메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 7, 2010, Pages

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPALENE; ALPHA ARBUTIN; ARBUTIN; ASCORBIC ACID; AZELAIC ACID; COSMETIC; DEOXYARBUTIN; DEPIGMENTING AGENT; ENZYME INHIBITOR; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRETINOIN; GLYCOLIC ACID; GLYCOLIC ACID PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS TRETINOIN; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HYDROQUINONE; ISOTRETINOIN; KLIGMAN FORMULA; KOJIC ACID; LIQUIRITIN; MEQUINOL; MEQUINOL PLUS RETINOIC ACID; N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; NICOTINAMIDE; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; RETINOL; RETINOL PLUS SALICYLIC ACID PLUS SOY; SALICYLIC ACID; SUNSCREEN; TAZAROTENE; TRILUMA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 77957565502     PISSN: 19412789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (329)

References (122)
  • 1
    • 77957590739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorders of hyperpigmentation
    • Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds., 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby
    • Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2009:333-389.
    • (2009) Dermatology , pp. 333-389
    • Chang, M.W.1
  • 2
    • 0020551510 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominately black dermatologic practice
    • Halder RM, Grimes PE, McLaurin CI, et al. Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominately black dermatologic practice. Cutis. 1983;32:388-390.
    • (1983) Cutis , vol.32 , pp. 388-390
    • Halder, R.M.1    Grimes, P.E.2    McLaurin, C.I.3
  • 3
    • 37049035324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: A comparative practice survey
    • Alexis AF, Sergay AB, Taylor SC. Common dermatologic disorders in skin of color: a comparative practice survey. Cutis. 2007;80:387-394.
    • (2007) Cutis , vol.80 , pp. 387-394
    • Alexis, A.F.1    Sergay, A.B.2    Taylor, S.C.3
  • 4
    • 0026662861 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of skin diseases at the national skin centre (Singapore) from 1989-1990
    • Chua-Ty G, Goh CL, Koh SL. Pattern of skin diseases at the national skin centre (Singapore) from 1989-1990. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31:555-559.
    • (1992) Int J Dermatol , vol.31 , pp. 555-559
    • Chua-Ty, G.1    Goh, C.L.2    Koh, S.L.3
  • 7
    • 0016270866 scopus 로고
    • Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem
    • Alexander AM, Delph WI. Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem. J Natl Med Assoc. 1974;66:459-464,479.
    • (1974) J Natl Med Assoc , vol.66
    • Alexander, A.M.1    Delph, W.I.2
  • 9
    • 17444435030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: A review of the literature and current trends
    • Perry PK, Cook-Bolden FE, Rahman Z, et al. Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl):S113-S119.
    • (2002) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.46 , Issue.2 SUPPL
    • Perry, P.K.1    Cook-Bolden, F.E.2    Rahman, Z.3
  • 10
    • 67650239905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managment of hyperpigmentation in darker racial ethnic groups
    • Grimes PE. Managment of hyperpigmentation in darker racial ethnic groups. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009;28: 77-85.
    • (2009) Semin Cutan Med Surg , vol.28 , pp. 77-85
    • Grimes, P.E.1
  • 11
    • 0026951195 scopus 로고
    • Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: Possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation
    • Tomita Y, Maeda K, Tagami H. Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res. 1992;5: 357-361.
    • (1992) Pigment Cell Res , vol.5 , pp. 357-361
    • Tomita, Y.1    Maeda, K.2    Tagami, H.3
  • 12
    • 0026731972 scopus 로고
    • Retinoic acid and pigment cells: A review of in-vitro and in-vivo studies
    • Ortonne J. Retinoic acid and pigment cells: a review of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127(Suppl 41):43-47.
    • (1992) Br J Dermatol , vol.127 , Issue.SUPPL. 41 , pp. 43-47
    • Ortonne, J.1
  • 14
    • 0020567563 scopus 로고
    • Pigmentary incontinence in fixed drug eruptions. Histologic and electron microscopic findings
    • Masu S, Seiji M. Pigmentary incontinence in fixed drug eruptions. Histologic and electron microscopic findings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8:525-532.
    • (1983) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 525-532
    • Masu, S.1    Seiji, M.2
  • 15
    • 2642561405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A common but troubling condition
    • Lacz NL, Vafaie J, Kihiczac NI, et al. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a common but troubling condition. Int J Dermatol. 2004;4:362-365.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.4 , pp. 362-365
    • Lacz, N.L.1    Vafaie, J.2    Kihiczac, N.I.3
  • 17
    • 2442711418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acne in ethnic skin: Special considerations for therapy
    • Callender VD. Acne in ethnic skin: special considerations for therapy. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:184-195.
