Defence applications of polymer nanocomposites

Defence Science Journal

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 551-563

  Kurahatti, R V ^a,b   Surendranathan, A O ^b   Kori, S A ^a,d   Singh, Nirbhay ^c   Kumar, A V Ramesh ^c,e   Srivastava, Saurabh ^c  

^a BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE   (India)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA   (India)

^c DEFENCE MATERIALS AND STORES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT   (India)

^d VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^e NAVAL PHYSICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

Defence applications; Fuel sources; Medical applications; Nanocomposites; Nanotechnologies; Polymer based nanocomposites; Smart materials

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE MATERIALS; FUEL STORAGE; INTELLIGENT MATERIALS; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS;

APPLICATION OF POLYMERS; DEFENCE APPLICATIONS; DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY; FUEL SOURCE; NANO-SCALE FILLERS; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE; POLYMER-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER-NANOCOMPOSITE;

NANOCOMPOSITES;

EID: 77957594340     PISSN: 0011748X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14429/dsj.60.578     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Drzal, L.T.; Rich, M.J. & Koenig, M.F. Adhesion of graphite fibers to epoxy matrices: II. The effect of fiber finish. Journal of Adhesion, 1983, 16 (2), 133-152.
2. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, K. Sugihara, I. L. Spain, and H. A. Goldberg, Graphite fibers and filaments (Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 1988).
3. Usuki, A.; Kawasumi, M.; Kojima, Y.; Okada, A.; Kurauchi, T. & Kamigaito, O.J. Synthesis and structure of smectic clay/poly(methylmethacrylate) and clay/polystyrene nanocomposite via in situ intercalative polymerisation. Mater. Res., 1993, 8(5), 1174-178.
4. Schmidt, D.; Shah D. & Giannelis, E.P. New advances in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. Curr. Opi. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2002, 6 (3), 205-12.
5. Alexandre, M. & Dubois, P. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater. Sci. Engg. Rep., 2000, 28, 1-63.
6. M. A. Scott, K. A. Carrado, and P. K. Dutta, Handbook of layered materials, 2004.
7. Ray, S.S. & Okamoto, M. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: A review from preparation to processing. Progress Poly. Sci., 2003, 28, 1539-641.
8. Shen, J.W.; Chen, X.M. & Huang, W.Y. Structure and electrical properties of grafted polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites prepared by solution intercalation. J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 2003, 88, 1864-869.
9. D. D. L. Chung, Low-density graphite-polymer electrical conductors. US Patent No. 04704231, 1984.
10. D. D. L. Chung, Composites of in-situ exfoliated graphite. US Patent No. 4946892, 1990.
11. Wang, Y.S.; O'Gurkis, M.A. & Lindt, J.T. Electrical properties of exfoliated-graphite filled polyethylene composites. Polymer Composites, 1986, 7 (5), 349-54.
12. Foy, J.V. & Lindt, J.T. Electrical properties of exfoliatedgraphite filled polyester based composites. Polymer Composites, 1987, 8 (6), 419-26
13. Celzerd, A.; McRae, E.; Mareche, J.F.; Furdin, G.; Dufort M. Deleuze, C. Composites based on micron-sized exfoliated graphite particle: electrical conduction, critical exponents, and anisotropy. J. Phy. Chem. Solids, 1996, 57 (6-8), 715-18. (Pubitemid 126357348)
14. Kawasumi, M.; Hasegawa, N.; Kato, M.; Usuki, A. & Okada, A. Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene-clay hybrids. Macromolecules, 1997, 30(20) 6333-338.
15. Kornmann, X.; Lindberg, H. Berglund, L.A. Synthesis of epoxy-clay nanocomposites: Influence of the nature of the clay on structure. Polymer, 2001, 42 (4), 1303-310. (Pubitemid 33717639)
