Cardiological evaluation after cerebral ischaemia: Consensus statement of the Working Group Heart and Brain of the German Cardiac Society-Cardiovascular Research (DGK) and the German Stroke Society (DSG)

Clinical Research in Cardiology

Volumn 99, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 609-625

  Laufs, Ulrich ^a   Hoppe, Uta C ^g   Rosenkranz, Stephan ^g   Kirchhof, Paulus ^h   Böhm, Michael ^a   Diener, Hans Christoph ^c   Endres, Matthias ^d   Grond, Martin ^e   Hacke, Werner ^f   Meinertz, Thomas ⁱ   Ringelstein, E Bernd ^h   Röther, Joachim ^j   Dichgans, Martin ^b  

^a SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

^d CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^e Klinik fur Neurologie   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY HEART CENTER HAMBURG   (Germany)

^j Universitätsklinikum Münster ^*

more..

Author keywords

Atrial fibrillation; Cardiac; Cardiovascular; Echocardiography; Review; Risk; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; HOMOCYSTEINE; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE RECEPTOR A; TROPONIN;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AORTA VALVE DISEASE; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDOCARDITIS; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; INTRACARDIAC THROMBOSIS; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MONITORING; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; REVIEW; TELEMEDICINE; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

EID: 77957889300     PISSN: 18610684     EISSN: 18610692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00392-010-0200-4     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Ringleb PA et al (2009) Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. The European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee and the ESO Writing Committee. http://www.eso-stroke.org/ pdf/ESO%20Guidelines-update-Jan-2009.pdf
2. SE Capes D Hunt K Malmberg, et al. 2001 Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview Stroke 32 2426 2432 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrktFGrsQ%3D%3D 11588337
3. J Alvarez-Sabin CA Molina J Montaner, et al. 2003 Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients Stroke 34 1235 1241 12677014
4. MT McCormick KW Muir CS Gray, et al. 2008 Management of hyperglycemia in acute stroke: how, when, and for whom? Stroke 39 2177 2185 18436889
5. B Fuentes J Castillo JB San, et al. 2009 The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke: the GLycemia in Acute Stroke (GLIAS) study Stroke 40 562 568 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvVeisA%3D%3D 19095970
6. CS Gray AJ Hildreth PA Sandercock, et al. 2007 Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK) Lancet Neurol 6 397 406 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXmtVyrsLc%3D 17434094
7. Diener HC, Putzki N et al (2008) Leitlinien der DGN 2008. In: Kommission.,Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie" (Hrsg.). Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie
8. RL Sacco R Adams G Albers, et al. 2006 Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline Circulation 113 e409 e449 16534023
9. M Yong M Kaste 2008 Dynamic of hyperglycemia as a predictor of stroke outcome in the ECASS-II trial Stroke 39 2749 2755 18703813
10. Task Force on Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2007 Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases Eur Heart J Suppl 9 C3 C74
11. Prospective Studies Collaboration S Lewington G Whitlock R Clarke, et al. 2007 Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths Lancet 370 1829 1839 18061058
12. T Kurth BM Everett JE Buring, et al. 2007 Lipid levels and the risk of ischemic stroke in women Neurology 68 556 562 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhs1SrsL0%3D 17310025
13. N Sanossian NE Tarlov 2008 HDL-C and LDL-C: their role in stroke pathogenesis and implications for treatment Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 10 195 206 18582408
14. S Bansal JE Buring N Rifai, et al. 2007 Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women JAMA 298 309 316 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotValtb0%3D 17635891
15. JJ Freiberg A Tybjaerg-Hansen JS Jensen, et al. 2008 Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population JAMA 300 2142 2152 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlOrtb7J 19001625
16. OY Bang JL Saver DS Liebeskind, et al. 2008 Association of serum lipid indices with large artery atherosclerotic stroke Neurology 70 841 847 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislakt7o%3D 18160673
17. PR Kamstrup A Tybjærg-Hansen R Steffensen, et al. 2009 Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction JAMA 301 2331 2339 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntFCms7w%3D 19509380
