State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 533-563

  Liu, Yu ^a   Tay, Joo Hwa ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Aerobic granules; Anaerobic granules; Biogranulation; Diversity; Mechanism of granulation; Microbial structure; Operating parameters

Indexed keywords

BIOREACTORS; GRANULATION; SEWAGE SLUDGE;

AEROBIC GRANULATION PROCESSES; BIOGRANULATION TECHNOLOGY;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BIOREACTOR; BIOTECHNOLOGY; GRANULAR MEDIUM; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 11144233381     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Allsop PJ, Chisti Y, Moo-Young M, Sullivan GR. Dynamics of phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993;41:572-80.
2. Alphenaar PA, Visser A, Lettinga G. The effect of liquid upflow velocity and hydraulic retention time on granulation in UASB reactors treating wastewater with a high-sulphate content. Bioresour Technol 1993; 43:249-58.
3. Alves M, Cavaleiro AJ, Ferreira EC, Amaral AL, Mota M, da Motta M, Vivier H, Pons MN. Characterization by image analysis of anaerobic sludge under shock conditions. Water Sci Technol 2000;41:207-14.
4. Angenent LT, Sung S. Development of anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR), a novel anaerobic treatment system. Water Res 2001;35:1739-47.
5. Angenent LT, Banik GC, Sung SW. Anaerobic migrating blanket reactor treatment of low-strength wastewater at low temperatures. Water Environ Res 2001;73:567-74.
6. Arcand Y, Guitot SR, Desrochers M, Chavarie C. Impact of the reactor hydrodynamics and organic loading on the size and activity of anaerobic granules. Chem Eng J Biochem Eng J 1994;56:23-35.
7. Arching BK, Schmidt JE, Winther-Nielsen M, Macario AJL, de Macario EC. Effect of medium composition and sludge removal on the production, composition and architecture of thermophilic (55°C) acetate-utilizing granules from an uplow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993;59:2538-45.
8. Barnard JL, Stevens GM, Leslie PL. Design strategies for nutrient removal plants. Water Sci Technol 1985; 17:233-42.
9. Ben-Jacob E, Cohen I, Levine H. Cooperative self-organization of microorganisms. Adv Phys 2000;49:395-554.
10. Beun JJ, Hendriks A, van Loosdrecht MCM, Morgenroth E, Wilderer PA, Heijnen JJ. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Res 1999;33:2283-90.
11. Beun JJ, van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ. Aerobic granulation. Water Sci Technol 2000;41:41-8.
12. Beun JJ, Heijnen JJ, van Loosdrecht MCM. N-removal in a granular sludge sequencing batch airlift reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001;75:82-92.
13. Bitton G. Wastewater microbiology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999.
14. Bos R, van de Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesive interactions - its mechanisms and methods for study. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1999;23:179-230.
15. Bossier P, Verstraete W. Triggers for microbial aggregation in activated sludge? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 45:1-6.
16. Calleja GB. Microbial aggregation. Florida: CRC Press; 1984.
17. Campos CMM, Anderson GK. The effect of the liquid upflow velocity and the substrate concentration on the startup and steady state period of lab-scale UASB reactors. Water Sci Technol 1992;25:41-50.
18. Castellanos T, Ascencio F, Bashan Y. Starvation-induced changes in the cell surface of Azospirillum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2000;33:1-9.
19. Chisti Y. Pneumatically agitated bioreactors in industrial and environmental bioprocessing: hydrodynamics, hydraulics and transport phenomena. Appl Mech Rev 1998;51:33-112.
20. Chisti Y. Shear sensitivity. In: Flickinger MC, Drew SW, editors. Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology: fermentation, biocatalysis, and bioseparation, vol. 5. New York: Wiley; 1999a. p. 2379-406.
21. Chisti Y. Mass transfer. In: Flickinger MC, Drew SW, editors. Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology: fermentation, biocatalysis, and bioseparation, vol. 3. New York: Wiley; 1999b. p. 1607-40.
22. Chudoba J. Control of activated sludge filamentous bulking. Water Res 1985;19:1017.
23. Costerton JW, Irvin RT, Cheng KJ. The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 1981; 35:299-324.
24. Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP, Iglewski BH, Costerton JW, Greenberg EP. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 1998;280:295-8.
