Advances in aerobic granule formation and granule stability in the course of storage and reactor operation

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 919-934

  Lee, Duu Jong ^a   Chen, Yu You ^b   Show, Kuan Yeow ^c   Whiteley, Chris G ^d   Tay, Joo Hwa ^e  

^a NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN   (Malaysia)

^d RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^e FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Aerobic granulation; Continuous flow reactor; Extracellular polymeric substances; Operation; Stability; Storage

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC GRANULATION; CONTINUOUS-FLOW REACTOR; EXTRA-CELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; OPERATION; STORAGE;

BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT; BIOREACTORS; GRANULAR MATERIALS; INNOVATION; POLYMERS; REACTOR OPERATION; STABILITY; WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

GRANULATION;

BIOREACTOR; FLOW STRUCTURE; INNOVATION; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; OXIC CONDITIONS; RESEARCH WORK; SLUDGE; STORAGE; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

AEROBIC METABOLISM; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOREACTOR; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; INSTRUMENTATION; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEWAGE; WATER MANAGEMENT;

AEROBIOSIS; BACTERIA; BIOREACTORS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SEWAGE; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 77957017959     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.007     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Adav S.S., Lee D.J. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granule with compact interior structure. J Hazard Mater 2008, 154:1120-1126.
2. Adav S.S., Lee D.J. Physiological characterization and interactions of isolates in phenol-degrading aerobic granules. Appl Mirobiol Biotechnol 2008, 78:899-905.
3. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Tay J.H. Activity and structure of stored aerobic granules. Environ Technol 2007, 28:1227-1235.
4. Adav S.S., Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Ren N.Q. Degradation of phenol by aerobic granules and isolated yeast Candida tropicalis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 96:844-852.
5. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Ren N.Q. Biodegradation of pyridine using aerobic granules in the presence of phenol. Water Res 2007, 41:2903-2910.
6. Adav S.S., Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Ren N.Q. Degradation of phenol by Acinetobacter strain isolated from aerobic granules. Chemosphere 2007, 67:1566-1572.
7. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Effects of aeration intensity on formation of phenol-fed aerobic granules and extracellular polymeric substances. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 77:175-182.
8. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Tay J.H. Extracellular polymeric substances and structural stability of aerobic granule. Water Res 2008, 42:1644-1650.
9. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Show K.Y., Tay J.H. Aerobic granular sludge: recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 2008, 26:411-423.
10. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Intergeneric coaggregation of strains isolated from phenol-degrading aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 79:657-661.
11. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Tay J.H. Extracellular polymeric substances and structural stability of aerobic granule. Water Res 2008, 42:1644-1650.
12. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Proteolytic activity in stored aerobic granular sludge and structural integrity. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100:68-73.
13. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors at different settling times. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100:5359-5361.
14. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Functional consortium from aerobic granules under high organic loading rates. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100:3465-3470.
15. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Treating chemical industries influent using aerobic granular sludge: recent development. J Taiwan Inst Chem Engrs 2009, 40:333-336.
16. Adav S.S., Lin J.C.T., Yang Z., Whiteley C.G., Lee D.J., Peng X.F., et al. Stereological assessment of extracellular polymeric substances, exo-enzymes, and specific bacterial strains in bioaggregates using fluorescence experiments. Biotechnol Adv 2010, 28:255-280.
17. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Microbial community of acetate utilizing denitrifiers in aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 85:753-762.
18. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Enhanced biological denitrification of high concentration of nitrite with supplementary carbon sources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 85:773-778.
19. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Potential cause of aerobic granular sludge breakdown at high organic loading rates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 85:1601-1610.
20. Adav S.S., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Aerobic granules with inhibitory strains and role of extracellular polymeric substances. J Hazard Mater 2010, 174:424-428.
21. Arrojo B., Mosquera-Corral A., Garrido J.M., Mendez R. Aerobic granulation with industrial wastewater in sequencing batch reactors. Water Res 2004, 38:3389-3399.