18. P Amarenco J Labreuche 2009 Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention Lancet Neurol 8 453 463 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVajsb8%3D 19375663
19. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group MRC/BHF 2002 Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial Lancet 360 7 22
20. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators 2006 High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack New Engl J Med 355 549 559
21. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration 2002 Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis JAMA 288 2015 2022
22. JF Toole MR Malinow LE Chambless, et al. 2004 Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the vitamin intervention for stroke prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial JAMA 291 565 575 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVylsL4%3D 14762035
23. KH Bonaa I Njolstad PM Ueland, et al. 2006 Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 354 1578 1588 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVKgtbw%3D 16531614
24. E Lonn S Yusuf MJ Arnold, et al. 2006 Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease N Engl J Med 354 1567 1577 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVKgs7s%3D 16531613
25. MS Elkind 2009 Inflammatory markers and stroke Curr Cardiol Rep 11 12 20 19091170
26. R Ross 1999 Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease N Engl J Med 14;340 115 126
27. AE Di M Fiorelli D Toni, et al. 2005 Prognostic significance of admission levels of troponin I in patients with acute ischaemic stroke J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 76 81
28. PM Ridker JE Buring N Rifai, et al. 2007 Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score JAMA 297 611 619 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhslCqtLk%3D 17299196
29. PM Ridker CP Cannon D Morrow 2005 C-Reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy N Engl J Med 352 20 28 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis12msA%3D%3D 15635109
30. PM Ridker E Danielson FA Fonseca, et al. 2008 Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein N Engl J Med 359 2195 2207 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtl2gurnL 18997196
31. T Liman M Endres 2008 Elevated troponin and ECG alterations in acute ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage Nervenarzt 79 1386 1398 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cjosFahug%3D%3D 18679640
32. JK Jensen SR Kristensen S Bak, et al. 2007 Frequency and significance of troponin T elevation in acute ischemic stroke Am J Cardiol 99 108 112 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsFGrug%3D%3D 17196472
33. P James CJ Ellis RM Whitlock, et al. 2000 Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke: observational study BMJ 320 1502 1504 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksF2qsLg%3D 10834890
34. S Rubattu S Sciarretta V Valenti, et al. 2008 Natriuretic peptides: an update on bioactivity, potential therapeutic use, and implication in cardiovascular diseases Am J Hypertens 21 733 741 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnslKnsLo%3D 18464748
35. C Kistorp I Raymond F Pedersen, et al. 2005 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults JAMA 293 1609 1616 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtV2qsrg%3D 15811980
36. HP Adams G del Zoppo MJ Alberts, et al. 2007 Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease and quality of care outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups Stroke 38 1655 1711 17431204
37. RL Sacco R Adams G Albers, et al. 2006 Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline Stroke 37 577 617 16432246 (Pubitemid 43732031)
38. HR Buller G Agnelli RD Hull, et al. 2004 Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy Chest 126 3 Suppl 401S 428S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptV2msbo%3D 15383479
39. W Lim MA Crowther JW Eikelboom 2006 Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review JAMA 295 1050 1057 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XhvFymsrk%3D 16507806
40. AJ Grau C Weimar F Buggle, et al. 2001 Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank Stroke 32 559 566
41. J Dimant D Grob 1977 Electrocardiographic changes and myocardial damage in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents Stroke 8 448 455 1:STN:280:DyaE2s3lvF2rtQ%3D%3D 898240
42. SA Oppenheimer 1994 Neurogenic cardiac effects of cerebrovascular disease Curr Opin Neurol 7 20 24 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3isl2ksg%3D%3D 8173672
43. SM Oppenheimer VC Hachinski 1992 The cardiac consequences of stroke Neurol Clin 10 167 176 1:STN:280:DyaK383ht1ansA%3D%3D 1557001
