d 19851096
40. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Is Associated with Susceptibility and Outcome in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. RP Marshall, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002 166 646 650 10.1164/rccm.2108086 12204859
41. Human gene for physical performance. HE Montgomery R Marshall H Hemingway S Myerson P Clarkson C Dollery M Hayward DE Holliman M Jubb M World EL Thomas AE Brynes N Saeed M Barnard JD Bell K Prasad M Rayson PJ Talmud SE Humphries, Nature 1998 393 221 222 10.1038/30374 9607758
42. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and successful ascent to extreme high altitude. J Thompson J Raitt L Hutchings F Drenos E Bjargo A Loset M Grocott H Montgomery, High Alt Med Biol 2007 8 278 285 10.1089/ham.2007.1044 18081503
43. ACE I/D but not AGT (-6)A/G polymorphism is a risk factor for mortality in ARDS. M Adamzik U Frey S Sixt L Knemeyer M Beiderlinden J Peters W Siffert, Eur Respir J 2007 29 482 488 10.1183/09031936.00046106 17107992
44. Operation Everest one and two. Studies of acclimatization to simulated high altitude. CS Houston, Respiration 1997 64 398 406 10.1159/000196715 9383814
45. Operation Everest III (COMEX '97). Effects of prolonged and progressive hypoxia on humans during a simulated ascent to 8,848 M in a hypobaric chamber. JP Richalet P Robach S Jarrot JC Schneider NP Mason E Cauchy JP Herry A Bienvenu B Gardette C Gortan, Adv Exp Med Biol 1999 474 297 317 10635009
46. Concepts in hypoxia reborn. DS Martin M Khosravi MP Grocott MG Mythen, Crit Care 2010 14 315 10.1186/cc9078 20727228
47. Is enough oxygen too much? PT Schumacker, Crit Care 2010 14 191 10.1186/cc9201 20804573