Validation and pharmacological characterisation of MK-801-induced locomotor hyperactivity in BALB/C mice as an assay for detection of novel antipsychotics

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 212, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 155-170

  Bradford, Andrea M ^a   Savage, Kevin M ^a   Jones, Declan N C ^a   Kalinichev, Mikhail ^b  

^a GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Antipsychotic; Glutamate; Hyperactivity; Locomotor activity; MK 801; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

2 DIPROPYLAMINO 8 HYDROXYTETRALIN; 3 [[4 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]METHYL] 1H PYRROLO[2,3 B]PYRIDINE; 4 AMINO 2 OXABICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE 4,6 DICARBOXYLIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; 6 CHLORO 5 METHYL 1 [[2 [(2 METHYL 3 PYRIDYL)OXY] 5 PYRIDYL]CARBAMOYL]INDOLINE; 8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; CLOZAPINE; DIAZEPAM; DIZOCILPINE; DOPAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; KETANSERIN; LIGAND; MUSCARINIC M1 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M4 RECEPTOR; N [2 [4 (2 METHOXYPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]ETHYL] N (2 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; N [4 [2 (6 CYANO 1,2,3,4 TETRAHYDRO 2 ISOQUINOLINYL)ETHYL]CYCLOHEXYL] 4 QUINOLINECARBOXAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RACLOPRIDE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN; SERTINDOLE; SULPIRIDE; THIOPERAMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; XANOMELINE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BAGG ALBINO MOUSE; CAGE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TARGETING; HABITUATION; HYPERACTIVITY; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NONHUMAN; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; VALIDATION PROCESS; VALIDITY;

ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; DIZOCILPINE MALEATE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS; HYPERKINESIS; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RECEPTORS, GABA-A; RECEPTORS, METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE; RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 77957351245     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1938-0     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. P Andiné N Widermark R Axelsson G Nyberg U Olofsson SM Mårtensson 1999 Characterization of MK-801-induced behaviour as a putative rat model of psychosis J Pharm Exp Ther 290 1393 1408
2. ME Angelucci MA Vital C Cesario CR Zadusky PL Rosalen C Da Cunha 1999 The effect of caffeine in animal models of learning and memory Eur J Pharmacol 2-3 135 140 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00225-3 (Pubitemid 29306720)
3. Arrang JM, Garbarg M, Lancelot JC, Lecomte JM, Pollard H, Robba M, Schunack W, Schwartz JC (1987) Highly potent and selective ligands for histamine H3-receptors. Nature 327:117-123
4. JM Arrang 2007 Histamine and schizophrenia Int Rev Neurobiol 78 247 287 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmt1Gmt7c%3D 10.1016/S0074-7742(06)78009-6 17349864
5. ME Bardgett M Points J Roflow M Blankenship MS Griffith 2009 Effects of the H3 antagonist, thioperamide, on behavioural alterations induced by systemic MK-801 administration in rats Psychopharmacology 205 589 597 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtlars70%3D 10.1007/s00213-009-1566-8 19466392
6. D Boulay O Bergis P Avenet G Griebel 2010 The glycine transporter-1 inhibitor SSR103800 displays a selective and specific antipsychotic-like profile in normal and transgenic mice Neuropsychopharmacology 35 416 427 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFGmsrbN 10.1038/npp.2009.144 19759529
7. C Brabant L Alleva T Grisar E Quertemont B Lakaye H Ohtsu JS Lin P Jatlow MR Picciotto E Tirelli 2009 Effects of the H(3) receptor inverse agonist thioperamide on cocaine-induced locomotion in mice: role of the histaminergic system and potential pharmacokinetic interactions Psychopharmacology 202 673 687 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1aqsLrM 10.1007/s00213-008-1345-y 18843481
8. AE Brady CK Jones TM Bridges JP Kennedy AD Thompson JU Heiman ML Breininger PR Gentry H Yin SB Jadhav JK Shirey PJ Conn CW Lindsley 2008 Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 327 941 953 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVCjtLnI 10.1124/jpet.108.140350 18772318
9. ER Butelman 1989 A novel NMDA antagonist, MK-801, impairs performance in a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34 13 16 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXjtVGhsQ%3D%3D 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90345-6 2696982 (Pubitemid 20008876)
