A review of delayed ischemic neurologic deficit following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Historical overview, current treatment, and Pathophysiology

World Neurosurgery

Volumn 73, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 654-667

  Al Tamimi, Yahia Z ^a   Orsi, Nicolas M ^b   Quinn, Audrey C ^a   Homer Vanniasinkam, Shervanthi ^a   Ross, Stuart A ^a  

^a LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b ST JAMES S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cerebral vasospasm; Delayed ischemic neurologic deficit; Inflammation; Microcirculation; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

BILIRUBIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; NICARDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; NITRIC OXIDE; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOREGULATION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN MICROCIRCULATION; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DRAINAGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; DELAYED ISCHEMIC NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT; DEPOLARIZATION; HEMODILUTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVOLEMIA; INFLAMMATION; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MICROTHROMBUS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; COMPLICATION; METABOLISM; VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL;

EID: 77957814695     PISSN: 18788750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. S. Akopov, R. Sercombe, and J. Seylaz Cerebrovascular reactivity: role of endothelium/platelet/leukocyte interactions Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 8 1996 11 94
2. J.M. Allcock, and C.G. Drake Ruptured intracranial aneurysmsthe role of arterial spasm J Neurosurg 22 1965 21 29
3. S. Amin-Hanjani, C.S. Ogilvy, and F.G. Barker 2nd Does intracisternal thrombolysis prevent vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? A meta-analysis Neurosurgery 54 2004 326 334 discussion 34-35
4. M. Asaeda, M. Sakamoto, M. Kurosaki, S. Tabuchi, H. Kamitani, M. Yokota, and T. Watanabe A non-enzymatic derived arachidonyl peroxide, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha, in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage participates in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm Neurosci Lett 373 2005 222 225
5. I.A. Awad, L.P. Carter, R.F. Spetzler, M. Medina, and F.C. Williams Jr Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: response to hypervolemic hemodilution and arterial hypertension Stroke 18 1987 365 372
6. F.G. Barker 2nd, and C.S. Ogilvy Efficacy of prophylactic nimodipine for delayed ischemic deficit after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a metaanalysis J Neurosurg 84 1996 405 414
7. M. Barth, H.H. Capelle, S. Weidauer, C. Weiss, E. Munch, C. Thome, T. Luecke, P. Schmiedek, H. Kasuya, and P. Vajkoczy Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind phase IIa study Stroke 38 2007 330 336
8. M. Barth, C. Thome, P. Schmiedek, C. Weiss, H. Kasuya, and P. Vajkoczy Characterization of functional outcome and quality of life following subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients treated with and without nicardipine prolonged-release implants J Neurosurg 110 2009 955 960
9. A. Biondi, G.K. Ricciardi, L. Puybasset, L. Abdennour, M. Longo, J. Chiras, and R. Van Effenterre Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results AJNR 25 2004 1067 1076
10. F. Biumi Observationes anatomicae, scholiis illustrati Observatio V E. Sandifort, Thesaurus Diessertationem 1765 S & J Luchtmans Milan 373
11. J. Blackall Observations on the Nature and Cure of Dropsies 1814 Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orne, and Brown London
12. T. Bonet Sepulcretum Anatomicum 1679 Geneva
13. J. Cahill, J.W. Calvert, I. Solaroglu, and J.H. Zhang Vasospasm and p53-induced apoptosis in an experimental model of subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 37 2006 1868 1874
14. S.H. Chou, E.E. Smith, N. Badjatia, R.G. Nogueira, J.R. Sims 2nd, C.S. Ogilvy, G.A. Rordorf, and C. Ayata A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 39 2008 2891 2893
15. M. Chow, A.S. Dumont, and N.F. Kassell Endothelin receptor antagonists and cerebral vasospasm: an update Neurosurgery 51 2002 1333 1341 discussion 42
16. J. Claassen, G.L. Bernardini, K. Kreiter, J. Bates, Y.E. Du, D. Copeland, E.S. Connolly, and S.A. Mayer Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited Stroke 32 2001 2012 2020