25. Daffonchio D, Thavessri J, Verstraete W. Contact angle measurement and cell hydrophobicity of granular sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:3676-80.
26. De Zeeuw WJ. Acclimatization of anaerobic sludge for UASB reactor start-up, PhD thesis. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural University of Wageningen; 1984.
27. De Zeeuw WJ. Granular sludge in UASB-reactors. In: Lettinga G, Zehnder AJB, Grotenhuis JTC, Hulshoff Pol LW, editors. Granular ananerobic sludge: microbiology and technology. The Netherlands: Wageningen; 1988. p. 132-45.
28. Driessen W, Yspeert P. Anaerobic treatment of low, medium and high strength effluent in the agro-industry. Water Sci Technol 1999;40:221-8.
29. El-Mamouni R, Leduc R, Guiot SR. Influence of synthetic and natural polymers on the anaerobic granulation process. Water Sci Technol 1998;38:341-7.
30. Etterer T, Wilderer PA. Generation and properties of aerobic granular sludge. Water Sci Technol 2001;43:19-26.
31. Fang HHP, Chui HK. Maximum COD loading capacity in UASB reactors at 37°C. J Environ Eng 1993;119: 103-19.
32. Fang HHP, Chui HK, Li YY. Effect of degradation kinetics on the microstructure of anaerobic biogranules. Water Sci Technol 1995;32:165-72.
33. Fang HPP, Lau IWC. Start-up of the thermophilic (55°C) UASB reactors using different mesophilic seed sludges. Water Sci Technol 1996;34:445-52.
34. Grotenhuis JTC, van Lier JB, Plugge CM, Stams AJM, Zehnder AJB. Effect of ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethylether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) on stability and activity of methanogenic granular sludge. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991;36:109-14.
35. Guiot SR, Gorur SS, Bourque D, Samson R. Metal effect on microbial aggregation during upflow anaerobic sludge bed-filter (UBF) reactor start-up. In: Lettinga G, Zehnder AJB, Grotenhuis JTC, Hulshoff Pol LW, editors. Granular ananerobic sludge: microbiology and technology. Wageningen: GASMAT, Lunteren; 1988. p. 187-94.
36. Guiot SR, Pauss A, Costerton JW. A structured model of the anaerobic granules consortium. Water Sci Technol 1992;25:1-10.
37. Gurdon JB, Bourillot PY. Morphogen gradient interpretation. Nature 2001;413:797-803.
38. Habets LHA, Engelaar AJHH, Groeneveld N. Anaerobic treatment of inuline effluent in an internal circulation reactor. Water Sci Technol 1997;35:189-97.
39. Hickey RF. Startup, operation, monitoring and control of high-rate anaerobic treatment systems. Water Sci Technol 1991;24:207-55.
40. Hulshoff Pol LW. The phenomenon of granulation of anaerobic sludge, PhD thesis. Wageningen, The Netherlands:Agricultural University of Wageningen; 1989.
41. Hulshoff Pol LW, de Zeeuw WJ, Velzebber CTM, Lettinga G. Granulation in UASB-reactors. Water Sci Technol 1983;8/9:291-304.
42. Hulshoff Pol LW, Heijnekamp K, Lettinga G. The selection pressure as a driving force behind the granulation of anaerobic sludge. In: Lettinga G, Zehnder AJB, Grotenhuis JTC, Hulshoff Pol LW, editors. Granular ananerobic sludge: microbiology and technology. Wageningen: GASMAT, Lunteren; 1988. p. 153-61.
43. Jang A, Yoon YH, Kim IS, Kim KS, Bishop PL. Characterization and evaluation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor. J Biotechnol 2003;105:71-82.
44. Jiang HL, Tay JH, Tay STL. Aggregation of immobilized activated sludge cells into aerobically grown microbial granules for the aerobic biodegradation of phenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002;35:439-45.
45. 2+ augmentation for enhancement of aerobically grown microbial granules in sludge blanket reactors. Biotechnol Lett 2003;25:95-9.