22. Beun J.J., Hendriks A., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Morgenroth E., Wilderer P.A., Heijnen J.J. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Res 1999, 33:2283-2290.
23. Bos R., van de Mei H.C., Busscher H.J. Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesive interactions-its mechanisms and methods for study. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1999, 23:179-230.
24. Bossier P., Verstraete W. Triggers for microbial aggregation in activated sludge?. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996, 45:1-6.
25. Bura R., Cheung M., Liao B., Finlayson J., Lee B.C., Droppo I.G. Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix. Water Sci Technol 1998, 37:325-333.
26. Cammarota M.C., Sant'Anna G.L. Metabolic blocking of exopolysaccharides synthesis: effects on microbial adhesion and biofilm accumulation. Biotechnol Lett 1998, 20:1-4.
27. Carucci A., Milia S., Cappai G., Muntoni A. A direct comparison amongst different technologies (aerobic granular sludge, SBR and MBR) for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by 4-chlorophenol. J Hazard Mater 2010, 177:1119-1125.
28. Castellanos T., Ascencio F., Bashan Y. Starvation-induced changes in the cell surface of Azospirillum lipoferum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2000, 33:1-9.
29. Chen G., Strevett K.A. Impact of carbon and nitrogen conditions on E-coli surface thermodynamics. Colloids Surf B-Biointerface 2003, 28:135-146.
30. Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Yang Z., Peng X.F. Fluorecent staining for study of extracellular polymeric substances in membrane biofouling layers. Environ Sci Technol 2006, 40:6642-6646.
31. Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Tay J.H. Distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 73:1463-1469.
32. Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Tay J.H. Staining of extracellular polymeric substances and cells in bioaggregates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 75:467-474.
33. Chen Y.C., Lin C.J., Chen H.L., Fu S.Y., Zhan H.Y. Cultivation of biogranules in a continuous flow reactor at low dissolved oxygen. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 2009, 9:213-221.
34. Chiu Z.C., Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Wang C.H., Lai J.Y. Oxygen diffusion and consumption in active aerobic granules of heterogeneous structure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 75:685-691.
35. Chiu Z.C., Chen M.Y., Lee D.J., Wang C.H., Lai J.Y. Oxygen diffusion in active layer of aerobic granule with step change in surrounding oxygen levels. Water Res 2007, 41:884-892.
36. Costerton J.W., Irvin R.T., Cheng K.J. The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 1981, 35:299-324.
37. de Bruin L.M.M., Kreuk M.K., de Roest H.F.R., van der Uijterlinde C., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Aerobic granular sludge technology: alternative for activated sludge?. Water Sci Technol 2004, 49:1-7.
38. de Kreuk M.K., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Selection of slow growing organisms as a means for improving aerobic granular sludge stability. Water Sci Technol 2004, 49:9-17.
39. de Kreuk M.K., Pronk M., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Formation of aerobic granules and conversion processes in an aerobic granular sludge reactor at moderate and low temperatures. Water Res 2005, 39:4476-4484.
40. de Kreuk M.K., Heijnen J.J., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Simultaneous COD, nitrogen, and phosphate removal by aerobic granular sludge. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005, 90:761-769.
41. de Kreuk M.K., Mcswain B.S., Bathe S., Tay S.T.L., Schwarzenbeck N., Wilderer P.A. Discussion outcomes. Water and environmental management series 2005, 165-169. IWA Publishing, Munich, Ede.
42. de Kreuk M.K., Picioreanu C., Hosseini M., Xavier J.B., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Kinetic model of a granular sludge SBR: influences on nutrient removal. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 97:801-815.
43. Deacon J. Fungal biology 2006, 371. Blackwell Publishing, MA, USA. 4th ed.
44. Di Iaconi C., Ramadori R., Lopez A., Passino R. Influence of hydrodynamic shear forces on properties of granular biomass in a sequencing batch biofilter reactor. Biochem Eng J 2006, 30:152-157.