17. J.F. Clark, M. Reilly, and F.R. Sharp Oxidation of bilirubin produces compounds that cause prolonged vasospasm of rat cerebral vessels: a contributor to subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22 2002 472 478
18. J.F. Clark, and F.R. Sharp Bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes) and their role in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26 2006 1223 1233
19. R.E. Clatterbuck, E.M. Oshiro, P.A. Hoffman, G.N. Dietsch, D.M. Pardoll, and R.J. Tamargo Inhibition of vasospasm with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibody in a femoral artery model in rats J Neurosurg 97 2002 676 682
20. K. Cosby, K.S. Partovi, J.H. Crawford, R.P. Patel, C.D. Reiter, S. Martyr, B.K. Yang, M.A. Waclawiw, G. Zalos, X. Xu, K.T. Huang, H. Shields, D.B. Kim-Shapiro, A.N. Schechter, R.O. Cannon 3rd, and M.T. Gladwin Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation Nat Med 9 2003 1498 1505
21. CUHK, Department of Surgery Intravenous magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage http://www.surgery.cuhk.edu.hk/imash-trial/
22. W. Dandy Intracranial aneurysms of the internal carotid artery Cured by operation Ann Surg 107 1938 654 659
23. J.M. Darby, H. Yonas, E.C. Marks, S. Durham, R.W. Snyder, and E.M. Nemoto Acute cerebral blood flow response to dopamine-induced hypertension after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 80 1994 857 864
24. G.J. del Zoppo Microvascular responses to cerebral ischemia/inflammation Ann New York Acad Sci 823 1997 132 147
25. D. Denny-Brown The treatment of recurrent cerebrovascular symptoms and the question of "vasospasm." Med Clin North Am 35 1951 1457 1474
26. R. Dhar, and M.N. Diringer The burden of the systemic inflammatory response predicts vasospasm and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurocrit Care 8 2008 404 412
27. S.M. Dorhout Mees MASH-II Study Group Magnesium in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (MASH II) phase III clinical trial MASH-II study group Int J Stroke 3 2008 63 65
28. S.M. Dorhout Mees, W.M. van den Bergh, A. Algra, and G.J. Rinkel Antiplatelet therapy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 2008 [Epub ahead of print]
29. J.P. Dreier, N. Ebert, J. Priller, D. Megow, U. Lindauer, R. Klee, U. Reuter, Y. Imai, K.M. Einhaupl, I. Victorov, and U. Dirnagl Products of hemolysis in the subarachnoid space inducing spreading ischemia in the cortex and focal necrosis in rats: a model for delayed ischemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg 93 2000 658 666
30. J.P. Dreier, K. Korner, N. Ebert, A. Gorner, I. Rubin, T. Back, U. Lindauer, T. Wolf, A. Villringer, K.M. Einhaupl, M. Lauritzen, and U. Dirnagl Nitric oxide scavenging by hemoglobin or nitric oxide synthase inhibition by N-nitro-L-arginine induces cortical spreading ischemia when K+ is increased in the subarachnoid space J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 1998 978 990
31. J.P. Dreier, S. Major, A. Manning, J. Woitzik, C. Drenckhahn, J. Steinbrink, C. Tolias, A.I. Oliveira-Ferreira, M. Fabricius, J.A. Hartings, P. Vajkoczy, M. Lauritzen, U. Dirnagl, G. Bohner, and A.J. Strong Cortical spreading ischaemia is a novel process involved in ischaemic damage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Brain 132 2009 1866 1881
32. J.P. Dreier, O. Windmuller, G. Petzold, U. Lindauer, K.M. Einhaupl, and U. Dirnagl Ischemia triggered by red blood cell products in the subarachnoid space is inhibited by nimodipine administration or moderate volume expansion/hemodilution in rats Neurosurgery 51 2002 1457 1465 discussion 65-67
33. J.P. Dreier, J. Woitzik, M. Fabricius, R. Bhatia, S. Major, C. Drenckhahn, T.N. Lehmann, A. Sarrafzadeh, L. Willumsen, J.A. Hartings, O.W. Sakowitz, J.H. Seemann, A. Thieme, M. Lauritzen, and A.J. Strong Delayed ischaemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage are associated with clusters of spreading depolarizations Brain 129 2006 3224 3237
34. A. Ecker, and P.A. Riemenschneider Arteriographic demonstration of spasm of the intracranial arteries, with special reference to saccular arterial aneurysms J Neurosurg 8 1951 660 667
35. A. Egge, K. Waterloo, H. Sjøholm, T. Solberg, T. Ingebrigtsen, and B. Romner Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study Neurosurgery 49 2001 593 605 discussion 605-606
