Microbial and pathological findings in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with proliferative gill inflammation

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 201-211

  Steinum, T ^a   Kvellestad, A ^a,c   Colquhoun, D J ^a   Heum, M ^a   Mohammad, S ^a   Nygaard Grontvedt R ^a,b   Falk, K ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^b Marine Harvest Norway AS   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

'Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola'; 'Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis'; Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus; Desmozoon lepeophtherii; Epitheliocysts; Proliferative gill inflammation

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DISEASE; BACTERIUM; DATA INTERPRETATION; ECTOPARASITE; ETIOLOGY; FUNGUS; HISTOLOGY; INFECTIVITY; MORTALITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SALMONID CULTURE; SEAWATER; VIRUS;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHLAMYDIACEAE; FISH DISEASE; GILL; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROSPORIDIA; NORWAY; PATHOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; CHLAMYDIACEAE; FISH DISEASES; GILLS; MICROSPORIDIA; NORWAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SALMO SALAR;

NORWAY;

CANDIDATUS PISCICHLAMYDIA SALMONIS; MICROSPORIDIA; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE; SALMO SALAR;

EID: 77957336061     PISSN: 01775103     EISSN: 16161580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/dao02266     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403-410 (Pubitemid 20364473)
2. Bancroft JD, Stevens A (1996) Theory and practice of histological techniques, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
3. Blasi F, Aliberti S, Allegra L, Piatti G and others (2007) Chlamydophila pneumoniae induces a sustained airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice. Respir Res 8:83
4. Bruno D, Collet B, Turnbull A, Kilburn R and others (2007) Evaluation and development of diagnostic methods for Renibacterium salmoninarum causing bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in the UK. Aquaculture 269:114-122 (Pubitemid 47058551)
5. Caswell JL, Williams KJ (2007) Respiratory system. In: Maxie MG (ed) Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer's pathology of domestic animals, Vol 2. Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh, p 523-653
6. Crespo S, Grau A, Padrós F (1990) Epitheliocystis disease in the cultured amberjack, Seriola dumerili Risso (Carangidae). Aquaculture 90:197-207
7. Draghi A II, Popov VL, Kahl MM, Stanton JB and others (2004) Characterization of 'Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis' (order Chlamydiales), a Chlamydia-like bacterium associated with epitheliocystis in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Clin Microbiol 42:5286-5297
8. Draghi A II, Bebak J, Popov VL, Noble AC and others (2007) Characterization of a Neochlamydia-like bacterium associated with epitheliocystis in cultured Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Dis Aquat Org 76:27-38 (Pubitemid 47028511)
9. Draghi A II, Bekab J, Daniels S, Tulman ER and others (2010) Identification of 'Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis' in Artic charr Salvelinus alpinus during survey of charr production facilities in North America. Dis Aquat Org 89: 39-49
10. Evans DH (1987) The fish gill: Site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 71:47-58
11. Flesjå KI, Hjeltnes B, Johansen R, Norheim K, Olsen AB, Skjelstad HR (2004) Havbruksrapport: 1.3. Helse-situasjonen hos laksefisk. (Marine aquaculture report: 1.3. The health situation for salmonid fish). Havforskningsinstituttet (Institute of Marine Research), Bergen. Available at: Www.imr.no/filarkiv/2004/03/1.3-Helsesituasjonen-hos- laksefisk.pdf/nb-no (in Norwegian)
12. Fredericks DN, Relman DA (1996) Sequenced-based identification of microbial pathogens: A reconsideration of Koch's postulates. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:18-33
13. Freeman MA, Sommerville C (2009) Desmozoon lepeophtherii n. gen., n. sp., (Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonidae) infecting the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae). Parasit Vectors 2:58
14. Freeman MA, Bell AS, Sommerville C (2003) A hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis: An rDNA-based molecular phylogenetic study. J Fish Dis 26:667-676 (Pubitemid 38042965)
15. Grøntvedt RN, Øvretveit S, Breck O, Brun E (2006) Risikofaktorer assosiert med proliferative gjellebetennelse (Risk factors associated with proliferative gill inflammation). Norsk Fiskeoppdrett 31:54-56 (in Norwegian)
16. Hoffman GL, Dunbar CE, Wolf K, Zwillenberg LO (1969) Epitheliocystis, a new infectious disease of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 35: 146-158