45. Dulekgurgen E., Artan N., Orhon D., Wilderer P.A. How does shear affect aggregation in granular sludge sequencing batch reactors? Relations between shear, hydrophobicity, and extracellular polymeric substances. Water Sci Technol 2008, 58:267-276.
46. Etterer T., Wilderer P.A. Generation and properties of aerobic granular sludge. Water Sci Technol 2001, 43:19-26.
47. Gaudy A.F., Gaudy E.T. Microbiology for environmental scientists and engineers 1980, 736. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
48. Hao X.D., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Heijnen J.J. Model-based evaluation of kinetic, biofilm and process parameters in a one-reactor ammonium removal (CANON) process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002, 77:266-277.
49. Heijnen J.J., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Method for acquiring grain-shaped growth of a microorganism in a reactor. European patent EP0826639,1998.
50. Ho K.L., Lin B., Chen Y.Y., Lee D.J. Biodegradation of phenol using Corynebcterium sp DJ1 aerobic granules. BioresourceTechnol 2009, 100:5051-5055.
51. Holben W.E., Noto K., Sumino T., Suwa Y. Molecular analysis of bacterial communities in a three-compartment granular activated sludge system indicates community-level control by incompatible nitrification processes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:2528-2532.
52. Hu L., Wang J., Wen X., Qian Y. The formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) by seeding anaerobic granules. Process Biochem 2005, 40:5-11.
53. Hulshoff Pol L.W., de Castro Lopes S.I., Lettinga G., Lens P.N.L. Anaerobic sludge granulation. Water Res 2004, 38:1376-1389.
54. Inizan M., Freval A., Cigana J., Meinhold J. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. Water Sci Technol 2005, 52:335-343.
55. Jang A., Yoon Y.H., Kim I.S., Kim K.S., Bishop P.L. Characterization and evaluation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor. J Biotechnol 2003, 105:71-82.
56. Jiang B., Liu Y. Energy uncoupling inhibits aerobic granulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 85:589-595.
57. Jiang H.L., Tay J.H., Tay S.T.L. Aggregation of immobilized activated sludge cells into aerobically grown microbial granules for the aerobic biodegradation of phenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002, 35:439-445.
58. Jiang H.L., Tay J.H., Liu Y., Tay S.T.L. Ca2+ augmentation for enhancement of aerobically grown microbial granules in sludge blanket reactors. Biotechnol Lett 2003, 25:95-99.
59. Jiang H.L., Tay J.H., Tay S.T.L. Changes in structure, activity and metabolism of aerobic granules as a microbial response to high phenol loading. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004, 63:602-608.
60. Jiang H.L., Tay S.T.L., Maszenan A.M., Tay J.H. Physiological traits of bacterial strains isolated from phenol-degrading aerobic granules. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006, 57:182-191.
61. Jiang H.L., Maszenan A.M., Zhao Z.W., Tay J.H. Properties of phenol-removal aerobic granules during normal operation and shock loading. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 37:253-262.
62. Juang Y.C., Adav S.S., Lee D.J. 2010 Stable aerobic granules for continuous-flow reactors: precipitating calcium and iron salts in granular interiors. Bioresource Technol. Accepted.
63. Kim I.S., Kim S.M., Jang A. Characterization of aerobic granules by microbial density at different COD loading rates. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99:18-25.
64. Kong Y.H., Liu Y.Q., Tay J.H., Wong F.S., Zhu J.R. Aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors with different reactor height/diameter ratios. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2009, 45:379-383.
65. Kwok W.K., Picioreanu C., Ong S.L., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Ng W.J., Heijnen J.J. Influence of biomass production and detachment forces on biofilm structures in a biofilm airlift suspension reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998, 58:400-407.
66. Lee C.C., Lee D.J., Lai J.Y. Amylase activity in substrate deficiency aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009, 81:961-967.