    • (2004) Dermatol Ther , vol.17 , pp. 184-195
    • Callender, V.D.1
  • 18
    • 0033427896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sun protection behaviors among African Americans
    • Hall HI, Rogers JD. Sun protection behaviors among African Americans. Ethn Dis. 1999;9:126-131.
    • (1999) Ethn Dis , vol.9 , pp. 126-131
    • Hall, H.I.1    Rogers, J.D.2
  • 19
    • 0031473321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal vitamin D levels can be maintained despite rigorous photoprotection: Six years' experience with xeroderma pigmentosum
    • Sollitto RB, Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Normal vitamin D levels can be maintained despite rigorous photoprotection: six years' experience with xeroderma pigmentosum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:942-947.
    • (1997) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.37 , pp. 942-947
    • Sollitto, R.B.1    Kraemer, K.H.2    Digiovanna, J.J.3
  • 20
    • 70349337892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels?
    • Norval M, Wulf HC. Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels? Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:732-736.
    • (2009) Br J Dermatol , vol.161 , pp. 732-736
    • Norval, M.1    Wulf, H.C.2
  • 21
    • 0036287888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypovitaminosis D prevalance and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalance and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:187-192.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.76 , pp. 187-192
    • Nesby-O'dell, S.1    Scanlon, K.S.2    Cogswell, M.E.3
  • 22
    • 77957549932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position Statement on Vitamin D., November 14, Accessed on March 17, 2010
    • Position Statement on Vitamin D. American Academy of Dermatology. November 14, 2009. http://www.aad.org/forms/policies/Uploads/PS/PS-Vitamin%20D%2011-16-09.pdf. Accessed on March 17, 2010.
    • (2009) American Academy of Dermatology
  • 23
    • 34547824527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insight into skin lightening cosmeceuticals for women of Color
    • Badreshia-Bansal S, Draelos ZD. Insight into skin lightening cosmeceuticals for women of Color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:32-39.
    • (2007) J Drugs Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 32-39
    • Badreshia-Bansal, S.1    Draelos, Z.D.2
  • 24
    • 2442718938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of dyschromias in ethnic skin
    • Halder RM, Richards GM. Management of dyschromias in ethnic skin. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:151-157.
    • (2004) Dermatol Ther , vol.17 , pp. 151-157
    • Halder, R.M.1    Richards, G.M.2
  • 25
    • 0026029609 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of inhibition of melanogenesis by hydroquinone
    • Palumbo A, d'Ischia M, Misuraca G, et al. Mechanism of inhibition of melanogenesis by hydroquinone. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991;1073:85-90.
    • (1991) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1073 , pp. 85-90
    • Palumbo, A.1    D'ischia, M.2    Misuraca, G.3
  • 26
    • 43249100534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label study of the efficacy and tolerability of microencapsulated hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% with antioxidants for the treatment of hyperpigmentation
    • Cook-Bolden FE, Hamilton SF. An open-label study of the efficacy and tolerability of microencapsulated hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% with antioxidants for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Cutis. 2008;81:365-371.
    • (2008) Cutis , vol.81 , pp. 365-371
    • Cook-Bolden, F.E.1    Hamilton, S.F.2
  • 27
    • 12344260028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A microsponge formulation of hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% in the treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
    • Grimes PE. A microsponge formulation of hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% in the treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Cutis. 2004;74: 362-368.
    • (2004) Cutis , vol.74 , pp. 362-368
    • Grimes, P.E.1
  • 28
    • 0035078832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical therapies for melasma and disorders of hyperpigmentation
    • Jimbow K, Minamitsuji Y. Topical therapies for melasma and disorders of hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Ther. 2001;14: 35-45.
    • (2001) Dermatol Ther , vol.14 , pp. 35-45
    • Jimbow, K.1    Minamitsuji, Y.2
  • 29
    • 49749110463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma
    • Chan R, Park KC, Lee MH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:697-703.
    • (2008) Br J Dermatol , vol.159 , pp. 697-703
    • Chan, R.1    Park, K.C.2    Lee, M.H.3
  • 30
    • 33645786362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based trial of a triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma
    • Grimes P, Kelly AP, Torok H, et al. Community-based trial of a triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma. Cutis. 2006;77:177-184.
    • (2006) Cutis , vol.77 , pp. 177-184
    • Grimes, P.1    Kelly, A.P.2    Torok, H.3
  • 31
    • 13544262499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%: A safe and efficacious 12-month treatment for melasma
    • Torok HM, Jones T, Rich P, et al. Hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%: a safe and efficacious 12-month treatment for melasma. Cutis. 2005;75:57-62.
    • (2005) Cutis , vol.75 , pp. 57-62
    • Torok, H.M.1    Jones, T.2    Rich, P.3
  • 32
    • 33847789809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma
    • Cestari CF, Hassun K, Sittart A, et al. A comparison of triple combination cream and hydroquinone 4% cream for the treatment of moderate to severe facial melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;6:36-39.