36. A. Ekelund, P. Reinstrup, E. Ryding, A.M. Andersson, T. Molund, K.A. Kristiansson, B. Romner, L. Brandt, and H. Saveland Effects of iso- and hypervolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery for patients with vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144 2002 703 712 discussion 12-13
37. S.M. Farhat, and R.C. Schneider Observations on the effect of systemic blood pressure on intracranial circulation in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency J Neurosurg 27 1967 441 445
38. K. Fassbender, B. Hodapp, S. Rossol, T. Bertsch, J. Schmeck, S. Schutt, M. Fritzinger, P. Horn, P. Vajkoczy, S. Kreisel, J. Brunner, P. Schmiedek, and M. Hennerici Inflammatory cytokines in subarachnoid haemorrhage: association with abnormal blood flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 2001 534 537
39. V.L. Feigin, G.J. Rinkel, A. Algra, M. Vermeulen, and J. van Gijn Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review Neurology 50 1998 876 883 (Pubitemid 28212809)
40. C.M. Fisher, J.P. Kistler, and J.M. Davis Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning Neurosurgery 6 1980 1 9
41. H. Florey Microscopical observations on the circulation of the blood in the cerebral cortex Brain 48 1925 43 64
42. C.J. Frijns, R. Fijnheer, A. Algra, J.A. van Mourik, J. van Gijn, and G.J. Rinkel Early circulating levels of endothelial cell activation markers in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: associations with cerebral ischaemic events and outcome J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 2006 77 83
43. C.J. Frijns, K.M. Kasius, A. Algra, R. Fijnheer, and G.J. Rinkel Endothelial cell activation markers and delayed cerebral ischaemia in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 2006 863 867
44. C.J. Frijns, G.J. Rinkel, D. Castigliego, J. Van Gijn, J.J. Sixma, and R. Fijnheer Endothelial cell activation after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 50 2002 1223 1229 discussion 9-30
45. Y. Fujii, S. Takeuchi, O. Sasaki, T. Minakawa, T. Koike, and R. Tanaka Serial changes of hemostasis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with special reference to delayed ischemic neurological deficits J Neurosurg 86 1997 594 602
46. A. Fujimori, M. Yanagisawa, A. Saito, K. Goto, T. Masaki, T. Mima, K. Takakura, and T. Shigeno Endothelin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage Lancet 336 1990 633
47. P. Gaetani, F. Tartara, P. Pignatti, F. Tancioni, R. Rodriguez y Baena, and F. De Benedetti Cisternal CSF levels of cytokines after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurol Res 20 1998 337 342
48. C. Gao, X. Liu, W. Liu, H. Shi, Z. Zhao, H. Chen, and S. Zhao Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Tetramethylpyrazine following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats Auton Neurosci 141 2008 22 30
49. W. Gull Cases of aneurism of the cerebral vessels Guys Hosp Rep 5 1859 281 304
50. J.M. Hallenbeck, A.J. Dutka, T. Tanishima, P.M. Kochanek, K.K. Kumaroo, C.B. Thompson, T.P. Obrenovitch, and T.J. Contreras Polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in brain regions with low blood flow during the early postischemic period Stroke 17 1986 246 253
51. D. Hanggi, B. Turowski, K. Beseoglu, M. Yong, and H.J. Steiger Intra-arterial nimodipine for severe cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influence on clinical course and cerebral perfusion AJNR 29 2008 1053 1060
52. D.D. Heistad What's new in the cerebral microcirculation? Landis Award lecture Microcirculation 8 2001 365 375
53. A. Hino, N. Mizukawa, H. Tenjin, Y. Imahori, S. Taketomo, I. Yano, H. Nakahashi, and K. Hirakawa Postoperative hemodynamic and metabolic changes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 20 1989 1504 1510
54. Y. Hirashima, H. Hamada, M. Kurimoto, H. Origasa, and S. Endo Decrease in platelet count as an independent risk factor for symptomatic vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 102 2005 882 887
55. S. Ilveskero, S. Juvela, J. Siironen, and R. Lassila D-dimer predicts outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: no effect of thromboprophylaxis on coagulation activity Neurosurgery 57 2005 16 24 discussion 16-24
56. K. Iseda, S. Ono, K. Onoda, M. Satoh, H. Manabe, M. Nishiguchi, K. Takahashi, K. Tokunaga, K. Sugiu, and I. Date Antivasospastic and antiinflammatory effects of caspase inhibitor in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 107 2007 128 135