16. Kornmann, X.; Lindberg, H. & Berglund, L.A. Synthesis of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Influence of the nature of the curing agent on structure. Polymer, 2001, 42(10), 4493-499.
17. Becker, O.; Cheng, Y. B.; Varley, R.J. & Simon, G.P. Layered silicate nanocomposites based on various high functionality epoxy resins: the influence of cure temperature on morphology, mechanical properties, and free volume. Macromolecules, 2003, 36(5), 1616-625.
18. Dennis, H.R.; Hunter, D.L.; Chang, D.; Kim, S.; White, J.L.; Cho, J.W. & Paul, D.R. Effect of melt processing conditions on the extent of exfoliation in organoclaybased nanocomposites. Polymer, 2001, 42(23), 9513-522.
19. Okada, A. & Usuki, A. The chemistry of polymer-clay hybrids. Mater. Sci. Eng., C: Biomimetic Mater., Sens, and Syst., 1995, 3(2), 109-15.
20. Lan, T.; Kaviratna, P.D. & Pinnavaia, T.J. Mechanism of clay tactoid exfoliation in epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 1995, 7 (11), 2144-150.
21. Lan, T.; Kaviratna, P.D. & Pinnavaia, T.J. On the nature of polyimide-clay hybrid composites. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(5), 573-75.
22. Lan, T. & Pinnavaia, T.J. Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(12), 2216-219.
23. Vaia, R.A.; Jandt, Klaus, D.; Edward, J. K. & Giannelis, E.P. Microstructural evolution of melt intercalated polymer"organically modified layered silicates nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 1996, 8(11), 2628-635.
24. Vaia, R.A.; Ishii, H. & Giannelis, E.P. Synthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicates. Chem. Mater., 1993, 5(12), 1694-696.
25. Iijima, S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 1991, 354, 56.
26. Bacon, R. Growth, structure, and properties of graphite whiskers. J. Appl. Phys., 1960, 31(2), 283-90.
27. T. W. Ebbesen, Carbon nanotubes: Preparation and properties (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997).
28. Ajayan, P.M. & Ebbesen, T.W. Nanometre-size tubes of carbon. Rep. Prog. Phys., 1997, 60(10), 1025-062.
29. Iijima, S. & Ichihashi, T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature, 1993, 363, 603-05.
30. Bethune, D.S.; Klang, C. H.; de Vries, M.S.; Gorman, G.; Savoy, R.; Vazquez, J. & Beyers, R. Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls. Nature, 1993, 363, 605-07.
31. Mintmire, J.W.; Dunlap, B.I. & Carter, C. T. Are fullerene tubules metallic? Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, 68(5), 631-34.
32. Hamada, N.; Sawada, S. & Oshiyama, A. New onedimensional conductors: Graphitic microtubules. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, 68(10), 1579-581.
33. Carroll, D.L.; Redlich, P.; Ajayan, P.M.; Charlier, J.C.; Blase, X.; De Vita, A. Car, R. Electronic structure and localized states at carbon nanotube tips. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1997, 78(14), 2811-814. (Pubitemid 127655317)
34. 60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature, 1985, 318, 162.
35. Manias, E.; Chen, H.; Krishnamoorti, R.; Genzer, J.; Kramer, E.J. & Giannelis, E.P. Intercalation kinetics of long polymers in 2 nm confinements. Macromolecules, 2000, 33(21), 7955-966.
36. Ellis, T.S. & D'Angelo, J.S. Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2002, 90(6), 1639-647.
37. Hasegawa, N.; Kawasumi, M.; Kato, M.; Usuki, A. Okada, A. Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene-clay hybrids using a maleic anhydridemodified polypropylene oligomer. J. Appl. Polym., 1998, 67(1), 87-92. (Pubitemid 128589927)
38. C. Becker, H. Krug, and H. Schmidt, Tailoring of thermomechanical properties of thermoplastic nanocomposites by surface modification of nanoscale silica particles. In Proceedings of Materials Research Society Symposium, 1996, 435, pp. 237.
39. Safadi, B.; Andrews, R. & Grulke, E.A. Multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites: Synthesis and characterization of thin films. J. Apply. Polym. Sci., 2002, 84(14), 2660-669.