    • (2007) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 36-39
    • Cestari, C.F.1    Hassun, K.2    Sittart, A.3
  • 33
    • 77957607790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of a triple combination cream and tretinoin cream in subjects with mottled hyperpigmentation associated with photodamage
    • P3210
    • Hexsel D, Sidou F, Kerrouche N, et al. Combination of a triple combination cream and tretinoin cream in subjects with mottled hyperpigmentation associated with photodamage [P3210]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(Suppl 1):AB120.
    • (2010) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Hexsel, D.1    Sidou, F.2    Kerrouche, N.3
  • 34
    • 17044388555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanin pigmentary disorders: Treatment update
    • Ortonne JP, Passeron T. Melanin pigmentary disorders: treatment update. Dermatol Clin. 2005;23:209-226.
    • (2005) Dermatol Clin , vol.23 , pp. 209-226
    • Ortonne, J.P.1    Passeron, T.2
  • 35
    • 16344368472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RALGA (Diacneal), a retinaldehyde and glcolyic acid association and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in acne-a review
    • Katsambas AD. RALGA (Diacneal), a retinaldehyde and glcolyic acid association and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in acne-a review. Dermatology. 2005;210(Suppl 1):39-45.
    • (2005) Dermatology , vol.210 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 39-45
    • Katsambas, A.D.1
  • 36
    • 0034900925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options
    • Levin CY, Maibach H. Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001;2:213-217.
    • (2001) Am J Clin Dermatol , vol.2 , pp. 213-217
    • Levin, C.Y.1    Maibach, H.2
  • 37
    • 35148814023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of hydroquinone: A dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register
    • Levitt J. The safety of hydroquinone: a dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:854-872.
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.57 , pp. 854-872
    • Levitt, J.1
  • 39
    • 12944305800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (Mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented lesions in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies
    • Fleischer AB, Schwartzel EH, Colby SI, et al. The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (Mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin is effective in improving the appearance of solar lentigines and related hyperpigmented lesions in two double-blind multicenter clinical studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:459-467.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.42 , pp. 459-467
    • Fleischer, A.B.1    Schwartzel, E.H.2    Colby, S.I.3
  • 40
    • 36649036991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy
    • Draelos ZD. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20:308-313.
    • (2007) Dermatol Ther , vol.20 , pp. 308-313
    • Draelos, Z.D.1
  • 41
    • 10044267428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution: An effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone 3% in the treatment of solar lentigines
    • Jarratt M. Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution: an effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone 3% in the treatment of solar lentigines. Cutis. 2004;74:319-322.
    • (2004) Cutis , vol.74 , pp. 319-322
    • Jarratt, M.1
  • 42
    • 33748194277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin effectively improves the appearance of solar lentigines in ethnic groups
    • Draelos ZD. The combination of 2% 4-hydroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin effectively improves the appearance of solar lentigines in ethnic groups. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006;5:239-244.
    • (2006) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.5 , pp. 239-244
    • Draelos, Z.D.1
  • 43
    • 33749009372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, 12-week, phase 3b trial: A combination solution of mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% vs hydroquinone 4% cream in the treatment of mild to moderate postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
    • Abstract
    • Taylor SC, Callender VD. A multicenter, 12-week, phase 3b trial: a combination solution of mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% vs hydroquinone 4% cream in the treatment of mild to moderate postinflammatory hyperpigmentation [Abstract]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(Suppl):AB194.
    • (2006) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.54 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Taylor, S.C.1    Callender, V.D.2
  • 44
    • 33749058901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A small open-label study of a 2% 4-hydroxyanisole and 0.01% tretinoin solution for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation [Poster]
    • Callender VD. A small open-label study of a 2% 4-hydroxyanisole and 0.01% tretinoin solution for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation [Poster]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(Suppl):P175.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.50 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Callender, V.D.1
  • 45
    • 33749075702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution monotherapy and combination treatment of solar lentigines and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation [Poster]
    • Piacquadio D, Farris P, Downie J, et al. Mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution monotherapy and combination treatment of solar lentigines and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation [Poster]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;52(Suppl):P145.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.52 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Piacquadio, D.1    Farris, P.2    Downie, J.3
  • 46
    • 77957597784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinoids
    • Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds., 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby
    • Kuenzli S, Saurat JH. Retinoids. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2009.
    • (2009) Dermatology
    • Kuenzli, S.1    Saurat, J.H.2
  • 48
    • 0029661966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS): A topical delivery system with reduced irritancy incorporating multiple triggering mechanisms for the release of actives
    • Embil K, Nacht S. The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS): a topical delivery system with reduced irritancy incorporating multiple triggering mechanisms for the release of actives. J Microencapsul. 1996;13:575-588.