10. WT Carpenter Jr RW Buchanan B Kirkpatrick AF Breier 1999 Diazepam treatment of early signs of exacerbation in schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 156 299 303 9989567
11. J Cartmell JA Monn DD Schoepp 1999 The metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonists LY354740 and LY379268 selectively attenuate phencyclidine versus d-amphetamine motor behaviours in rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291 161 170 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlaks7g%3D 10490900
12. J Cartmell JA Monn DD Schoepp 2000 The mGlu2/3 receptor agonists LY379268 selectively blocks amphetamine ambulations and rearing Eur J Pharmacol 361 39 46 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvFaqsL0%3D
13. S Castellani PM Adams 1981 Acute and chronic phencyclidine effects on locomotor activity, stereotypy and ataxia in rats Eur J Pharmacol 73 143 154 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXltVykurc%3D 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90086-8 7198045 (Pubitemid 11039752)
14. WY Chan DL McKinzie S Bose SN Mitchell JM Witkin RC Thompson A Christopoulos S Lazareno NJ Birdsall FP Bymaster CC Felder 2008 Allosteric modulation of the muscarinic M4 receptor as an approach to treating schizophrenia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 10978 10983 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXpvFOisL4%3D 10.1073/pnas.0800567105 18678919
15. J Clapham GJ Kilpatrick 1994 Thioperamide, the selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist, attenuates stimulant-induced locomotor activity in the mouse Eur J Pharmacol 259 107 114 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkslekt74%3D 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90498-7 7957603 (Pubitemid 24207201)
16. PJ Conn CW Lindsley CK Jones 2008 Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors as a novel approach for the treatment of schizophrenia Cell 30 25 31
17. PM Connolly C Maxwell Y Liang JB Kahn SJ Kanes T Abel RE Gur BI Turetsky SJ Siegel 2004 The effects of ketamine vary among inbred mouse strains and mimic schizophrenia for the P80, but not P20 or N40 auditory ERP components Neurochem Res 29 1179 1188 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtVWmur4%3D 10.1023/B:NERE.0000023605. 68408.fb 15176475 (Pubitemid 39023492)
18. R Corbett F Camacho AT Woods LL Kerman RJ Fishkin K Brooks RW Dunn 1995 Antipsychotic agents antagonise non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced behaviours Psychopharmacology 120 67 74 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXnsFarsb0%3D 10.1007/BF02246146 7480537
19. JT Coyle 1996 The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia Harv Rev Psychiatry 3 241 253 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fjs1yktQ%3D%3D 10.3109/10673229609017192 9384954
20. P Curzon MW Decker 1998 Effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and (+)MK-801 on sensorimotor gating in CD-1 mice Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 22 129 146 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXptlWjug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0278-5846(97)00184-X (Pubitemid 28096433)
21. SI Deutsch RB Rosse SM Paul RL Riggs J Mastropaolo 1997 Inbred mouse strains differ in sensitivity to popping elicited by MK-801 Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 315 317 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtlGksr8%3D 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00347-4 9164588 (Pubitemid 27261427)
22. SI Deutsch J Mastropaolo DG Powell RB Rosse SE Bachus 1998 Inbread mouse strains differ in their sensitivity to an antiseizure effects of MK-801 Clin Neuropharmacol 21 255 257 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsFCntrs%3D 9704168
23. R Faucard V Armand A Héron V Cochois JC Schwartz JM Arrang 2006 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists enhance histamine neuron activity in rodent brain J Neurochem 98 1487 1496 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVymtLjF 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04002.x 16923161 (Pubitemid 44200440)
24. LM Ford AB Norman PR Sanberg 1989 The topography of MK-801-induced locomotor patterns in rats Physiol Behav 46 755 758 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXltlY%3D 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90363-6 2557649 (Pubitemid 19268852)
25. R Galici NG Echemendia AL Rodriguez JP Conn 2005 A selective allosteric potentiator of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptors has effects similar to an orthosteir mGlu2/3 receptor agonist in mouse models predictive of antipsychotic activity J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315 1181 1187 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtlalurjJ 10.1124/jpet.105.091074 16123306 (Pubitemid 41635406)