44. JR Mikolich WC Jacobs GF Fletcher 1981 Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents JAMA 246 1314 1317 1:STN:280: DyaL3M3mslOisQ%3D%3D 7265425
45. JF Norris GM Froggatt VC Hachinski 1978 Cardiac arrhythmias in acute stroke Stroke 9 392 396 1:STN:280:DyaE1c3ivFKmsQ%3D%3D 675750
46. D Jabaudon J Sztajzel K Sievert, et al. 2004 Usefulness of ambulatory 7-day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack Stroke 35 1647 1651 15155965
47. C Marini F De Santis S Sacco, et al. 2005 Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study Stroke 36 1115 1119 15879330
48. M Tagawa S Takeuchi M Chinushi, et al. 2007 Evaluating patients with acute ischemic stroke with special reference to newly developed atrial fibrillation in cerebral embolism Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30 1121 1128 17725756
49. P Kirchhof A Auricchio J Bax, et al. 2007 Outcome parameters for trials in atrial fibrillation: executive summary: recommendations from a consensus conference organized by the German Atrial Fibrillation Competence NETwork (AFNET) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Eur Heart J 28 2803 2817 17897924 (Pubitemid 350135529)
50. V Fuster LE Ryden DS Cannom, et al. 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Eur Heart J 27 1979 2030 16885201 (Pubitemid 44313588)
51. SH Hohnloser D Pajitnev J Pogue, et al. 2007 Incidence of stroke in paroxysmal versus sustained atrial fibrillation in patients taking oral anticoagulation or combined antiplatelet therapy: an ACTIVE W Substudy J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2156 2161 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGiu7vP 18036454
52. Glotzer TV (2008) The TRENDS Study: is there a critical value of daily atrial tachyarrhytmia burden from device diagnostics that raises stroke risk? ACC (abstract)
53. RG Hart LA Pearce MI Aguilar 2007 Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Ann Intern Med 146 857 867 17577005
54. J Mant FD Hobbs K Fletcher, et al. 2007 Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA) a randomised controlled trial Lancet 370 493 503 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXovFCjsbo%3D 17693178 (Pubitemid 47212371)
55. M Hughes GYH Lip Guideline Development Group 2008 National Clinical Guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation, a systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data Thromb Haemost 99 295 304 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXisFKmtr0%3D 18278178
56. SJ Connolly MD Ezwkowitz S Yusuf J Eikelboom J Oldgren, et al. 2009 Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation NEJM 361 12 1139 1151 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOjsLnN 19717844
57. T Fetsch P Bauer D Engberding, et al. 2004 Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion: results of the PAFAC trial Eur Heart J 25 1385 1394 15302102
58. RL Page WE Wilkinson WK Clair, et al. 1994 Asymptomatic arrhythmias in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Circulation 89 224 227 1:STN:280: DyaK2c7gvFSiug%3D%3D 8281651
59. G Botto L Padeletti M Santini, et al. 2009 Presence and duration of atrial fibrillation detected by continuous monitoring: crucial implications for the risk of thromboembolic events J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 241 248 19175849
60. M Brignole P Vardas E Hoffman, et al. 2009 Indications for the use of diagnostic implantable and external ECG loop recorders Europace 11 671 687 19401342
61. JC Barthelemy S Feasson-Gerard P Garnier, et al. 2003 Automatic cardiac event recorders reveal paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after unexplained strokes or transient ischemic attacks Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 8 194 199 14510653
62. CR Hornig W Haberbosch C Lammers, et al. 1996 Specific cardiological evaluation after focal cerebral ischemia Acta Neurol Scand 93 297 302 1:STN:280:DyaK28zhsFaiuw%3D%3D 8739442
63. J Liao Z Khalid C Scallan, et al. 2007 Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review Stroke 38 2935 2940 17901394
64. JA Rem VC Hachinski DR Boughner, et al. 1985 Value of cardiac monitoring and echocardiography in TIA and stroke patients Stroke 16 950 956 1:STN:280:DyaL287itl2huw%3D%3D 4089926
65. BA Schaer MJ Zellweger TA Cron, et al. 2004 Value of routine Holter monitoring for the detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cerebral ischemic events Stroke 35 e68 e70 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FpvVKrsQ%3D%3D 14963276
66. A Schuchert G Behrens T Meinertz 1999 Impact of long-term ECG recording on the detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients after an acute ischemic stroke Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 22 1082 1084 1:STN:280: DyaK1MzotlGnsw%3D%3D 10456638