57. I.J. Jackson Aseptic hemogenic meningitis; an experimental study of aseptic meningeal reactions due to blood and its breakdown products Arch Neurol Psychiatry 62 1949 572 589
58. M. Jaeger, M.U. Schuhmann, M. Soehle, C. Nagel, and J. Meixensberger Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage by brain tissue oxygen pressure reactivity and its relation to delayed cerebral infarction Stroke 38 2007 981 986
59. Y.G. Jang, D. Ilodigwe, and R.L. Macdonald Metaanalysis of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurocrit Care 10 2009 141 147
60. L. Jestaedt, M. Pham, A.J. Bartsch, E. Kunze, K. Roosen, L. Solymosi, and M. Bendszus The impact of balloon angioplasty on the evolution of vasospasm-related infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 62 2008 610 617 discussion 610-617
61. M. Joseph, S. Ziadi, J. Nates, M. Dannenbaum, and M. Malkoff Increases in cardiac output can reverse flow deficits from vasospasm independent of blood pressure: a study using xenon computed tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow Neurosurgery 53 2003 1044 1051 discussion 51-52
62. S. Juvela, and J. Siironen D-dimer as an independent predictor for poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 37 2006 1451 1456
63. V.K. Kak, and A.R. Taylor Cerebral blood flow in subarachnoid hemorrhage Lancet 1 1967 875 877
64. S. Kastner, M.F. Oertel, W. Scharbrodt, M. Krause, D.K. Boker, and W. Deinsberger Endothelin-1 in plasma, cisternal CSF and microdialysate following aneurysmal SAH Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147 2005 1271 1279 discussion 1279
65. H. Kasuya, H. Onda, A. Sasahara, M. Takeshita, and T. Hori Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 56 2005 895 902 discussion 895-902
66. H. Kasuya, and T. Shimizu Activated complement components C3a and C4a in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma following subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 71 1989 741 746
67. H. Kasuya, T. Shimizu, and K. Takakura Thrombin activity in CSF after SAH is correlated with the degree of SAH the persistence of subarachnoid clot and the development of vasospasm Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140 1998 579 584
68. K. Katada, T. Kanno, H. Sano, T. Shibata, and M.Y. Shah Computed tomography of ruptured intracranial aneurysm in acute stage No Shinkei Geka 5 1977 955 963
69. T. Kerz, A. Victor, C. Beyer, I. Trapp, F. Heid, and R. Reisch A case control study of statin and magnesium administration in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality Neurol Res 30 2008 893 897
70. I.M. Kessler, Y.G. Pacheco, S.P. Lozzi, A.S. de Araujo Jr, F.J. Onishi, and P.A. de Mello Endothelin-1 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Surgical neurology 64 2005 2 5 discussion S1:5
71. T. Kikuchi, Y. Okuda, N. Kaito, and T. Abe Cytokine production in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage Neurol Res 17 1995 106 108
72. P. Klimo Jr, J.R. Kestle, J.D. MacDonald, and R.H. Schmidt Marked reduction of cerebral vasospasm with lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 100 2004 215 224
73. N. Kodama, T. Sasaki, M. Kawakami, M. Sato, and J. Asari Cisternal irrigation therapy with urokinase and ascorbic acid for prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Outcome in 217 patients Surg Neurol 53 2000 110 117 discussion 7-8
74. R.J. Komotar, B.E. Zacharia, R. Valhora, J. Mocco, and E.S. Connolly Jr Advances in vasospasm treatment and prevention J Neurol Sci 261 2007 134 142
75. A.I. Korenkov, J. Pahnke, K. Frei, R. Warzok, H.W. Schroeder, R. Frick, L. Muljana, J. Piek, Y. Yonekawa, and M.R. Gaab Treatment with nimodipine or mannitol reduces programmed cell death and infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia Neurosurg Rev 23 2000 145 150
76. E.J. Kosnik, and W.E. Hunt Postoperative hypertension in the management of patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms J Neurosurg 45 1976 148 154
77. A.H. Kramer, M.J. Gurka, B. Nathan, A.S. Dumont, N.F. Kassell, and T.P. Bleck Statin use was not associated with less vasospasm or improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 62 2008 422 427 discussion 7-30
78. K.R. Kranc, G.J. Pyne, L. Tao, T.D. Claridge, D.A. Harris, T.A. Cadoux-Hudson, J.J. Turnbull, C.J. Schofield, and J.F. Clark Oxidative degradation of bilirubin produces vasoactive compounds Eur J Biochem 267 2000 7094 7101
79. K.Y. Kwon, and B.C. Jeon Cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid and delayed ischemic deficits in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Korean Med Sci 16 2001 774 780