26. A Guidotti J Auta JM Davis E Dong DR Grayson M Veldic X Zhang E Costa 2005 GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon Psychopharmacology 180 191 205 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltVKnt7w%3D 10.1007/s00213-005-2212-8 15864560 (Pubitemid 40909664)
27. EL Hargreaves DP Cain 1992 Hyperactivity hyper-reactivity and sensorimotor deficits induced by low doses of the N-methyl-D-aspartate noncompetitive channel blocker MK801 Behav Brain Res 47 23 33 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XisFSjsbk%3D 10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80249-9 1315138
28. V Heale C Harley 1990 MK-801 and AP5 impair acquisition but not retention of the Morris milk maze Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36 145 149 1:CAS:528: DyaK3cXktFyhsrw%3D 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90140-D 1971949 (Pubitemid 20165650)
29. Iverson SD, Singh L, Oles RJ, Preston C, Tricklebank MD (1988) Psychopharmacological profile of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801. In: Domino EF, Kamenka JM (eds) Sigma and phencyclidine-like compounds as molecular probes in biology. NPP Books, Ann Arbor, pp 373-384
30. DC Javitt SR Zukin 1991 Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 148 1301 1308 1:STN:280:DyaK3MznslymsA%3D%3D 1654746
31. JD Jentsch RH Roth 1999 The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia Neuropsychopharmacology 20 201 225 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsleisrs%3D 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00060-8 10063482 (Pubitemid 29067401)
32. CK Jones AE Brady AA Davis Z Xiang M Bubser MN Tantawy AS Kane TM Bridges JP Kennedy SR Bradley TE Peterson MS Ansari RM Baldwin RM Kessler AY Deutch JJ Lah AI Levey CW Lindsley PJ Conn 2008 Novel selective allosteric activator of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates amyloid processing and produces antipsychotic-like activity in rats J Neurosci 28 10422 10433 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1GksLfF 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1850-08.2008 18842902
33. Jones DNC, Gartlon JE, Minassian A, Perry W, Geyer MA (2008b) Developing new drugs for schizophrenia: from animals to the clinic. In: McArthur RA, Borsini F (eds) Animal and translational models for CNS drug discovery, vol 1: psychiatric disorders. Academic, Burlington
34. M Kalinichev ST Bate SA Coggon DNC Jones 2008 Locomotor reactivity to a novel environment and sensitivity to MK-801 in five strains of mice Behav Pharmacol 19 71 75 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvVOlsw%3D%3D 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282f3cf48 18195596
35. W Keok JH Woods GD Winger 1988 MK-801, a proposed noncompetitive antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, produces phencyclidine-like behavioural effects in pigeons, rats and rhesus monkeys J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245 969 974
36. JS Kim HH Kornhuber W Schmid-Burgk B Holzmuller 1980 Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia Neurosci Lett 20 379 382 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhtlOksA%3D%3D 10.1016/0304-3940(80) 90178-0 6108541 (Pubitemid 11160082)
37. Kinon B (2009) LY2140023 monohydrate and agonist at the mGlu2/3 receptor for the treatment of schizophrenia. A paper presented at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research in San Diego.
38. J Kitaichi K Yamada H Hasegawa T Nabeshima 1994 Effects of risperidone on phencyclidine-induced behaviours: comparison with haloperidol and ritanserin Jpn J Pharmacol 66 181 189 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFalsb0%3D 10.1254/jjp.66.181 7532732
39. JH Krystal DC D'Souza LP Karper A Bennett A Abi-Dargham D Abi-Saab K Cassello MB Bowers Jr S Vegso GR Heninger DS Charney 1999 Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and haloperidol in healthy humans Psychopharmacology 145 193 204 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlslWltr4%3D 10.1007/s002130051049 10463321 (Pubitemid 29362018)
40. CH Large 2007 Do NMDA receptor antagonist models of schizophrenia predict the clinical efficacy of antipsychotic drugs? J Psychopharmacol 21 283 301 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXovFajsbY%3D 10.1177/0269881107077712 17591656 (Pubitemid 46934046)
41. JV Leite FS Guimarães FA Moreira 2008 Aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic, prevents the motor hyperactivity induced by psychotomimetics and psychostimulants in mice Eur J Pharmacol 578 222 227 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXhsFahtQ%3D%3D 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.016 18021764 (Pubitemid 350309581)