46. Jiang HL, Tay JH, Tay STL. Changes in structure, activity and metabolism of aerobic granules as a microbial response to high phenol loading. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004;63:602-8.
47. Kassam ZA, Yerushalmi L, Guiot SR. A market study on the anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. Water Sci Technol 2003;143:179-92.
48. Kennedy KJ, Lentz EM. Treatment of landfill leachate using sequencing batch and continuous upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Water Res 2000;34:3640-56.
49. Kos B, Suskovic J, Vukovic S, Simpraga M, Frece J, Matosic S. Adhesion and aggregation ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92. J Appl Microbiol 2003;94:981-7.
50. Kosaric N, Blaszczyk R, Orphan L, Valladares J. The characteristics of granules from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Water Res 1990;24:1473-7.
51. Lens P, de Beer D, Cronenberg C, Ottengraf S, Verstraete W. The use of microsensors to determine distributions in UASB aggregates. Water Sci Technol 1995;31:273-80.
52. Lepisto R, Rintala J. Extreme thermophilic (70°C), VFA-fed UASB reactor: performance, temperature response, load potential and comparison with 35 and 55°C UASB reactors. Water Res 1999;33:3162-70.
53. Lettinga G, van Velsen AFM, Hobma SW, de Zeeuw W, Klapwijk A. Use of the upflow sludge blanket (USB) reactor concept for biological waste water treatment especially for anaerobic treatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 1980;22:699-734.
54. Lettinga G, Rebac S, Zeeman G. Challenge of psychrophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment. Trends Biotechnol 2001;19:363-70.
55. Lew B, Belavski M, Admon S, Tarre S, Green M. Temperature effect on UASB reactor operation for domestic wastewater treatment in temperate climate regions. Water Sci Technol 2003;48:25-30.
56. Lin YM, Liu Y, Tay JH. Development and characteristics of phosphorous-accumulating granules in sequencing batch reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;62:430-5.
57. Liu Y. Adhesion kinetics of nitrifying bacteria on various thermoplastic supports. Colloids Surf, B Biointerfaces 1995;5:213-9.
58. Liu Y, Tay JH. The essential role of hydrodynamic shear force in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge. Water Res 2002;36:1653-65 (24).
59. Liu Y, Yang SF, Tan SF, Lin YM, Tay JH. Aerobic granules: a novel zinc biosorbent. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002; 35:548-51.
60. Liu QS, Tay JH, Liu Y. Substrate concentration-independent aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. Environ Technol 2003a;24:1235-43.
61. Liu Y, Yang SF, Liu QS, Tay JH. The role of cell hydrophobicity in the formation of aerobic granules. Curr Microbiol 2003b;46:270-4.
62. Liu Y, Lin YM, Yang SF, Tay JH. A balanced model for biofilms developed at different growth and detachment forces. Process Biochem 2003c;38:1761-5.
63. Liu Y, Yang SF, Xu H, Woon KH, Lin YM, Tay JH. Biosorption kinetics of cadmium (II) on aerobic granular sludge. Process Biochem 2003d;38:995-9.
64. 2+ by aerobic granules. J Biotechnol 2003e;102:233-9.
65. Liu Y, Yang SF, Tay JH. Elemental compositions and characteristics of aerobic granules cultivated at different substrate N/C ratios. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003f;61:556-61.
66. Liu Y, Lin YM, Yang SF, Tay JH. A balanced model for biofilms developed at different growth and detachment forces. Process Biochem 2003g;38:1761-5.
67. Liu Y, Yang SF, Qin L, Tay JH. A thermodynamic interpretation of cell hydrophobicity in aerobic granulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003h;64:410-5.
68. Liu Y, Xu HL, Yang SF, Tay JH. The mechanisms and models for anaerobic granulation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Water Res 2003i;37:661-73.
69. Liu Y, Yang SF, Tay JH. Improved stability of aerobic granules through selecting slow-growing nitrifying bacteria. J Biotechnol 2004;108:161-9.
70. Lodi A, Solisoio C, Converti A, Del Borghi M. Cadmium, zinc, copper, silver and chromium(III) removal from wastewaters by Sphaerotilus natans. Bioprocess Eng 1998;19:197-203.