80. O.Y. Kwon, Y.J. Kim, Y.J. Kim, C.S. Cho, S.K. Lee, and M.K. Cho The utility and benefits of external lumbar CSF drainage after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Korean Neurosurg Soc 43 2008 281 287
81. E.W. Lang, R.R. Diehl, and H.M. Mehdorn Cerebral autoregulation testing after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the phase relationship between arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity Crit Care Med 29 2001 158 163
82. A. Leao Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex J Neurophysiol 7 1944 359 390
83. L. Lennihan, S.A. Mayer, M.E. Fink, A. Beckford, M.C. Paik, H. Zhang, Y.C. Wu, L.M. Klebanoff, E.C. Raps, and R.A. Solomon Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial Stroke 31 2000 383 391
84. P.J. Lindsberg, J. Ohman, T. Lehto, M.L. Karjalainen-Lindsberg, A. Paetau, T. Wuorimaa, O. Carpen, M. Kaste, and S. Meri Complement activation in the central nervous system following blood-brain barrier damage in man Ann Neurol 40 1996 587 596
85. F.H. Linn, G.J. Rinkel, A. Algra, and J. van Gijn Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis Stroke 27 1996 625 629
86. S.M. Lucas, N.J. Rothwell, and R.M. Gibson The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease Br J Pharmacol 147 2006 S232 S240
87. J.R. Lynch, H. Wang, M.J. McGirt, J. Floyd, A.H. Friedman, A.L. Coon, R. Blessing, M.J. Alexander, C. Graffagnino, D.S. Warner, and D.T. Laskowitz Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial Stroke 36 2005 2024 2026
88. R.L. Macdonald, N.F. Kassell, S. Mayer, D. Ruefenacht, P. Schmiedek, S. Weidauer, A. Frey, S. Roux, and A. Pasqualin Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial Stroke 39 2008 3015 3021
89. R.L. Macdonald, R.M. Pluta, and J.H. Zhang Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3 2007 256 263
90. W.J. Mack, A.F. Ducruet, Z.L. Hickman, M.C. Garrett, E.J. Albert, C.P. Kellner, J. Mocco, and E.S. Connolly Jr Early plasma complement C3a levels correlate with functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 61 2007 255 260 discussion 60-61
91. W.J. Mack, J. Mocco, D.J. Hoh, J. Huang, T.F. Choudhri, K.T. Kreiter, A. Lozier, M. Opperman, A. Poisik, J. Yorgason, R.A. Solomon, S.A. Mayer, and E.S. Connolly Outcome prediction with serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 96 2002 71 75 (Pubitemid 34229988)
92. T. Mathiesen, B. Andersson, A. Loftenius, and H. von Holst Increased interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 78 1993 562 567
93. T. Mathiesen, G. Edner, E. Ulfarsson, and B. Andersson Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha following subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 87 1997 215 220
94. M.J. McGirt, R. Blessing, M.J. Alexander, S.M. Nimjee, G.F. Woodworth, A.H. Friedman, C. Graffagnino, D.T. Laskowitz, and J.R. Lynch Risk of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage reduced by statin therapy: a multivariate analysis of an institutional experience J Neurosurg 105 2006 671 674
95. M.J. McGirt, J.R. Lynch, R. Blessing, D.S. Warner, A.H. Friedman, and D.T. Laskowitz Serum von Willebrand factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels predict the onset of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 51 2002 1128 1134 discussion 34-35
96. R.G. Mesis, H. Wang, F.W. Lombard, R. Yates, M.P. Vitek, C.O. Borel, D.S. Warner, and D.T. Laskowitz Dissociation between vasospasm and functional improvement in a murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurg Focus 21 2006 E4
97. P.S. Minhas, D.K. Menon, P. Smielewski, M. Czosnyka, P.J. Kirkpatrick, J.C. Clark, and J.D. Pickard Positron emission tomographic cerebral perfusion disturbances and transcranial Doppler findings among patients with neurological deterioration after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 52 2003 1017 1022 discussion 22-24
98. J. Mocco, W.J. Mack, G.H. Kim, A.P. Lozier, I. Laufer, K.T. Kreiter, R.R. Sciacca, R.A. Solomon, S.A. Mayer, and E.S. Connolly Jr Rise in serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels with vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 97 2002 537 541 (Pubitemid 34994369)
99. Moniz E: L'angiographie crbrale, ses applications et rsultats en anatomic, physiologie te clinique [Cerebral angiography, its applications and results in anatomy, physiology, and clinic]. 1934.