42. L Leriche JC Schwartz P Sokoloff 2003 The dopamine D3 receptor mediates locomotor hyperactivity induced by NMDA receptor blockade Neuropharmacology 45 174 181 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvFymtLs%3D 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00145-X 12842123 (Pubitemid 36782530)
43. D Manahan-Vaughan D von Haebler C Winter G Juckel U Heinemann 2008 A single application of MK801 causes symptoms of acute psychosis, deficits in spatial memory, and impairment of synaptic plasticity in rats Hippocampus 18 125 134 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjt12lsrY%3D 10.1002/hipo.20367 17924525 (Pubitemid 351413480)
44. S Mandillo A Rinaldi A Oliverio A Mele 2003 Repeated administration of phencyclidine, amphetamine and MK-801 selectively impairs spatial learning in mice: a possible model of psychotomimetic drug-induced cognitive deficits Behav Pharmacol 14 533 544 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotFWnsLw%3D 10.1097/00008877-200311000- 00006 14557721 (Pubitemid 38293514)
45. Maurel-Remy S, Bervoets K, Millan MJ (1995) Blockade of phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion by clozapine and MDL 100,907 in rats reflects antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 280:R9-11
46. R Misslin G Griebel M Saffroy-Spittler E Vogel 1990 Anxiolytic and sedative effects of 5-HT1A ligands, 8-OH-DPAT and MDL 73005EF, in mice NeuroReport 1 267 270 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XkvVehu7s%3D 10.1097/00001756-199011000- 00025 1983358
47. B Moghaddam B Adams 1998 Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists in rats Science 281 1349 1352 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvVentrw%3D 10.1126/science.281.5381.1349 9721099
48. S Morisset C Pilon J Tardivel-Lacombe D Weinstein W Rostene C Betancur P Sokoloff JC Schwartz JM Arrang 2002 Acute and chronic effects of methamphetamine on tele-methylhistamine levels in mouse brain: selective involvement of the D(2) and not D(3) receptor J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300 621 628 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38Xos1yqtQ%3D%3D 10.1124/jpet.300.2.621 11805225 (Pubitemid 34106256)
49. PC Moser MD Tricklebank DN Middlemiss AK Mir MF Hibert JR Fozard 1990 Characterization of MDL 73005EF as a 5-HT1A selective ligand and its effects in animal models of anxiety: comparison with buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT and diazepam Br J Pharmacol 99 343 349 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhsFWlsrY%3D 1970269
50. S Natesan GE Reckless KB Barlow J Odontiadis JN Nobrega GB Baker SR George D Mamo S Kapur 2008 The antipsychotic potential of l-stepholidine-a naturally occurring dopamine receptor D1 agonist and D2 antagonist Psychopharmacology 199 275 289 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXotV2nu78%3D 10.1007/s00213-008-1172-1 18521575
51. M Nilsson A Carlsson ML Carlsson 1997 Glycine and D-serine decrease MK-801-induced hyperactivity in mice J Neural Transm 104 1195 1205 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlOlsrY%3D 10.1007/BF01294720 9503265 (Pubitemid 28031813)
52. I Ninan SK Kulkarni 1999 Preferential inhibition of dizocilpine-induced hyperactivity by olanzapine Eur J Pharmacol 368 1 7 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhvVCmsLo%3D 10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00982-0 10096763 (Pubitemid 29106408)
53. RE Nordquist C Risterucci JL Moreau M von Kienlin B Künnecke M Maco C Freichel C Riemer W Spooren 2008 Effects of aripiprazole/OPC-14597 on motor activity, pharmacological models of psychosis, and brain activity in rats Neuropharmacol 54 405 416 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXpt1Kgug%3D%3D 10.1016/j.neuropharm. 2007.10.010
54. FW Olney NB Farber 1995 Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 998 1007 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XotF2rtA%3D%3D 7492260
55. MF O'Neill G Shaw 1999 Comparison of dopamine receptor antagonists on hyperlocomotion induced by cocaine, amphetamine, MK-801 and the dopamine D1 agonist C-APB in mice Psychopharmacology 145 237 250 10.1007/s002130051055 10494572 (Pubitemid 29393473)
56. MF O'Neill CL Heron-Maxwell G Shaw 1999 5-HT2 receptor antagonism reduces hyperactivity induced by amphetamine, cocaine, and MK-801 but not D1 agonist C-APB Pharmacol Biochem Behav 63 237 243 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00240-8 10371652 (Pubitemid 29234102)
57. A Ouagazzal A Nieoullon M Amalric 1993 Effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor blockade on MK-801-induced hyperactivity in rats Psychopharmacology 111 427 434 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlslClsLk%3D 10.1007/BF02253532 7870984