67. Lemaire R., Webb R.I., Yuan Z.G. Micro-scale observations of the structure of aerobic microbial granules used for the treatment of nutrient-rich industrial wastewater. ISME J 2008, 2:528-541.
68. Lemaire R., Yuan Z.G., Blackall L.L., Crocetti G.R. Microbial distribution of Accumlibacter spp. and Competibacter spp. in aerobic granules from a lab-scale biological nutrient removal system. Environ Microbiol 2008, 10:354-363.
69. Li Z.H., Wang X.C. Effects of salinity on the morphological characteristics of aerobic granules. Water Sci Technol 2008, 58:2421-2426.
70. Li J., Garny K., Neu T., He M., Lindenblatt C., Horn H. Comparison of some characteristics of aerobic granules and sludge flocs from sequencing batch reactors. Water Sci Technol 2007, 55:403-411.
71. Li X.F., Li Y.J., Liu H., Hua Z.Z., Du G.C., Chen J. Correlation between extracellular polymeric substances and aerobic biogranulation in membrane bioreactor. Sep Purif Technol 2008, 59:26-33.
72. Li J., Zhou Y.N., He M., Wang Y.Y., Wei S., Kerstin G. Characteristics of aerobic granules from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 2008, 14:640-643.
73. 2+ augmentation. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100:64-67.
74. Li A.J., Zhang T., Li X.Y. Fate of aerobic bacterial granules with fungal contamination under different organic loading conditions. Chemosphere 2010, 78:500-509.
75. Li H.Q., Tu X., Kong Y.H., Liu H., Zhu J.R. Cultivation of aerobic granules by a method of alternative feed loading. Huanjing Kexue 2010, 31:743-749.
76. Li Z.H., Zhang T., Li N., Wang X.C. Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater. J Environ Sci-China 2010, 22:62-67.
77. Lin Y.M., Liu Y., Tay J.H. Development and characteristics of phosphorus-accumulating microbial granules in sequencing batch reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003, 62:430-435.
78. Lin Y.M., Wang L., Chi Z.M., Liu X.Y. Bacterial alginate role in aerobic granular bio-particles formation and settleability improvement. Separ Sci Technol 2008, 43:1642-1652.
79. Lin Y.M., de Kreuk M., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Adin A. Characterization of alginate-like exopolysaccharides isolated from aerobic granular sludge in pilot-plant. Water Res 2010, 44:3355-3364.
80. Liu Y., Liu Q.S. Causes and control of filamentous growth in aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactors. Biotechnol Adv 2006, 24:115-127.
81. Liu Y., Tay J.H. The essential role of hydrodynamic shear force in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge. Water Res 2002, 36:1653-1665.
82. Liu Y., Xu H.L., Show K.Y., Tay J.H. Anaerobic granulation technology for wastewater treatment. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 2002, 18:99-113.
83. Liu Y., Tay J.H. State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2004, 22:533-563.
84. Liu Y.Q., Tay J.H. Influence of cycle time on kinetic behaviors of steady-state aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007, 41:516-522.
85. Liu Y.Q., Tay J.H. Influence of starvation time on formation and stability of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99:980-985.
86. Liu Q.S., Tay J.H., Liu Y. Substrate concentration-independent aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. Environ Technol 2003, 24:1235-1242.
87. Liu Y., Yang S.Y., Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Qin L., Li Y. Cell hydrophobicity is a triggering force of biogranulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004, 34:371-379.
88. Liu Y.Q., Wu W.W., Tay J.H., Wang J.L. Starvation is not a prerequisite for the formation of aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 76:211-216.
89. Liu Y.Q., Hu W.W., Tay J.H., Wang H.L. Formation and long-term stability of nitrifying granules in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99:3919-3922.
90. Liu X.W., Sheng G.P., Yu H.Q. Physicochemical characteristics of microbial granules. Biotechnol Adv 2009, 27:1061-1070.
91. Liu Y.Q., Moy B., Kong Y.H., Tay J.H. Formation, physical characteristics and microbial community structure of aerobic granules in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor for real wastewater treatment. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2010, 46:520-525.