67. S Shafqat PJ Kelly KL Furie 2004 Holter monitoring in the diagnosis of stroke mechanism Intern Med J 34 305 309 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2czislekug%3D%3D 15228390
68. VT Miller LA Pearce WM Feinberg, et al. 1996 Differential effect of aspirin versus warfarin on clinical stroke types in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Neurology 46 238 240 1:STN:280:DyaK287ktlWqtw%3D%3D 8559383
69. UC Hoppe JM Casares H Eiskjaer, et al. 2006 Effect of cardiac resynchronization on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with severe heart failure Circulation 114 18 25 16801461
70. CW Israel G Gronefeld JR Ehrlich, et al. 2004 Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: implications for optimal patient care J Am Coll Cardiol 43 47 52 14715182
71. A Capucci M Santini L Padeletti, et al. 2005 Monitored atrial fibrillation duration predicts arterial embolic events in patients suffering from bradycardia and atrial fibrillation implanted with antitachycardia pacemakers J Am Coll Cardiol 46 1913 1920 16286180
72. TV Glotzer AS Hellkamp J Zimmerman, et al. 2003 Atrial high rate episodes detected by pacemaker diagnostics predict death and stroke: report of the Atrial Diagnostics Ancillary Study of the mode selection trial (MOST) Circulation 107 1614 1619 12668495
73. Glotzer TV (2008) The TRENDS Study: is there a critical value of daily atrial tachyarrhythmia burden from device diagnostics that raises stroke risk? ACC (abstract)
74. TV Glotzer EG Daoud DG Wyse DE Singer MD Ezekowitz C Hilker C Miller D Qi PD Ziegler 2009 The relationship between daily atrial tachyarrhythmia burden from implantable device diagnostics and stroke risk: the TRENDS study Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 474 480 19843914
75. O Busse H Darius 2002 Indikationen zur Echokardiographie beim ischämischen zerebralen Insult Nervenarzt 73 792 795 1:STN:280: DC%2BD38votFSjtg%3D%3D 12242970 (Pubitemid 36062343)
76. KD Flemming RD Brown Jr GW Petty, et al. 2004 Evaluation and management of transient ischemic attack and minor cerebral infarction Mayo Clin Proc 79 1071 1086 15301338
77. I Meissner JP Whisnant BK Khandheria, et al. 1999 Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: the SPARC study Mayo Clin Proc 74 862 869 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mvhs1yruw%3D%3D 10488786
78. Y Agmon BK Khandheria F Gentile, et al. 2002 Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with left atrial thrombus and sinus rhythm: experience in 20.643 consecutive transesophageal echocardiographic examinations Circulation 105 27 31 11772872
79. JL Mas C Arquizan C Lamy, et al. 2001 Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both N Engl J Med 345 1740 1746 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FivFajsA%3D%3D 11742048
80. A Giardini A Donti R Formigari, et al. 2004 Comparison of results of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical embolism in patients with versus without thrombophilia Am J Cardiol 94 1012 1016 15476614
81. M Handke A Harloff M Olschewski, et al. 2007 Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients N Engl J Med 357 2262 2268 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVSlurfK 18046029
82. JR Overell I Bone KR Less 2000 Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke. A meta-analysis of case-control studies Neurology 55 1172 1179 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3crht12qtw%3D%3D 11071496
83. J Serena J Marti-Fàbregas E Santamarina, et al. 2008 Recurrent stroke and massive right-to-left shunt: results from the prospective Spanish multicenter (CODICIA) study Stroke 39 3131 3139 18818401
84. SS Goel EM Tuzcu MH Shishehbor, et al. 2009 Morphology of the patent foramen ovale in asymptomatic versus symptomatic (stroke or transient ischemic attack) patients Am J Cardiol 103 124 129 19101242
85. C Weimar DN Holle J Benemann German Stroke Study Collaboration 2009 Current management and risk of recurrent stroke in cerebrovascular patients with right-to-left cardiac shunt Cerebrovasc Dis 28 349 356 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1MnitFWiug%3D%3D 19628936
86. S Homma RL Sacco MR Di Tullio, et al. 2002 Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale Circulation 105 2625 2631 12045168
87. The European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee, the ESO Writing Committee 2008 Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008 Cerebrovasc Dis 25 457 507
88. S Messe I Silverman J Kizer, et al. 2004 Practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 62 1042 1050 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7otlGgtg%3D%3D 15078999 (Pubitemid 38456495)
89. TL Slottow DH Steinberg R Waksman 2007 Overview of the 2007 Food and Drug Administration Circulatory System Devices Panel meeting on patent foramen ovale closure devices Circulation 116 677 682 17679629 (Pubitemid 47356353)