    • (1996) J Microencapsul , vol.13 , pp. 575-588
    • Embil, K.1    Nacht, S.2
  • 49
    • 0035495476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adapalene gel 0.1% for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients
    • Jacyk AK, Mpofu P. Adapalene gel 0.1% for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients. Cutis. 2001;68:48-54.
    • (2001) Cutis , vol.68 , pp. 48-54
    • Jacyk, A.K.1    Mpofu, P.2
  • 50
    • 31944436395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study
    • Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 2006;77:45-50.
    • (2006) Cutis , vol.77 , pp. 45-50
    • Grimes, P.1    Callender, V.2
  • 51
    • 14844321850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in an Asian patient: A dramatic response to oral isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid)
    • Winhoven SM, Ahmed I, Owen CM, et al. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in an Asian patient: a dramatic response to oral isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid). Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:368-369.
    • (2005) Br J Dermatol , vol.152 , pp. 368-369
    • Winhoven, S.M.1    Ahmed, I.2    Owen, C.M.3
  • 52
    • 4544278598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical agents used in the management of hyperpigmentation
    • Halder RM, Richards GM. Topical agents used in the management of hyperpigmentation. Skin Therapy Lett. 2004;9:1-3.
    • (2004) Skin Therapy Lett , vol.9 , pp. 1-3
    • Halder, R.M.1    Richards, G.M.2
  • 53
    • 0028799660 scopus 로고
    • Azelaic acid: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne
    • Nguyen QH, Bui TP. Azelaic acid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34:75-84.
    • (1995) Int J Dermatol , vol.34 , pp. 75-84
    • Nguyen, Q.H.1    Bui, T.P.2
  • 54
    • 0031758932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients
    • Lowe NJ, Rizk D, Grimes P, et al. Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients. Clin Ther. 1998;20:945-959.
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 945-959
    • Lowe, N.J.1    Rizk, D.2    Grimes, P.3
  • 55
    • 0025833794 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of melasma: 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream
    • Balina LM, Graupe K. The treatment of melasma: 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:893-895.
    • (1991) Int J Dermatol , vol.30 , pp. 893-895
    • Balina, L.M.1    Graupe, K.2
  • 56
    • 0036974690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream monotherapy versus a sequential therapy in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients
    • Sarkar R, Bhalla M, Kanwar KJ. A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream monotherapy versus a sequential therapy in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients. Dermatology. 2002;205:249-254.
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.205 , pp. 249-254
    • Sarkar, R.1    Bhalla, M.2    Kanwar, K.J.3
  • 57
    • 0024310481 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma
    • Stockh
    • Verallo-Rowell VM, Verallo V, Graupe K, et al. Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989;143:58-61.
    • (1989) Acta Derm Venereol Suppl , vol.143 , pp. 58-61
    • Verallo-Rowell, V.M.1    Verallo, V.2    Graupe, K.3
  • 58
    • 0032903332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid
    • Lim JT. Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:282-284.
    • (1999) Dermatol Surg , vol.25 , pp. 282-284
    • Lim, J.T.1
  • 59
    • 0030004467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions
    • Garcia A, Fulton JE. The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions. Dermatol Surg. 1996;22:443-447.
    • (1996) Dermatol Surg , vol.22 , pp. 443-447
    • Garcia, A.1    Fulton, J.E.2
  • 60
    • 0028836209 scopus 로고
    • Contact allergy to kojic acid in skin care products
    • Nakagawa M, Kawai K, Kawai K. Contact allergy to kojic acid in skin care products. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;32:9-13.
    • (1995) Contact Dermatitis , vol.32 , pp. 9-13
    • Nakagawa, M.1    Kawai, K.2    Kawai, K.3
  • 62
    • 41349106224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of botanical extracts as topical skin-lightening agents for the improvement of skin pigmentation disorders
    • Zhu W, Gao J. The use of botanical extracts as topical skin-lightening agents for the improvement of skin pigmentation disorders. J Inv Dermatol Symp Proc. 2008;13:20-24.
    • (2008) J Inv Dermatol Symp Proc , vol.13 , pp. 20-24
    • Zhu, W.1    Gao, J.2
  • 63
    • 0030076508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arbutin: Mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture
    • Maeda K, Fukuda M. Arbutin: mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996;276:765-769.
    • (1996) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.276 , pp. 765-769
    • Maeda, K.1    Fukuda, M.2
  • 64
    • 0029183119 scopus 로고
    • Effects of alpha- and beta-arbutin on activity of tyrosinases from mushroom and mouse melanoma
    • Funayama M, Arakawa H, Yamamoto R, et al. Effects of alpha- and beta-arbutin on activity of tyrosinases from mushroom and mouse melanoma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995;59:134.