100. Morgagni J: De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis. Book 1, Letters 3 and 4. 1769.
101. K. Mori, H. Arai, K. Nakajima, A. Tajima, and M. Maeda Hemorheological and hemodynamic analysis of hypervolemic hemodilution therapy for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 26 1995 1620 1626
102. S.I. Moskowitz, C. Ahrens, J.J. Provencio, M. Chow, and P.A. Rasmussen Prehemorrhage statin use and the risk of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Surg Neurol 71 2009 311 317 discussion 317-318
103. E. Muench, P. Horn, C. Bauhuf, H. Roth, M. Philipps, P. Hermann, M. Quintel, P. Schmiedek, and P. Vajkoczy Effects of hypervolemia and hypertension on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation after subarachnoid hemorrhage Crit Care Med 35 2007 1844 1851 quiz 52
104. A.M. Naidech, J. Drescher, M.L. Ault, A. Shaibani, H.H. Batjer, and M.J. Alberts Higher hemoglobin is associated with less cerebral infarction, poor outcome, and death after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 59 2006 775 779 discussion 9-80
105. T. Nakagomi, K. Takagi, K. Narita, H. Nagashima, and A. Tamura Cisternal washing therapy for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Acta Neurochir Suppl 77 2001 161 165
106. S. Naredi, G. Lambert, P. Friberg, S. Zall, E. Eden, B. Rydenhag, M. Tylman, and A. Bengtsson Sympathetic activation and inflammatory response in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage Intensive Care Med 32 2006 1955 1961
107. G. Neil-Dwyer, D.A. Lang, B. Doshi, C.J. Gerber, and P.W. Smith Delayed cerebral ischaemia: the pathological substrate Acta Neurochir (Wien) 131 1994 137 145
108. Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge The STASH trial SimvaSTatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage www.stashtrial.com
109. W.H. Ng, S. Moochhala, T.T. Yeo, P.L. Ong, and P.Y. Ng Nitric oxide and subarachnoid hemorrhage: elevated level in cerebrospinal fluid and their implications Neurosurgery 49 2001 622 626 discussion 6-7
110. P. Nina, G. Schisano, F. Chiappetta, M. Luisa Papa, E. Maddaloni, A. Brunori, F. Capasso, M.G. Corpetti, and F. Demurtas A study of blood coagulation and fibrinolytic system in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage Correlation with hunt-hess grade and outcome Surg Neurol 55 2001 197 203
111. J.J. Nissen, D. Mantle, B. Gregson, and A.D. Mendelow Serum concentration of adhesion molecules in patients with delayed ischaemic neurological deficit after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: the immunoglobulin and selectin superfamilies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71 2001 329 333
112. C.P. Nolan, and R.L. Macdonald Can angiographic vasospasm be used as a surrogate marker in evaluating therapeutic interventions for cerebral vasospasm? Neurosurg Focus 21 2006 E1
113. H. Ohkuma, H. Manabe, M. Tanaka, and S. Suzuki Impact of cerebral microcirculatory changes on cerebral blood flow during cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 31 2000 1621 1627
114. I. Oran, and C. Cinar Continuous intra-arterial infusion of nimodipine during embolization of cerebral aneurysms associated with vasospasm AJNR 29 2008 291 295
115. K. Osuka, Y. Suzuki, T. Tanazawa, K. Hattori, N. Yamamoto, M. Takayasu, M. Shibuya, and J. Yoshida Interleukin-6 and development of vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140 1998 943 951
116. S. Park, M. Yamaguchi, C. Zhou, J.W. Calvert, J. Tang, and J.H. Zhang Neurovascular protection reduces early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 35 2004 2412 2417
117. A. Parra, K.T. Kreiter, S. Williams, R. Sciacca, W.J. Mack, A.M. Naidech, C.S. Commichau, B.F. Fitzsimmons, N. Janjua, S.A. Mayer, and E.S. Connolly Jr Effect of prior statin use on functional outcome and delayed vasospasm after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched controlled cohort study Neurosurgery 56 2005 476 484 discussion 476-484
118. L. Pellettieri, B. Nilsson, C.A. Carlsson, and U. Nilsson Serum immunocomplexes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 19 1986 767 771
119. S. Peltonen, S. Juvela, M. Kaste, and R. Lassila Hemostasis and fibrinolysis activation after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 87 1997 207 214