92. Lopez A., Dosta J., Mata-Alvarez J. Start-up of an aerobic granular sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of winery wastewater. Water Sci Technol 2009, 60:1049-1054.
93. Mahoney E.M., Varangu L.K., Cairns W.L., Kosaric N., Murray R.G.E. The effect of calcium on microbial aggregation during UASB reactor start-up. Water Sci Technol 1987, 19:249-260.
94. Martienssen M., Reichel M., Kohlweyer U. Surface properties of bacteria from different wastewater treatment plants. Acta Biotechnol 2001, 21:207-225.
95. Maximova N., Dahl O. Environmental implications of aggregation phenomena: current understanding. Curr Opin Colloid Interf Sci 2006, 11:246-266.
96. Mcswain B.S., Irvine R.L., Wilderer P.A. The influence of settling time on the formation of aerobic granules. Water Sci Technol 2004, 50:195-202.
97. Mcswain B.S., Irvine R.L., Wilderer P.A. Effect of intermittent feeding on aerobic granule structure. Water Sci Technol 2004, 49:19-25.
98. Mcswain B.S., Irvine R.L. Dissolved oxygen as a key parameter to aerobic granule formation. Water Sci Technol 2008, 58:781-787.
99. Mcswain B.S., Irvine R.L., Hausner M., Wilderer P.A. Composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic flocs and granular sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005, 71:1051-1057.
100. Mishima K., Nakamura M. Self-immobilization of aerobic activated-sludge - a pilot-study of the aerobic upflow sludge blanket process in municipal sewage-treatment. Water Sci Technol 1991, 23:981-990.
101. Morgenroth E., Sherden T., Van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Heijnen J.J., Wilderer P.A. Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Res 1997, 31:3191-3194.
102. Mosquera-Corral A., de Kreuk M.K., Heijnen J.J., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. Effects of oxygen concentration on N-removal in an aerobic granular sludge reactor. Water Res 2005, 39:2676-2686.
103. Moy B.Y.P., Tay J.H., Toh S.K., Liu Y., Tay S.T.L. High organic loading influences the physical characteristics of aerobic sludge granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002, 34:407-412.
104. Ng P.H. Storage stability of aerobic granules cultivated in aerobic granular sludge blanket reactor. Final year report of Bachelor of Engineering 2002 2002, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
105. Ni B.J., Yu H.Q. Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules. Part I. Model development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99:314-323.
106. Ni B.J., Yu H.Q., Xie W.M. Storage and growth of denitrifiers in aerobic granules. Part II. Model calibration and verification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99:324-332.
107. Ni B.J., Yu H.Q., Sun Y.J. Modeling simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic growth in aerobic granules. Water Res 2008, 42:1583-1594.
108. Peng D., Bernet N., Delgenes J.P., Moletta R. Aerobic granular sludge-a case report. Water Res 1999, 33:890-893.
109. Pijuan M., Werner U., Yuan Z.G. Effect of long term anaerobic and intermittent anaerobic/aerobic starvation on aerobic granules. Water Res 2009, 43:3622-3632.
110. Qin L., Liu Y., Tay J.H. Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor. Biochem Eng J 2004, 21:47-52.
111. Qin L., Tay J.H., Liu Y. Selection pressure is a driving force of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Process Biochem 2004, 39:579-584.
112. Ren T.T., Liu L., Sheng G.P., Liu X.W., Yu H.Q., Zhang M.C. Calcium spatial distribution in aerobic granules and its effects on granule structure, strength and bioactivity. Water Res 2008, 42:3343-3352.
113. Sanin S.L. Effect of starvation on resuscitation and the surface characteristics of bacteria. J Environ Sci Health A 2003, 38:1517-1528.
114. Sanin S.L., Sanin F.D., Bryers J.D. Effect of starvation on the adhesive properties of xenobiotic degrading bacteria. Process Biochem 2003, 38:909-914.