17. Karlsen M, Nylund A, Watanabe K, Helvik JV, Nylund S, Plarre H (2008) Characterization of 'Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola': An intracellular bacterium infecting salmonid fish. Environ Microbiol 10:208-218
18. Kvellestad A, Dannevig BH, Falk K (2003) Isolation and partial characterization of a novel paramyxovirus from the gills of diseased seawater-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). J Gen Virol 84:2179-2189 (Pubitemid 36927249)
19. Kvellestad A, Aarflot L, Tørud B, Holm JA (2004) Proliferative gjellebetennelse hjå laks: Eit undervurdert problem? (Proliferative gill inflammation in Atlantic salmon: An underestimated problem?). Norsk Veterinærtidsskr 116: 552-553 (in Norwegian)
20. Kvellestad A, Falk K, Nygaard SMR, Flesjå K, Holm JA (2005) Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV) infection contributes to proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) in seawater- reared Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 67:47-54 (Pubitemid 41784263)
21. Meijer A, Roholl PJM, Ossewaarde JM, Jones B, Nowak BF (2006) Molecular evidence for association of Chlamydiales bacteria with epitheliocystis in leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques), silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), and barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 284-290
22. Mitchell SO, Steinum T, Rodger H, Holland C, Falk K, Colquhoun DJ (2010) Epitheliocystis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farmed in fresh water in Ireland is associated with 'Candidatus Clavochlamydia salmonicola' infection. J Fish Dis 33:665-673
23. Miyazaki T, Fujimaki Y, Hatai K (1986) A light and electron microscopic study on epitheliocystis disease in cultured fishes. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish (Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi Tokyo) 52:199-202
24. Molńr K, Boros G (1981) A light and electron microscopic study of the agent of carp mucophilosis. J Fish Dis 4:325-334
25. Nkinin SW, Asonganyi T, Didier ES, Kaneshiro ES (2007) Microsporidian infection is prevalent in healthy people in Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol 45:2841-2846 (Pubitemid 47417324)
26. Nowak BF, Lapatra SE (2006) Epitheliocystis in fish. J Fish Dis 29:573-588
27. Nylund A, Kvenseth AM, Isdal E (1998) A morphological study of the epitheliocystis agent in farmed Atlantic salmon. J Aquat Anim Health 10:43-55 (Pubitemid 28213892)
28. Nylund A, Watanabe K, Nylund S, Karlsen M, Sæther PA, Arnesen CE, Karlsbakk E (2008) Morphogenesis of salmonid gill poxvirus associated with proliferative gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Arch Virol 153:1299-1309
29. Nylund S, Nylund A, Watanabe K, Arnesen CA, Karlsbakk E (2010) Paranucleospora theridion n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia, Enterocytozoonidae) with a life cycle in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Copepoda) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Eukaryot Microbiol 57: 95-114
30. Paperna I (1977) Epitheliocystis infection in wild and cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae) and grey mullets (Liza ramada, Mugilidae). Aquaculture 10:166-176
31. Paperna I, Alves de Matos AP (1984) The developmental cycle of epitheliocystis in carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J Fish Dis 7:137-147
32. Paperna I, Sabnai I, Castel M (1978) Ultrastructural study of epitheliocystis organisms from gill epithelium of the fish Sparus aurata (L.) and Liza ramada (Risso) and their relation to the host cell. J Fish Dis 1:181-189
33. Paperna I, Sabnai I, Zachary A (1981) Ultrastructural studies in piscine epitheliocystis: Evidence for a pleomorphic developmental cycle. J Fish Dis 4:459-472
34. Rodger HD (2007) Gill disorders: An emerging problem for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the marine environment. Fish Vet J 9:38-48
35. Sancak B, Akyön Y (2005) Microsporidia: General characterictics, infections and laboratory diagnosis. Mikrobiyol Bul 39:513-522 (in Turkish)
36. Skjelstad HR, Bornø G, Flesjå K, Hansen H, Nilsen H, Wasmuth MA, Hjeltnes B (2007) The health situation in farmed fish in Norway 2007. National Veterinary Institute, Oslo. Available at: Www.vetinst.no/eng/Research/ Publications/ Fish-Health-Report/Farmed-Fish-Health-Report-2007
37. Speare DJ, Ferguson HW (2006) Gills and pseudobranchs. In: Ferguson HW (ed) Systemic pathology of fish: A text and atlas of normal tissues in teleosts and their responses in disease. Scotian Press, London, p 24-62
38. Suau A, Bonnet R, Sutren M, Godon JJ, Gibson GR, Collins MD, Doré J (1999) Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4799-4807
39. Yen MY, Hu BS, Chen YS, Lee SS and others (2005) A prospective etiologic study of community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 104:724-730 (Pubitemid 44524967)