40. Watts, P.C.P.; Hsu, W. K.; Chen, G. Z.; Fray, D. J.; Kroto, H.W. & Walton, D.R.M. A low resistance boron-doped carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite. J. Mater. Chem., 2001, 11, 2482.
41. Biercuk, M.J.; Laguno, M.C.; Radosavijevic, M.; Hyun, J. K.; Johnson, A.T. & Fischer, J.E. Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management. Apply. Phys. Lett., 2002, 80(15), 2767-69.
42. Benoit, J.M., Corraze, B. & Chauvet, O. Localization, coulomb interactions, and electrical heating in single-wall carbon nanotubes/polymer composites. Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 65(24), 241405-09R.
43. Blanchet, G.B.; Fincher, C. R. & Gao, F. Polyaniline nanotube composites: A high-resolution printable conductor. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82(8), 1290-292.
44. Yu, M.F.; Files, B.S.; Sivaram, A. & Rodney, R.S. tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 84(24), 5552-555.
45. Yu, M.F.; Lourie, O.; Dyer, M.J.; Moloni, K.; Kelly, T.F. & Ruoff, R. S. Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science, 2000, 287, 637-40.
46. Wagner, H.D.; Lourie, O.; Feldman, Y. & Tenne, R. Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1998, 72(2), 188-90.
47. Zhang, Z. and Yang, J.L. Creep resistant polymeric nanocomposites. Polymer, 2004, 45, 3481-485.
48. st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 10-13 July 2005, Tucson, AZ, 2005.
49. J. H. Koo, J. Stretz, Z. Weispfenning, P. Luo, and W. Wootan, Nanocomposite rocket ablative materials: Subscale ablation test. In Proceedings of SAMPE Symposium, Long Beach, California, May 2004.
50. J. H. Koo, L. A. Pilato, G. Wissler, A. Lee, A. Abusafieh, and J. Weispfenning, Epoxy nanocomposites for carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. In Proceedings of SAMPE Symposium, Covina, CA, 2005.
51. Tang, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, H.; Xia, Y. Schneider, B. Effect of processing on morphological structure of polyacrylonitrile matrix nano-ZnO composites. J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 2003, 90 (4), 1053-057. (Pubitemid 37126635)
52. 2 on the performance of nanocomposites. Materials Letters, 2003, 57(19), 2940-944.
53. Hussain, F.; Hojjati, M.; Okamoto, M. & Gorga, R.E. Review article: Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application: An overview. J. Comp. Mater., 2006, 40(17), 1511-575.
54. S. Lao, W. Ho, K. Ngyuen, and J. H. Koo, Flammabiltiy, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyamide nanocomposites. In Proceedings of SAMPE 2005, Seattle, WA, 2005.
55. Krishnan, Jayaraman; Kataki, M.; Yanzhong, Zhang; Xiumei, Mo. & Ramakrishna, S. Recent advances in polymer nanofibers. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2004, 4(1-2), 52-65.
56. th Annual Technical Conference ASC, 2002.
57. D. G. Glasgow and G. G. Tibbetts, Surface treatment of carbon nanofibers for improved composite mechanical properties. In Proceedings of SAMPE 2004, Longbeach, CA, 2004.
58. K. Lafdi, Carbon foam for thermal management. In Proceedings of SAMPE 2003, Dayton, OH, 2003.
59. Finegan, C.; Tibbetts, G.G.; Glasgow, D.G.; Ting, J.M. & Lake, M.L. Surface treatments for improving the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/thermoplastic composites. J. Mater. Sci., 2003, 38(16), 3485-490.
60. T. Gibson, B. Rice, W. Ragland, E. M. Silverman, H. Peng, and K. L. Strong, Formulation and evaluation of carbon nanofiber-based conductive adhesives. In Proceedings of SAMPE 2005, Long Beach, CA, 1-5 May 2005.
61. Wagner, H. D.; Lourie, O.; Feldmana, Y. Tenne, R. Stress-induced fragmentation of multwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1998, 72(2), 188-90. (Pubitemid 128672255)
62. Ou, Y.; Yang, F. Yu, Z. A new conception on the toughness of nylon 6/silica nanocomposite prepared via in situ polymerization. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1998, 36(5), 789-95. (Pubitemid 128600666)