120. J.D. Pickard, G.D. Murray, R. Illingworth, M.D. Shaw, G.M. Teasdale, P.M. Foy, P.R. Humphrey, D.A. Lang, R. Nelson, and P. Richards Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial BMJ 298 1989 636 642
121. J.G. Pilitsis, W.M. Coplin, M.H. O'Regan, J.M. Wellwood, F.G. Diaz, M.R. Fairfax, D.B. Michael, and J.W. Phillis Free fatty acids in human cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage and their potential role in vasospasm: a preliminary observation J Neurosurg 97 2002 272 279
122. R.M. Pluta, and E.H. Oldfield Analysis of nitric oxide (NO) in cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal bleeding Rev Recent Clin Trials 2 2007 59 67
123. G.J. Pyne-Geithman, C.J. Morgan, K. Wagner, E.M. Dulaney, J. Carrozzella, D.S. Kanter, M. Zuccarello, and J.F. Clark Bilirubin production and oxidation in CSF of patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 2005 1070 1077
124. A. Raabe, J. Beck, M. Keller, H. Vatter, M. Zimmermann, and V. Seifert Relative importance of hypertension compared with hypervolemia for increasing cerebral oxygenation in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 103 2005 974 981
125. A. Raabe, M. Zimmermann, M. Setzer, H. Vatter, J. Berkefeld, and V. Seifert Effect of intraventricular sodium nitroprusside on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in poor-grade aneurysm patients with severe, medically refractory vasospasm Neurosurgery 50 2002 1006 1013 discussion 13-14
126. A.A. Rabinstein, J.A. Friedman, S.D. Weigand, R.L. McClelland, J.R. Fulgham, E.M. Manno, J.L. Atkinson, and E.F. Wijdicks Predictors of cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 35 2004 1862 1866
127. Reid BG, Johnson RT: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Radiology in London. 1950.
128. G.J. Rinkel, V.L. Feigin, A. Algra, W.M. van den Bergh, M. Vermeulen, and J. van Gijn Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 CD000277
129. E.G. Robertson Cerebral lesions due to intracranial aneurysms Brain 72 1949 150 185
130. Y.B. Roos, M. Levi, T.A. Carroll, L.F. Beenen, and M. Vermeulen Nimodipine increases fibrinolytic activity in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 32 2001 1860 1862
131. J.G. Rowe, N. Soper, R. Ouwerkerk, R.S. Kerr, G.K. Radda, and B. Rajagopalan Delayed ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a role for small vessel changes J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59 1995 451 452
132. K.M. Schebesch, C. Woertgen, A. Brawanski, and R.D. Rothoerl A study of possible correlation between subarachnoid haemorrhage related vasospasm and the post-bleed blood platelet count chart in a Caucasian population Acta Neurochir (Wien) 149 2007 387 391
133. B. Schoch, J.P. Regel, M. Wichert, T. Gasser, L. Volbracht, and D. Stolke Analysis of intrathecal interleukin-6 as a potential predictive factor for vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 60 2007 828 836 discussion -836
134. H.K. Shin, A.K. Dunn, P.B. Jones, D.A. Boas, M.A. Moskowitz, and C. Ayata Vasoconstrictive neurovascular coupling during focal ischemic depolarizations J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26 2006 1018 1030
135. V.A. Sillberg, G.A. Wells, and J.J. Perry Do statins improve outcomes and reduce the incidence of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis Stroke 39 2008 2622 2626
136. A.B. Singhal, M.A. Topcuoglu, D.J. Dorer, C.S. Ogilvy, B.S. Carter, and W.J. Koroshetz SSRI and statin use increases the risk for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurology 64 2005 1008 1013
137. M. Soehle, M. Czosnyka, J.D. Pickard, and P.J. Kirkpatrick Continuous assessment of cerebral autoregulation in subarachnoid hemorrhage Anesth Analg 98 2004 1133 1139
138. S.C. Stein, J.M. Levine, S. Nagpal, and P.D. LeRoux Vasospasm as the sole cause of cerebral ischemia: how strong is the evidence? Neurosurg Focus 21 2006 E2
139. G. Stoltenberg-Didinger Neuropathology of subarachnoid hemorrhage J.B. Bederson, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology and Management 1997 Surgeons AAoN Park Ridge, IL
140. S.A. Stornelli, and J.D. French Subarachnoid hemorrhagefactors in prognosis and management J Neurosurg 21 1964 769 780
141. J. Suzuki, and T. Yoshimoto Early operation for the ruptured intracranial aneurysmsespecially the cases operated within 48 hours after the last subarachnoid hemorrhage No Shinkei Geka 4 1976 135 141