115. Schmidt J.E., Ahring B.K. Extracellular polymers in granular sludge from different upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994, 42:457-462.
116. Schwarzenbeck N., Borges J.M., Wilderer P.A. Treatment of dairy effluents in an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 66:711-718.
117. Seviour T., Pijuan M., Nicholson T., Keller J., Yuan Z.G. Understanding the properties of aerobic sludge granules as hydrogels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009, 102:1483-1493.
118. Seviour T., Pijuan M., Nicholson T., Keller J., Yuan Z.G. Gel-forming exopolysaccharides explain basic differences between structures of aerobic sludge granules and floccular sludge. Water Res 2009, 43:4469-4478.
119. Shi X.Y., Sheng G.P., Li X.Y., Yu H.Q. Operation of a sequencing batch reactor for cultivating autotrophic nitrifying granules. Bioresource Technol 2010, 101:2960-2964.
120. Su K.Z., Yu H.Q. Formation and characterization of aerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor treating soybean-processing wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39:2818-2827.
121. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. J Appl Microbiol 2001, 91:168-175.
122. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001, 57:227-233.
123. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. The role of cellular polysaccharides in the formation and stability of aerobic granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001, 33:222-226.
124. Tay J.H., Yang S.F., Liu Y. Hydraulic selection pressure-induced nitrifying granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 59:332-337.
125. Tay S.T.L., Ivanov V., Yi S., Zhuang W.Q., Tay J.H. Presence of anaerobic Bacteroides in aerobically grown microbial granules. Microbiol Ecol 2002, 44:278-285.
126. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. Characteristics of aerobic granules grown on glucose and acetate in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors. Environ Technol 2002, 23:931-936.
127. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. Shear force influences the structure of aerobic granules cultivated in sequencing batch reactor. 5th International conference on biofilm systems, 14-19 September, Cape Town, South Africa 2003.
128. Tay J.H., Jiang H.L., Tay S.T.L. High-rate biodegradation of phenol by aerobically grown microbial granules. J Environ Eng 2004, 130:1415-1423.
129. Tay J.H., Liu Q.S., Liu Y. The effect of upflow air velocity on the structure of aerobic granules cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Sci Technol 2004, 49:35-40.
130. Tay J.H., Pan S., He Y.X., Tay S.T.L. Effect of organic loading rate on aerobic granulation: Part II. Characteristics of aerobic granules. J Environ Eng 2004, 130:1102-1109.
131. Tay J.H., Tay S.T.L., Liu Y., Show K.Y., Ivanov V. Biogranulation technologies for wastewater treatment 2006, 129-130. Elsevier Ltd, NY.
132. Tijhuis L., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Heijnen J.J. Dynamics of biofilm detachment. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995, 45:481-487.
133. Tsuneda S., Nagano T., Hoshino T., Ejiri Y., Noda N., Hirata A. Characterization of nitrifying granules produced in an aerobic upflow fluidized bed reactor. Water Res 2003, 37:4965-4973.
134. Wan J., Sperandio M. Possible role of denitrification on aerobic granular sludge formation in sequencing batch reactor. Chemosphere 2009, 75:220-227.
135. Wana J.F., Bessiere Y., Sperandio M. Alternating anoxic feast/aerobic famine condition for improving granular sludge formation in sequencing batch airlift reactor at reduced aeration rate. Water Res 2009, 43:5097-5108.
136. Wang D.Z., Zhou L.X. Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge and characterization of nitrobenzene-degrading. Huanjing Kexue 2010, 31:147-152.
137. Wang F., Yang F., Zhang X.W., Liu Y., Zhang H., Zhou J. Effects of cycle time on properties of aerobic granules in sequencing batch airlift reactors. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 21:1379-1384.
138. Wang S.G., Liu X.W., Gong W.X., Gao B.Y., Zhang D.H., Yu H.Q. Aerobic granulation with brewery wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technol 2007, 98:2142-2147.