90. J Hung MJ Landzberg KJ Jenkins, et al. 2000 Closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical emboli: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events following transcatheter device placement J Am Coll Cardiol 35 1311 1316 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3itVOhtg%3D%3D 10758974
91. P Khairy CP O'Donnell MJ Landzberg 2003 Transcatheter closure versus medical therapy of patent foramen ovale and presumed paradoxical thromboemboli: a systematic review Ann Intern Med 139 753 760 14597460
92. MU Braun D Fassbender SP Schoen, et al. 2002 Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral ischemia J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2019 2025 12084603
93. S Windecker A Wahl T Chatterjee, et al. 2000 Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events Circulation 101 893 898 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c7mtVKmtw%3D%3D 10694529
94. Cifarelli A, Musto C, Parma A, Pandolfi C, Pucci E, Fiorilli R et al (2009) Long-term outcome of transcatheter patent foramen ovale closure in patients with paradoxical embolism. Int J Cardiol (Epub ahead of print)
95. K Berthet T Lavergne A Cohen L Guize MG Bousser JY Le Heuzey P Amarenco 2003 Significant association of atrial vulnerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause Stroke 31 2 398 403
96. G Rigatelli S Aggio P Cardaioli, et al. 2009 Left atrial dysfunction in patients with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: an alternative concurrent mechanism for arterial embolism? JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2 655 662 19628189
97. N Galiè MM Hoeper M Humbert, et al. 2009 Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Eur Heart J 30 2493 2537 19713419
98. SR Torti M Billinger M Schwerzmann, et al. 2004 Risk of decompression illness among 230 divers in relation to the presence and size of patent foramen ovale Eur Heart J 25 2173 2174
99. D Cartoni S De Castro G Valente, et al. 2004 Identification of professional scuba divers with patent foramen ovale at risk for decompression illness Am J Cardiol 94 270 273 15246922
100. G Anzola E Morandi F Casilli, et al. 2004 Does transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale really "shut the door?"-a prospective study with transcranial doppler Stroke 35 2140 2144 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvis1Orsg%3D%3D 15284445
101. MD Cheitlin WF Armstrong GP Aurigemma, et al. 2003 ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography) J Am Coll Cardiol 42 954 970 12957449
102. BJ Witt AS Gami KV Ballman, et al. 2007 The incidence of ischemic stroke in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis J Card Fail 13 489 496 17675064
103. PM Pullicino JL Halperin JLP Thompson 2000 Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction Neurology 54 288 294 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7jt1Wiuw%3D%3D 10668685
104. BM Massie JF Collins SE Ammon WATCH Trial Investigators, et al. 2009 Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial Circulation 119 1616 1624 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsVKrtL8%3D 19289640
105. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study Group 1992 Predictors of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Echocardiographic features of patients at risk Ann Intern Med 116 6 1612
106. GW Petty RD Brown Jr JP Whisnant, et al. 1999 Ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study of incidence and risk factors Stroke 30 2513 2516 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FltFektQ%3D%3D 10582970
107. P Amarenco J Röther P Michel, et al. 2006 Aortic arch atheroma and the risk of stroke Curr Atheroscler Rep 8 343 346 16822402
108. Ringelstein EB, Arnold M, Dittrich R et al (2008) Dissektionen hirnversorgender supraaortaler Arterien. In: Kommission.,Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie" (Hrsg.). Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie 288-297
109. P Amarenco A Cohen C Tzourio, et al. 1994 Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke N Engl J Med 331 1474 1479 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FlvFamsw%3D%3D 7969297
110. A Harloff C Strecker P Dudler, et al. 2009 Retrograde embolism from the descending aorta: visualization by multidirectional 3D velocity mapping in cryptogenic stroke Stroke 40 1505 1508 19182085
111. G Krinsky M Maya N Rofsky, et al. 1998 Gadolinium-enhanced 3D MRA of the aortic arch vessels in the detection of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular occlusive disease J Comput Assist Tomogr 22 167 178 1:STN:280: DyaK1c7ptFCmsQ%3D%3D 9530375