58. S Patil L Zhang F Martenyi S Lowe KA Jackson BV Andreev AS Avedisova LM Bardenstein IY Gurovich MA Morozova SN Mosolov NG Nesnanov AM Reznik AB Smulevich VA Tochilov BG Johnson JA Monn DD Schoepp 2007 Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized phase 2 trial Nat Med 13 1102 1107 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVSgtrvF 10.1038/nm1632 17767166 (Pubitemid 47517511)
59. P-Y Perera JH Lichy J Mastropaolo RB Rosse SI Deutsch 2008 Expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B NMDA receptor subunits is not altered in the genetically-inbred Balb/c mouse strain with heightened behavioural sensitivity to MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18 814 819 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFOlu7bO 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.06.004 18674888
60. SB Powell JW Young JC Ong MG Caron MA Geyer 2008 Atypical antipsychotics clozapine and quetiapine attenuate prepulse inhibition deficits in dopamine transporter knockout mice Bev Pharmacol 19 562 565 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXps1Whsr4%3D 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32830dc110
61. GD Prell JP Green CA Kaufmann JK Khandelwal AM Morrishow DG Kirch M Linnoila RJ Wyatt 1995 Histamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia: their relationships to levels of other aminergic transmitters and ratings of symptoms Schizophr Res 14 93 104 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3is1eltg%3D%3D 10.1016/0920-9964(94)00034-6 7711000
62. RJ Ralph MP Paulus MA Geyer 2001 Strain-specific effects of amphetamine on prepulse inhibition and patterns of locomotor behaviour in mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298 148 155 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksFChtLc%3D 11408536
63. C Reavill SG Taylor MD Wood T Ashmeade NE Austin KY Avenell I Boyfield CL Branch J Cilia MC Coldwell MS Hadley AJ Hunter P Jeffrey F Jewitt CN Johnson DNC Jones AD Medhurst DN Middlemiss DJ Nash GJ Riley C Routledge G Stemp KM Thewlis B Trail AKK Vong JJ Hagan 2000 Pharmacological actions of a novel high-affinity, and selective human dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, SB-2777011-A J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 1154 1165 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtFCntbw%3D 10945872
64. CF Saller AI Salama 1993 Seroquel: biochemical profile of a potential atypical antipsychotic Psychopharmacology 112 285 292 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksF0%3D 10.1007/BF02244923 7871032
65. HE Shannon K Rasmussen FP Bymaster JC Hart SC Peters MD Swedberg J Jeppesen MJ Sheardown P Sauerberg A Fink-Jensen 2000 Xanomeline, an M(1)/M(4) prefering muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist, produces antipsychotic-like activity in rats and mice Schizophr Res 42 249 259 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c3kvFShug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00138-3 10785583 (Pubitemid 30216536)
66. A Shekhar WZ Potter J Lightfoot J Lienemann S Dubé C Mallinckrodt FP Bymaster DL McKinzie CC Felder 2008 Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 165 1033 1039 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.06091591 18593778
67. SH Snyder 1976 The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: focus on the dopamine receptor Am J Psychiatr 133 197 202 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhsF2gtbw%3D 1251927
68. B Söderpalm JA Engel 1988 Biphasic effects of clinidine on conflict behaviour: involvement of different alpha-adrenoceptors Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 471 477 10.1016/0091-3057(88)90482-0 2845446 (Pubitemid 19264258)
69. C Spielewoy A Markou 2004 Strain-specificity in nicotine attenuation of phencyclidine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice: relevance to smoking in schizophrenia patients Behav Genet 34 343 354 10.1023/B:BEGE. 0000017878.75206.fd 14990873 (Pubitemid 38437629)
70. KJ Stanhope NR Mirza MJ Bickerdike JL Bright NR Harrington MB Hesselink GA Kennett S Lightowler MJ Sheardown R Syed RL Upton G Wadsworth SM Weiss A Wyatt 2001 The muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline has an antipsychotic-like profile in the rat J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299 782 792 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXnvV2qtbw%3D 11602695
71. RE Steinpreis 1996 The behavioral and neurochemical effects of phencyclidine in humans and animals: some implications for modelling psychosis Behav Brain Res 74 45 55 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xit1ynt7Y%3D 10.1016/0166-4328(95) 00162-X 8851914 (Pubitemid 26060022)
72. RE Steinpreis JD Salamone 1993 The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the neurochemical and behavioural effects of phencyclidine: a microdialysis and behavioural study Brain Res 612 263 270 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltlWnt7w%3D 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91671-E 8330204 (Pubitemid 23167290)