    • (1995) Biosci Biotechnol Biochem , vol.59 , pp. 134
    • Funayama, M.1    Arakawa, H.2    Yamamoto, R.3
  • 65
    • 22744448200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeoxyArbutin: A novel reversible tyrosinase inhibitor with effective in-vivo skin lightening potency
    • Boissy RE, Visscher M, deLong MA. DeoxyArbutin: a novel reversible tyrosinase inhibitor with effective in-vivo skin lightening potency. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14:601-608.
    • (2005) Exp Dermatol , vol.14 , pp. 601-608
    • Boissy, R.E.1    Visscher, M.2    de Long, M.A.3
  • 66
    • 0036068103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer
    • Hakozaki T, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, et al. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:20-31.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.147 , pp. 20-31
    • Hakozaki, T.1    Minwalla, L.2    Zhuang, J.3
  • 67
    • 6344280437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical niacinamide produces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin
    • Bissett DL, Miyamoto K, Sun P, et al. Topical niacinamide produces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2004;26:231-238.
    • (2004) Int J Cosmet Sci , vol.26 , pp. 231-238
    • Bissett, D.L.1    Miyamoto, K.2    Sun, P.3
  • 68
    • 77957580869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl glucosamine: Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial
    • Aug 28, Epub ahead of print
    • Kimball AB, Kaczvinsky JR, Li J, et al. Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl glucosamine: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. Aug 28, 2009. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2009) Br J Dermatol
    • Kimball, A.B.1    Kaczvinsky, J.R.2    Li, J.3
  • 69
    • 33847772104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-acetyl glucosamine
    • Bissett DL, Robinson LR, Raleigh PS, et al. Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-acetyl glucosamine. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;6:20-26.
    • (2007) J Cosmet Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 20-26
    • Bissett, D.L.1    Robinson, L.R.2    Raleigh, P.S.3
  • 70
    • 29144479725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocyte Biology
    • Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds, 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby
    • Bolognia JL, Orlow SJ. Melanocyte Biology. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2009.
    • (2009) Dermatology
    • Bolognia, J.L.1    Orlow, S.J.2
  • 71
    • 23344438040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical vitamin C: A useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions
    • Farris, PK. Topical vitamin C: a useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:814-818.
    • (2005) Dermatol Surg , vol.31 , pp. 814-818
    • Farris, P.K.1
  • 72
    • 0028036392 scopus 로고
    • Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin
    • Shindo Y, Witt E, Hans D, et al. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:122-124.
    • (1994) J Invest Dermatol , vol.102 , pp. 122-124
    • Shindo, Y.1    Witt, E.2    Hans, D.3
  • 73
    • 0037779079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin
    • Lin JY, Selim MA, Shea CR, et al. UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:866-874.
    • (2003) E. J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.48 , pp. 866-874
    • Lin, J.Y.1    Selim, M.A.2    Shea, C.R.3
  • 74
    • 0030198681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate against skin damage induced by UVB radiation
    • Kobayashi S, Takehana M, Itoh S, et al. Protective effect of magnesium-L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate against skin damage induced by UVB radiation. Photochem Photobiol. 1996;64:224-228.
    • (1996) Photochem Photobiol , vol.64 , pp. 224-228
    • Kobayashi, S.1    Takehana, M.2    Itoh, S.3
  • 75
    • 0037195261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C suppresses TNF alpha-induced NF kappa B activation by inhibiting I kappa B alpha phosphorylation
    • Carcamo JM, Pedraza A, Borquez-Ojeda O, et al. Vitamin C suppresses TNF alpha-induced NF kappa B activation by inhibiting I kappa B alpha phosphorylation. Biochemistry. 2002;41:12995-30002.
    • (2002) Biochemistry , vol.41 , pp. 12995-30002
    • Carcamo, J.M.1    Pedraza, A.2    Borquez-Ojeda, O.3
  • 76
    • 0002791954 scopus 로고
    • The photoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of topical ascorbyl palmitate
    • Perricone NV. The photoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of topical ascorbyl palmitate. J Geriatr Dermatol. 1993;1:5-10.
    • (1993) J Geriatr Dermatol , vol.1 , pp. 5-10
    • Perricone, N.V.1
  • 77
    • 4444343580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma
    • Espinal-Perez LE, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP. A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs. 4% hydroquinone in melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:604-607.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.43 , pp. 604-607
    • Espinal-Perez, L.E.1    Moncada, B.2    Castanedo-Cazares, J.P.3
  • 78
    • 13344285332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo
    • Kameyama K, Sakai C, Kondoh S, et al. Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:29-33.