63. Jiang, L.; Lam, Y.C.; Tam, K.C.; Chua, T.H.; Sim, G.W. & Ang, L.S. Strengthening acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) with nanosized and micronsized calcium carbonate. Polymer, 2005, 46(10), 243-252.
64. th Conference of ICCM, San Diego, CA, 14-18 July 2003.
65. Ma, D.; Hugener, T.A.; Siegel, R.W.; Christerson, A.; Martensson, E.; Onneby, C. & Schadler, L.S. Influence of nanoparticle surface modification on the electrical behavior of polyethylene nanocomposites. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16(6), 724-31.
66. Chisholm, N.; Mahfuz, H.; Rangari, V. K.; Ashfaq, A. & Jeelani, S. Fabrication and mechanical characterization of carbon/SiC-epoxy nanocomposites. J. Compo. Struc., 2005, 67(1), 115-24.
67. Singh, R.P. & Zhang, M. Reinforcement of unsaturated polyester by aluminum and aluminum oxide nanollers. Materials Letters, 2004, 58(3-4), 408-412.
68. Xu, W.B.; Ge, M.L. He, P. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J. Polym. Sci. Pt B: Polym. Phys., 2002, 40(5), 408. (Pubitemid 34210920)
69. Haggenmueller, R.; Gommans, H.H.; Rinzler, A.G.; Fischer, J.E. & Winey, K.I. Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods. Chem. Phy. Lett., 2000, 330(3-4), 219-25.
70. Haggenmueller, R.; Zhou, W.; Fischer, J.E. & Winey, K.I. Mechanical and structural investigation of highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes in polymer composites. J. Nanosci. Nanotechno., 2003, 3, 105.
71. Baughman, R.H.; Zakhidov, A.A. & de Heer, W.A. Carbon nanotubes-The route towards applications. Science, 2002, 297, 787-92.
72. P. Glatkowski, P. Mack, J. Conroy, J. W. Piche, and P. Winsor, Electromagnetic shielding comprising nanotubes. US Patent No. 6265466, 2001.
73. Huang, J Kaner, RB, Flash welding of conducting polymer nanofibres. Nature Materials, 2004, 3(11), 783-86.
74. S. Linda, Schadler. Polymer-based and polymer-filled nanocomposites. In Nanocomposite science and technology, edited by P. M. Ajayan; L. S. Schadler & P. V. Braun. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2003. pp. 77-153.
75. Lee, Y.S. Wagner, N.J. Dynamic properties of shear thickening colloidal suspensions. Rheologica Acta, 2003, 42(3), 199-208. (Pubitemid 36777408)
76. Y. S. Lee, E. D. Wetzel, R. G. Egres, Jr., and N. J. Wagner, Advanced body armor utilizing shear thickening fluids. In Proceedings of the 23rd Army Science Conference 2002. Orlando, FL, 2-5 December 2002.
77. Lee, Y.S.; Wetzel, E.D. & Wagner, N.J. The Ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar̄Woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid. J. Mater. Sci., 2003, 38(13), 2825-833.
78. Nguyen, T. & Diaz, A.F. Novel method for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles in a polypyrrole powder. Advanced Materials, 1994, 6(11), 858-60.
79. J. Böhm, J. Haubelt, P. Henzi, K. Litfin, and T. Hanemann, Tuning the Refractive Index of Polymers for Polymer Waveguides Using Nanoscaled Ceramics or Organic Dyes. Adv. Engg. Mater., 2004, 6(1-2), 52-57.
80. Rapoport, L.; Nepomnyashchy, O.; Verdyan, A.; PopowitzBiro, R.; Volovik, R.; Utah, B. & Tenne, R. Polymer Nanocomposites with Fullerene-like Solid Lubricant. Adv. Engg. Mater., 2004, 6(1-2), 44-48.
81. Siripurapu, S.; DeSimone, J.M.; Khan, S.A. & Spontak, R.J. Low-temperature, surface-mediated foaming of polymer films. Advanced Materials, 2004, 16(12), 989-94.
82. K. A. Watson, J. G. Smith, Jr., and J. W. Connell, Space durable polyimide/nanocomposite films for electrostatic charge mitigation. In Science for the Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering Proceedings, 2003, 48, 1145.
83. Zhang, W.; Zeng, J.; Liu, L. & Fang, Y. A novel property of styrene-butadiene-styrene/clay nanocomposites: Radiation resistance. J. Mater. Chem., 2004, 14, 209-13.
84. 2; modified carbon/ epoxy composites. J. Mater. Res., 2003, 18(3), 654-58.
85. Gilman, J.W.; Kashiwagi, T. Lichtenhan, J.D. nanocomposites: a revolutionary new flame retardant approach. SAMPE Journal, 1997, 33(4), 40-6. (Pubitemid 127631170)