142. M. Suzuki, H. Asahara, S. Endo, K. Inada, M. Doi, K. Kuroda, and A. Ogawa Increased levels of nitrite/nitrate in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurg Rev 22 1999 96 98 (Pubitemid 29493082)
143. T. Takemae, M. Mizukami, H. Kin, T. Kawase, and G. Araki Computed tomography of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in acute stagerelationship between vasospasm and high density on CT scan No To Shinkei 30 1978 861 866
144. J.E. Thomas, R.H. Rosenwasser, R.A. Armonda, J. Harrop, W. Mitchell, and I. Galaria Safety of intrathecal sodium nitroprusside for the treatment and prevention of refractory cerebral vasospasm and ischemia in humans Stroke 30 1999 1409 1416
145. M.M. Treggiari, B. Walder, P.M. Suter, and J.A. Romand Systematic review of the prevention of delayed ischemic neurological deficits with hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 98 2003 978 984
146. J.L. Trimble, and D.R. Kockler Statin treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Ann Pharmacother 41 2007 2019 2023
147. M.Y. Tseng, M. Czosnyka, H. Richards, J.D. Pickard, and P.J. Kirkpatrick Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial Stroke 36 2005 1627 1632
148. M.Y. Tseng, P.J. Hutchinson, and P.J. Kirkpatrick Effects of fluid therapy following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a prospective clinical study Br J Neurosurg 22 2008 257 268
149. E. Uhl, J. Lehmberg, H.J. Steiger, and K. Messmer Intraoperative detection of early microvasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage by using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging Neurosurgery 52 2003 1307 1315 discussion 15-17
150. W.M. van den Bergh, A. Algra, J.W. van der Sprenkel, C.A. Tulleken, and G.J. Rinkel Hypomagnesemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 52 2003 276 281 discussion 81-82
151. W.M. van den Bergh, A. Algra, F. van Kooten, C.M. Dirven, J. van Gijn, M. Vermeulen, and G.J. Rinkel Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid
152. M.D. Vergouwen, R.J. de Haan, M. Vermeulen, and Y.B. Roos Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update Stroke 41 2010 e47 e52
153. M.D. Vergouwen, J.C. Meijers, R.B. Geskus, B.A. Coert, J. Horn, E.S. Stroes, T. van der Poll, M. Vermeulen, and Y.B. Roos Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 29 2009 1444 1453
154. S. Weidauer, H. Vatter, J. Beck, A. Raabe, H. Lanfermann, V. Seifert, and F. Zanella Focal laminar cortical infarcts following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Neuroradiology 50 2008 1 8
155. B. Weir, M. Grace, J. Hansen, and C. Rothberg Time course of vasospasm in man J Neurosurg 48 1978 173 178
156. A. Woszczyk, W. Deinsberger, and D.K. Boker Nitric oxide metabolites in cisternal CSF correlate with cerebral vasospasm in patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145 2003 257 263 discussion 63-64
157. Y. Yoshimoto, Y. Tanaka, and K. Hoya Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 32 2001 1989 1993
158. K.D. Yundt, R.L. Grubb Jr, M.N. Diringer, and W.J. Powers Autoregulatory vasodilation of parenchymal vessels is impaired during cerebral vasospasm J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 1998 419 424
159. C. Zhou, M. Yamaguchi, A.R. Colohan, and J.H. Zhang Role of p53 and apoptosis in cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 2005 572 582 (Pubitemid 40562930)
160. Y.N. Zubkov, B.M. Nikiforov, and V.A. Shustin Balloon catheter technique for dilatation of constricted cerebral arteries after aneurysmal SAH Acta Neurochir (Wien) 70 1984 65 79
161. M. Zucker A study of substances in blood serum and platelets which stimulate smooth muscle Am J Physiol 142 1944 12 26
162. M. Zwienenberg-Lee, J. Hartman, N. Rudisill, and J.P. Muizelaar Endovascular management of cerebral vasospasm Neurosurgery 59 2006 S139 S147 discussion S3-S13
163. M. Zwienenberg-Lee, J. Hartman, N. Rudisill, L.K. Madden, K. Smith, J. Eskridge, D. Newell, B. Verweij, M.R. Bullock, A. Baker, W. Coplin, R. Mericle, J. Dai, D. Rocke, and J.P. Muizelaar Effect of prophylactic transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral vasospasm and outcome in patients with Fisher grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a phase II multicenter, randomized, clinical trial Stroke 39 2008 1759 1765