73. YA Su TM Si DF Zhou CM Guo XD Wang Y Yang L Shu JH Liang 2007 Risperidone attenuates MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in mice via the blockade of serotonin 5-HT 2A/2C receptors Eur J Pharmacol 564 123 130 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1Citrs%3D 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.031 17395179 (Pubitemid 46946856)
74. E Southam J Cilia JE Gartlon ML Woolley LP Lacroix CA Jennings JE Cluderay C Reavill C Rourke DM Wilson LA Dawson AD Medhurst DNC Jones 2009 Preclinical investigation into the antipsychotic potential of the novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist GSK207040 Psychopharmacology 201 483 494 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVenu77M 10.1007/s00213-008-1310-9 18762914
75. WPJM Spooren F Gasparini H van der Putten M Koller S Nakanishi R Kuhn 2000 Lack of effect of LY314582 (a group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist) on phencyclidine-induced locomotor activity in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 knockout mice Eur J Pharmacol 397 R1 R2 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXjslyju7o%3D 10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00269-7 10844118 (Pubitemid 30323829)
76. X Tang SM Orchard LD Sanford 2002 Home cage activity and behavioural performance in inbred and hybrid mice Behav Brain Res 136 555 569 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00228-0 12429418 (Pubitemid 35333271)
77. H Toyota C Dugovic M Koehl AD Laposky C Weber K Ngo Y Wu DH Lee K Yanai E Sakurai T Watanabe C Liu J Chen AJ Barbier FW Turek WP Fung-Leug TW Lovenberg 2002 Behavioral characterization of mice lacking histamine H(3) receptors Mol Pharmacol 62 389 397 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslOrsL4%3D 10.1124/mol.62.2.389 12130692 (Pubitemid 34804119)
78. MD Tricklebank L Singh RJ Oles C Preston S Iverson 1989 The behavioural effects of MK-801: a comparison with antagonists acting noncompetitively and competitively at the NMDA receptor Eur J Pharmacol 167 127 135 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXls1Ohtrs%3D 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90754-1 2550253
79. GB Varty N Walters M Cohen-Williams GJ Carey 2001 Comparison of apomorphine, amphetamine and dizocilpine disruptions of prepulse inhibition in inbred and outbred mice strains Eur J Pharmacol 424 27 36 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXltlOhtrY%3D 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01115-3 11470257 (Pubitemid 32695551)
80. K Verebey MJ Kogan SJ Mule 1981 Phencyclidine-induced stereotype in rats: effects of methadone, apomorphine, and naloxone Psychopharmacology 75 44 47 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXmtFGisb8%3D 10.1007/BF00433500 6795658 (Pubitemid 11020945)
81. IQ Whishaw RN Auer 1989 Immediate and long-lasting effects of MK-801 on motor activity spatial navigation in a swimming pool and EEG in the rat Psychopharmacology 98 500 507 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlt1Omsbc%3D 10.1007/BF00441949 2505290
82. ML Woolley DJ Pemberton S Bate C Corti DNC Jones 2008 The mGlu2 but not the mGlu3 receptor mediates the actions of the mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, in mouse models predictive of antipsychotic activity Psychopharmacology 196 431 440 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1KnsLo%3D 10.1007/s00213-007-0974-x 18057917
83. ML Woolley HJ Carter JE Gartlon JM Watson LA Dawson 2009 Attenuation of amphetamine-induced activity by the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, xanomeline, is absent in muscarinic M4 receptor knockout mice and attenuated in muscarinic M1 receptor knockout mice Eur J Pharmacol 603 147 149 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFCjsLc%3D 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.020 19111716
84. DF Wozniak JW Olney L Kettinger III M Price JP Miller 1990 Behavioural effects of MK-801 in the rat Psychopharmacology 101 47 56 1:CAS:528: DyaK3cXit12lsLk%3D 10.1007/BF02253717 2188277
85. BK Yee TDL Chang J Feldon 2004 The effects of dizocilpine and phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and on prepulse-elicited reactivity in C57BL6 mice Neuropsychopharmacology 29 1865 1877 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnslSmtbc%3D 10.1038/sj.npp.1300480 15127085 (Pubitemid 39336798)
86. A Zocci D Fabbri CA Heidbreder 2005 Aripiprazole increases dopamine but not noradrenaline and serotonin levels in the mouse prefrontal cortex Neurosci Lett 387 157 161 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.035 (Pubitemid 41160548)