139. Wang J.F., Wang X., Zhao Z.G., Li J.W. Organics and nitrogen removal and sludge stability in aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 79:679-685.
140. Wang X.H., Zhang H.M., Yang F.L., Wang Y.F., Gao M.M. Long-term storage and subsequent reactivation of aerobic granules. Bioresource Technol 2008, 99:8304-8309.
141. Wang S.G., Gai L.H., Zhao L.J., Fan M.H., Gong W.X., Gao B.Y., et al. Aerobic granules for low-strength wastewater treatment: formation, structure, and microbial community. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2009, 84:1015-1020.
142. Wang X.H., Gai L.H., Sun X.F., Xie H.J., Gao M.M., Wang S.G. Effects of long-term addition of Cu(II) and Ni(II) on the biochemical properties of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 86:1967-1975.
143. Whiteley A.S., Bailey M.J. Bacterial community structure and physiological state within an industrial phenol bioremediation system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:2400-2407.
144. Wilen B.M., Gapes D., Keller J. Determination of external and internal mass transfer limitation in nitrifying microbial aggregates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004, 86:445-457.
145. Williams J.C., de los Reyes F.L. Microbial community structure of activated sludge during aerobic granulation in an annular gap bioreactor. Water Sci Technol 2006, 54:139-146.
146. Williams J.C., Reyes F.L. Microbial community structure of activated sludge during aerobic granulation in an annular gap bioreactor. Water Sci Technol 2006, 54:139-146.
147. Xiang Z.X., Zhang L.L., Chen J.M. Aniline removal by aerobic granules and high-efficiency aniline-degrading bacteria. Huanjing Kexue 2009, 30:3336-3341.
148. Xiong Y.H., Liu Y. Involvement of ATP and autoinducer-2 in aerobic granulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010, 105:51-58.
149. Yang S.F., Liu Y., Tay J.H. A novel granular sludge sequencing batch reactor for removal of organic and nitrogen from wastewater. J Biotechnol 2003, 106:77-86.
150. Yang S.F., Liu Q.S., Tay J.H., Liu Y. Growth kinetics of aerobic granules developed in sequencing batch reactors. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004, 38:106-112.
151. Yang S.F., Tay J.H., Liu Y. Inhibition of free ammonia to the formation of aerobic granules. Biochem Eng J 2004, 17:41-48.
152. Yang S.F., Tay J.H., Liu Y. Respirometric activities of heterotrophic and nitrifying populations in aerobic granules developed at different substrate N/COD ratios. Curr Microbiol 2004, 49:42-46.
153. Yang Z., Peng X.F., Chen M.Y., Lee D.J. Intra-layer flow in fouling layer on membranes. J Membr Sci 2007, 287:280-286.
154. Yang S.F., Li X.Y., Yu H.Q. Formation and characterisation of fungal and bacterial granules under different feeding alkalinity and pH conditions. Process Biochem 2008, 43:8-14.
155. Zhang L.L., Feng X.X., Zhu N.W., Chen J.M. Role of extracellular protein in the formation and stability of aerobic granules. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2007, 41:551-557.
156. Zhang Z.J., Wu W.W., Wang J.L. Granulation of completely autotrophic nitrifying sludge in sequencing batch reactor. Huanjing Kexue 2010, 31:140-146.
157. Zheng Y.M., Yu H.Q., Sheng G.P. Physical and chemical characteristics of granular activated sludge from a sequencing batch airlift reactor. Process Biochem 2005, 40:645-650.
158. Zheng Y.M., Yu H.Q., Liu S.J., Liu X.Z. Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions. Chemosphere 2006, 63:1791-1800.
159. Zhu J. Reply to comment by J. Zhu. Water Res 2004, 38:3467-3469.
160. Zhu J., Wilderer P.A. Effect of extended idle conditions on structure and activity of granular activated sludge. Water Res 2003, 37:2013-2018.
161. Zita A., Hermansson M. Determination of bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity of single cells in cultures and in wastewater in situ. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997, 152:299-306.