    • (1996) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.34 , pp. 29-33
    • Kameyama, K.1    Sakai, C.2    Kondoh, S.3
  • 79
    • 46849110600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds
    • Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2008;22:709-724.
    • (2008) Phytother Res , vol.22 , pp. 709-724
    • Asl, M.N.1    Hosseinzadeh, H.2
  • 80
    • 26244463344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and identification of flavonoids in licorice and a study of their inhibitory effects on tyrosinase
    • Fu B, Li H, Wang X, et al. Isolation and identification of flavonoids in licorice and a study of their inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:7408-7414.
    • (2005) J Agric Food Chem , vol.53 , pp. 7408-7414
    • Fu, B.1    Li, H.2    Wang, X.3
  • 81
    • 0032239708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation
    • Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, et al. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Res. 1998;11:355-361.
    • (1998) Pigment Cell Res , vol.11 , pp. 355-361
    • Yokota, T.1    Nishio, H.2    Kubota, Y.3
  • 82
    • 0034020196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical liquiritin improves melasma
    • Amer M, Metwalli M. Topical liquiritin improves melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39:299-301.
    • (2000) Int J Dermatol , vol.39 , pp. 299-301
    • Amer, M.1    Metwalli, M.2
  • 83
    • 0035046316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway
    • Paine C, Sharlow E, Liebel F, et al. An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116:587-595.
    • (2001) J Invest Dermatol , vol.116 , pp. 587-595
    • Paine, C.1    Sharlow, E.2    Liebel, F.3
  • 84
    • 38449102965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a soy moisturizer in photoaging: A double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 12-week study
    • Wallo W, Nebus J, Leyden JJ. Efficacy of a soy moisturizer in photoaging: a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 12-week study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:917-922.
    • (2007) J Drugs Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 917-922
    • Wallo, W.1    Nebus, J.2    Leyden, J.J.3
  • 85
    • 0036088244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women
    • Hermanns JF, Petit L, Pierard-Franchimont C, et al. Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women. Dermatology. 2002;204:281-286.
    • (2002) Dermatology , vol.204 , pp. 281-286
    • Hermanns, J.F.1    Petit, L.2    Pierard-Franchimont, C.3
  • 86
    • 75149156549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soy moisturizer SPF 15 improves dyschromia [Poster]
    • Finkey MB, Herndon J, Stephens T, et al. Soy moisturizer SPF 15 improves dyschromia [Poster]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(Suppl):P170.
    • (2005) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.52 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Finkey, M.B.1    Herndon, J.2    Stephens, T.3
  • 87
    • 77957592885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical acne treatment improves postacne postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in skin of color [Poster]
    • Sah A, Stephens TJ, Kurtz ES. Topical acne treatment improves postacne postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in skin of color [Poster]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(Suppl):P25.
    • (2005) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.52 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Sah, A.1    Stephens, T.J.2    Kurtz, E.S.3
  • 88
    • 77957584809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmetic Surgery National Databank Statistics., Accessed on May 30
    • Cosmetic Surgery National Databank Statistics. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. http://www.surgery.org/download/2008stats.pdf. Accessed on May 30, 2009.
    • (2009) American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
  • 90
    • 2442651495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin
    • Roberts WE. Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:196-205.
    • (2004) Dermatol Ther , vol.17 , pp. 196-205
    • Roberts, W.E.1
  • 91
    • 77957553609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medium-depth chemical peels and deep chemical peels
    • Grimes PE, ed., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    • Sarkar R. Medium-depth chemical peels and deep chemical peels. In: Grimes PE, ed. Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery for Darker Skin Types. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:154-169.
    • (2008) Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery For Darker Skin Types , pp. 154-169
    • Sarkar, R.1
  • 92
    • 77957575557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidermal and color improvment in ethnic skin: Microdermabrasion and superficial peels
    • Alam M, Bhatia AC, Kundu RV, Yoo SS, Chan HH, eds., New York, NY: McGraw Hill
    • Leu D, Yoo SS. Epidermal and color improvment in ethnic skin: microdermabrasion and superficial peels. In: Alam M, Bhatia AC, Kundu RV, Yoo SS, Chan HH, eds. Cosmetic Dermatology for Skin of Color. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2009:29-33.
    • (2009) Cosmetic Dermatology For Skin of Color , pp. 29-33
    • Leu, D.1    Yoo, S.S.2
  • 93
    • 1942504412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage and recovery of skin barrier function after glycolic acid chemical peeling and crystal microdermabrasion
    • Song JY, Kang HA, Kim MY, et al. Damage and recovery of skin barrier function after glycolic acid chemical peeling and crystal microdermabrasion. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30: 390-394.