112. E Ferrari R Vidal T Chevallier, et al. 1999 Atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta and aortic debris as a marker of poor prognosis: Benefit of oral anticoagulants J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1317 1322 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3gvVSktA%3D%3D 10193733
113. JP Mohr JL Thompson RM Lazar Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group (WARSS), et al. 2001 A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke N Engl J Med 345 1444 1451 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovVaqsrc%3D 11794192
114. PA Tunick AC Nayar GM Goodkin, et al. 2002 Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque Am J Cardiol 90 1320 12480041
115. S Cannegieter F Rosendaal A Wintzen, et al. 1995 Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves N Engl J Med 333 11 17 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3psFOmtw%3D%3D 7776988
116. DN Salem HJ Levine SG Pauker, et al. 1998 Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease Chest 114 Suppl 590 601
117. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K et al (2008) Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease) 008;118:e523-e661
118. D Gilon FS Bounanno MM Joffe, et al. 1999 Lack of evidence of an association between mitral-valve prolapse and stroke in young patients N Engl J Med 341 8 13 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3psVeltg%3D%3D 10387936
119. LM Baddour WR Wilson AS Bayer, et al. 2005 Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America Circulation 111 e394 e434 15956145
120. MK Kapral FL Silver Preventive health care 1999 Update: 2. Echocardiography for the detection of a cardiac source of embolus in patients with stroke. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care CMAJ 161 989 996 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FhvVyqtA%3D%3D 10551199
121. F Chiarella E Santoro S Domenicucci, et al. 1998 Predischarge two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular thrombosis after acute myocardial infarction in the GISSI-3 study Am J Cardiol 81 822 827 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3hsFSmsA%3D%3D 9555769
122. S Lerakis WJ Nicholson I Part 2005 Use of echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with suspected cardioembolic stroke Am J Med Sci 329 310 316 15958873 (Pubitemid 40847699)
123. GE Peterson ME Brickner SC Reimold 2003 Transesophageal echocardiography: clinical indications and applications Circulation 107 2398 2402 12756190
124. M Zabalgoitia JL Halperin LA Pearce, et al. 1998 Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1622 1626 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ovVGgsA%3D%3D 9626843
125. DL Bhatt PG Steg EM Ohman REACH Registry Investigators, et al. 2006 International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis JAMA 295 2 180 189 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislWjtA%3D%3D 16403930
126. SC Smith Jr J Allen SN Blair, et al. 2006 AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Circulation 113 2363 2372 16702489 (Pubitemid 43947981)
127. Gohlke H, Albus C, Bönner G et al (2007) Leitlinie Risikoadjustierte Prävention von Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie-Herz- und Kreislaufforschung e.V
128. I Graham D Atar K Borch-Johnsen, et al. 2007 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14 Suppl 2 S1 S113 17726407
129. J Röther MJ Alberts E Touzé, et al. 2008 Steg on behalf of the REACH Registry Investigators Risk Factor Profile and Management of Cerebrovascular Patients in the REACH Registry Cerebrovasc Dis 25 366 374
130. GJ Hankey K Jamrozik RJ Broadhurst, et al. 2000 Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study Stroke 31 2080 2086 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvpsVCitA%3D%3D 10978033
131. Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie (NVL) Chronische KHK (2006) Träger: Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. http://www.versorgungsleitlinien.de/themen/khk/pdf/nvl-khk-lang.pdf
132. RA O'Rourke BH Brundage VF Froelicher, et al. 2000 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease Circulation 102 126 140 10880426
133. FM Baer 2007 Stress-ECG is the first step to assess myocardial ischemia: when are additional diagnostic tests needed? Dtsch med Wochenschr 132 2026 2030 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srmtlSkuw%3D%3D 17882744
134. A Yilmaz U Sechtem 2008 Cardiac imaging in suspected coronary artery disease Dtsch med Wochenschr 133 644 649 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7ptl2htA%3D%3D 18351510
135. Tayal AH, Tian M, Kelly KM, Jones SC, Wright DG, Singh D, Jarouse J, Brillman J, Murali S, Gupta R (2008) Atrial fibrillation detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry in cryptogenic TIA or stroke. Neurology 71(21):1696-1701