86. Kashiwagi, T.; Grulke, E.; Hilding, J.; Groth, K.; Harris, R.; Butler, K.; Shields, J.; Kharchenko, S. & Douglas, J. Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/ carbon nanotube nanocompoaites. Polymer, 2004, 45 (12), 4227-239.
87. T. E. Gentle and R. H. Baney, Silica/silicone nanocomposite films: A new concept in corrosion protection. In Proceeding of Materials Research Society Symposium, 1992, 274, pp. 115-19.
88. Gall, K.; Dunn, M.L.; Liu, Y.; Finch, D.; Lake, M. Munshi, N.A. Shape memory polymer nano composites. Acta Materialia, 2002, 50(20), 5115-126. (Pubitemid 35411863)
89. EI-Fatatry, A. Defence applications. In Nanotechnology Aerospace Applications. RTO-EN-AVT-129, 2005, pp. 5-1-5-6.
90. Ghosh, S.; Sood, A.K. & Kumar, N. Carbon nanotube flow sensors. Science, 2003, 299(5609), 1042-044.
91. Shankar, S.S.; Rai, A.; Ankamwar, B.; Singh, A.; Ahmad, A. & Sastry, M. Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms. Nature Materials, 2004, 3(7), 482-88.
92. Srivastava, A.; Srivastava, O.N.; Talapatra, S.; Vajtai, R. & Ajayan, P. M. Carbon nanotube filters. Nature Materials, 2004, 3(9), 610-14.
93. Sreekumaran Nair, A.; Tom, Renjis T. & Pradeep, T. Detection and extraction of endosulfan by metal nanoparticles. J. Environ. Monit., 2003, 5, 363-65.
94. M. Karuppiah, & Tata, Narasinga Rao. A process for the preparation of nanosilver and nanosilver-coated ceramic powders. Report No. 2786/DEL/2005, 26 December 2008.
95. Kaliyan, Hembram; Vijay, R.; Srinivasa Rao, Y. & Tata, Narasinga Rao. Doped nanocrystalline ZnO powders for non-linear resistor applications by spray pyrolysis method. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2009, 9(7), 4376-382.
96. Sundararajan, G. & Tata Narasinga Rao. Commercial Prospects for Nanomaterials in India. J. Indi. Inst. Sci., 2009, 89(1), 35-41.
97. S. G. Charati, D. Dhara, M. Elkovitch, S. Ghosh, N. Mutha, S. Rajagopalan, and A. A. Shaikh, US Patent No. 20067026432, 2006.
98. H. Hidefumi and E. Toomasu, Method for purifying carbon-nanotube. Patent No. JP6228824, 1994.
99. Kong, J.; Franklin, N.R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M.G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. Dai, H. Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science, 2000, 287, 622-25. (Pubitemid 30070903)
100. P. Ajayan, E. Lahiff, P. Stryjek, C. Y. Ryu, and S. Curran, Embedded nanotube array sensor and method of making a nanotube polymer composite. Patent No. WO04053464A 1, 2004.
101. Courty, S.; Mine, J.; Tajbakhsh, A.R. & Terentjev, E.M. Nematic elastomers with aligned carbon nanotubes: New electromechanical actuators. Europhys. Lett., 2003, 64(5), 654-660.
102. Z. Ounaies, C. Park, J. S. Harrison, N. M. Holloway, and G. K. Draughon, Sensing/actuating materials made from carbon nanotube polymer composites and methods for making same. US Patent No. 2006084752, 2006.
103. Sharon, Maheshwar, Pradhan, D.; Zaharia, R. & Puri, V.J. application of carbon nanomaterial as a microwave absorber. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2005, 5(12), 2117-20.
104. Bai, X.D.; Zhong, D.Y.; Zhang, G.Y; Ma, X.C.; Liu, S.; Wang, E.G.; Chen, Y. & Shaw, D.T. Hydrogen storage in carbon nitride nanobells. Appl. Phy. Lett., 2001, 79(10), 1552-554.
105. Nanotechnology aerospace applications. In RTO Lecture Series, EN-AVT-129, May 2005.
106. Hasegawa, N.; Okamoto, H.; Kato, M. & Usuki, A. Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropyleneclay hybrids based on modified polypropylene and organophilic clay. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2000, 78 (11), 1918-922.
107. Lan, T. & Pinnavaia, T.J. Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(12), 2216-219.
108. S. J. Savage, Defence applications of nanocomposite materials. FOI-Swedesh Defence Research Agency, User Report No. FOI-R-1524-SE, December 2004.
109. Koerner, H.; Price, G.; Pearce, N.A.; Alexander, M. & Vaia, R. A. Remotely actuated polymer nanocompositesstress-recovery of carbon-nanotube- filled thermoplastic elastomers. Nature Materials, 2004, 3(2), 115-34.