    • (2004) Dermatol Surg , vol.30 , pp. 390-394
    • Song, J.Y.1    Kang, H.A.2    Kim, M.Y.3
  • 94
    • 0030920753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients: A comparative study
    • Burns RL, Prevost-Blank PL, Lawry MA, et al. Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients: a comparative study. Dermatol Surg. 1997;23: 171-174.
    • (1997) Dermatol Surg , vol.23 , pp. 171-174
    • Burns, R.L.1    Prevost-Blank, P.L.2    Lawry, M.A.3
  • 95
    • 33645461328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whitening effect of salicyclic acid peels in Asian patients
    • Ahn HH, Kim IH. Whitening effect of salicyclic acid peels in Asian patients. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:372-375.
    • (2006) Dermatol Surg , vol.32 , pp. 372-375
    • Ahn, H.H.1    Kim, I.H.2
  • 96
    • 0033013808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid peels in darker racial-ethnic groups
    • Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:18-22.
    • (1999) Dermatol Surg , vol.25 , pp. 18-22
    • Grimes, P.E.1
  • 97
    • 44949260114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of 30% salicylic acid with Jessner's solution for superficial chemical peeling in epidermal melasma
    • Ejaz A, Raza N, Iftikhar N, et al. Comparison of 30% salicylic acid with Jessner's solution for superficial chemical peeling in epidermal melasma. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008;18:205-208.
    • (2008) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.18 , pp. 205-208
    • Ejaz, A.1    Raza, N.2    Iftikhar, N.3
  • 98
    • 1942504415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of hydroquinone (2%) versus tretinoin (0.025%) as adjunct topical agents for chemical peeling in patients of melasma
    • Nanda S, Grover C, Reddy BS. Efficacy of hydroquinone (2%) versus tretinoin (0.025%) as adjunct topical agents for chemical peeling in patients of melasma. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30:385-388.
    • (2004) Dermatol Surg , vol.30 , pp. 385-388
    • Nanda, S.1    Grover, C.2    Reddy, B.S.3
  • 99
    • 2142822460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser surgery in dark skin
    • Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Laser surgery in dark skin. SKINmed. 2003;2:80-85.
    • (2003) SKINmed , vol.2 , pp. 80-85
    • Alster, T.S.1    Tanzi, E.L.2
  • 100
    • 0347477997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser therapy on darker ethnic skin
    • Battle EF, Hobbs LM. Laser therapy on darker ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21:713-723.
    • (2003) Dermatol Clin , vol.21 , pp. 713-723
    • Battle, E.F.1    Hobbs, L.M.2
  • 101
    • 72349099151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
    • Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, et al. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35:1844-1848.
    • (2009) Dermatol Surg , vol.35 , pp. 1844-1848
    • Katz, T.M.1    Goldberg, L.H.2    Firoz, B.F.3
  • 102
    • 67651167123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acne vulgaris using blue light photodynamic therapy in an African-American patients
    • Terrell S, Aires D, Schweiger ES. Treatment of acne vulgaris using blue light photodynamic therapy in an African-American patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8:669-671.
    • (2009) J Drugs Dermatol , vol.8 , pp. 669-671
    • Terrell, S.1    Aires, D.2    Schweiger, E.S.3
  • 103
    • 70349108398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence: Report of three cases
    • Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim JS, et al. Treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence: report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:1206-1207.
    • (2009) J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol , vol.23 , pp. 1206-1207
    • Cho, S.B.1    Park, S.J.2    Kim, J.S.3
  • 105
    • 0036436804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmetic camouflage advice improves quality of life
    • Holme SA, Beattie PE, Fleming CJ. Cosmetic camouflage advice improves quality of life. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147: 946-949.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.147 , pp. 946-949
    • Holme, S.A.1    Beattie, P.E.2    Fleming, C.J.3
  • 106
    • 0036014442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a model of disfigurement: Effects of a skin camouflage service on well-being and appearance anxiety
    • Kent G. Testing a model of disfigurement: effects of a skin camouflage service on well-being and appearance anxiety. Psychol Health. 2002;17:377-386.
    • (2002) Psychol Health , vol.17 , pp. 377-386
    • Kent, G.1
  • 109
    • 0029038273 scopus 로고
    • Camouflage therapy
    • Rayner VL. Camouflage therapy. Dermatol Clin. 1995;13: 467-472.
    • (1995) Dermatol Clin , vol.13 , pp. 467-472
    • Rayner, V.L.1
  • 110
    • 77957589355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of a preparation containing undecylenoyl phenylalanine 2% in the treatment of solar lentigines
    • Oct 23, Epub ahead of print
    • Katoulis AC, Alevizou A, Bozi E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study of a preparation containing undecylenoyl phenylalanine 2% in the treatment of solar lentigines. Clin Exp Dermatol. Oct 23, 2009. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2009) Clin Exp Dermatol
    • Katoulis, A.C.1    Alevizou, A.2    Bozi, E.3
  • 111
    • 27844612072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical methimazole as a new treatment for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: Report of the first case
    • Kasraee B, Handjani F, Parhizgar A, et al. Topical methimazole as a new treatment for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: report of the first case. Dermatology. 2005;211:360-362.
    • (2005) Dermatology , vol.211 , pp. 360-362
    • Kasraee, B.1    Handjani, F.2    Parhizgar, A.3
  • 112
    • 0036414688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aloesin inhibits hyperpigmentation induced by UV radiation
    • Choi S, Park YI, Lee SK, et al. Aloesin inhibits hyperpigmentation induced by UV radiation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:513-515.
    • (2002) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.27 , pp. 513-515
    • Choi, S.1    Park, Y.I.2    Lee, S.K.3
  • 113
    • 67949097535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of dioic acid compared with hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma
    • Tirado-Sanchez A, Santamaria-Roman A, Ponce-Olivera RM. Efficacy of dioic acid compared with hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:893-895.
    • (2009) Int J Dermatol , vol.48 , pp. 893-895
    • Tirado-Sanchez, A.1    Santamaria-Roman, A.2    Ponce-Olivera, R.M.3
  • 114
    • 74949102240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of vitamin C vs. multivitamin on melanogenesis: Comparative study in vitro and in vivo
    • Choi YK, Rho YK, Yoo KH, et al. Effects of vitamin C vs. multivitamin on melanogenesis: comparative study in vitro and in vivo. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:218-226.
    • (2010) Int J Dermatol , vol.49 , pp. 218-226
    • Choi, Y.K.1    Rho, Y.K.2    Yoo, K.H.3
  • 115
    • 85009522722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation for the efficacy and tolerance of two skin products containing either hydroquinone or emblica extract with kojic acid in female subjects with facial dyschromia
    • Poster, AUTHOR: Please provide authors
    • Comparative evaluation for the efficacy and tolerance of two skin products containing either hydroquinone or emblica extract with kojic acid in female subjects with facial dyschromia [Poster]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(Suppl 1):AB24. [[AUTHOR: Please provide authors]]
    • (2009) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.60 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
  • 116
    • 0032998681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective survey of pediatric dermatology clinic patients in Kuwait: An analysis of 10,000 cases
    • Nanda A, Al-Hasawi F, Alsaleh QA. A prospective survey of pediatric dermatology clinic patients in Kuwait: an analysis of 10,000 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:6-11.
    • (1999) Pediatr Dermatol , vol.16 , pp. 6-11
    • Nanda, A.1    Al-Hasawi, F.2    Alsaleh, Q.A.3
  • 117
    • 0032885240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the spectrum of skin disease occurring in a black population in southeast London
    • Child FJ, Fuller LC, Higgins EM, et al. A study of the spectrum of skin disease occurring in a black population in southeast London. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:512-517.
    • (1999) Br J Dermatol , vol.141 , pp. 512-517
    • Child, F.J.1    Fuller, L.C.2    Higgins, E.M.3
  • 118
    • 0242574556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dermatological disorders in Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Hartshorne, ST. Dermatological disorders in Johannesburg, South Africa. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:661-665.
    • (2003) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.28 , pp. 661-665
    • Hartshorne, S.T.1
  • 119
    • 0037692005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the skin disease spectrum occurring in an Afro-Caribbean population
    • Dunwell P, Rose A. Study of the skin disease spectrum occurring in an Afro-Caribbean population. Int J Dermatol. 2003;42:287-289.
    • (2003) Int J Dermatol , vol.42 , pp. 287-289
    • Dunwell, P.1    Rose, A.2
  • 120
    • 0346364883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous diseases in Latinos
    • Sanchez MR. Cutaneous diseases in Latinos. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21:689-697.
    • (2003) Dermatol Clin , vol.21 , pp. 689-697
    • Sanchez, M.R.1
  • 121
    • 43149123340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: A multicentre study conducted in the Paris region
    • Arsouze A, Fitoussi C, Cabotin PP, et al. Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: a multicentre study conducted in the Paris region. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:177-182.
    • (2008) Ann Dermatol Venereol , vol.135 , pp. 177-182
    • Arsouze, A.1    Fitoussi, C.2    Cabotin, P.P.3
  • 122
    • 34248203123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survery of skin disease and skin-related issues in Arab Americans
    • El-Essawi D, Musial JL, Hammand A, et al. A survery of skin disease and skin-related issues in Arab Americans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:933-938.
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.56 , pp. 933-938
    • El-Essawi, D.1    Musial, J.L.2    Hammand, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.