71. MacLeod FA, Guiot SR, Costerton JW. Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:1598-607.
72. 2+ on microbial aggregation during UASB reactor start-up. Water Sci Technol 1987;19:249-60.
73. McSwain, BS, Irvine, RL, Wilderal, PA. The effect of intermittent feeding on aerobic granule structure. 5th International Conference on Biofilm Systems by International Water Association. South Africa: Cape Town; 2003.
74. Meyer RL, Saunders AM, Zeng RJ, Keller J, Blackall LL. Microscale structure and function of anaerobic-aerobic granules containing glycogen accumulating organisms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2003;45:253-61.
75. Meyer RL, Saunders AM, Zeng RJ, Keller J, Blackall LL. Microscale structure and function of anaerobicaerobic granules containing glycogen accumulating organisms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2003;45:253-61.
76. Mishima K, Nakamura M. Self-immobilization of aerobic activated sludge - a pilot study of the aerobic upflow sludge blanket process in municipal sewage treatment. Water Sci Technol 1991;23:981-90.
77. Morgenroth E, Sherden T, van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ, Wilderer PA. Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Res 1997;31:3191-4.
78. Morvai L, Mihaltz P, Czako L. The kinetic basis of a new start-up method to ensure the rapid granulation of anaerobic sludge. Water Sci Technol 1992;25:113-22.
79. Moy BYP, Tay JH, Toh SK, Liu Y, Tay STL. High organic loading influences the physical characteristics of aerobic sludge granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002;34:407-12.
80. Ng PH. Storage stability of aerobic granules cultivated in aerobic granular sludge blanket reactor. Final year report of Bachelor of Engineering 2002. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University; 2002.
81. Noyola A, Mereno G. Granulation production from raw waste activated sludge. Water Sci Technol 1994;30: 339-46.
82. O'Flaherty V, Lens PN, de Beer D, Colleran E. Effect of feed composition and upflow velocity on aggregate characteristics in anaerobic upflow reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997;47:102-7.
83. Ohashi A, Harada H. Adhesion strength of biofilm developed in an attached-growth reactor. Water Sci Technol 1994;29:10.
84. Peng D, Bernet N, Delgenes JP, Moletta R. Aerobic granular sludge - a case report. Water Res 1999;33:890-3.
85. Pereboom JHF, Vereijken TLFM. Methanogenic granule development in full scale internal circulation reactors. Water Sci Technol 1994;30:9-21.
86. Pratt LA, Kolter R. Genetic analysis of bacterial biofilm formation. Curr Opinion Microbiol 1999;2:598-603.
87. Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA. Microbiology. 4th edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
88. Pringle JH, Fletcher M. Influence of substratum wettability on attachment of fresh bacteria to solid surface. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983;45:811-7.
89. Qin L, Tay JH, Liu Y. Selection pressure is a driving force of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Process Biochem 2004;39:579-84.
90. Quarmby J, Forster CF. An examination of the structure of UASB granules. Water Res 1995;29:2449-54.
91. Rocheleau S, Greer CW, Lawrence JR, Cantin C, Laramee L, Guiot SR. Differentiation of Methanosaeta concilii and Methanosarcina barkeri in anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge by in situ hybridization and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:2222-9.
92. Rouxhet PG, Mozes N. Physical chemistry of the interaction between attached microorganisms and their support. Water Sci Technol 1990;22:1-16.
93. Santegoeds CM, Damagaad LR, Hesselink C, Zopfi J, Lens P, Muyzer G, et al. Distribution of sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria in anaerobic aggregates determined by microsensor and molecular analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:4618-29.
94. Schmidt JE, Ahring BK. Effects of magnesium on thermophilic acetate-degrading granules in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993;15:304-10.
95. Schmidt JE, Ahring BK. Granular sludge formation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 1996;49:229-46.
96. Schwarzenbeck N, Erley R, Wilderer PA. Growth of aerobic granular sludge in a SBR-system treating wastewater rich in particulate matter. 5th International conference on biofilm systems, 14-19 September, Cape Town, South Africa.
97. Sekiguchi Y, Kamagata Y, Nakamura K, Ohashi A, Harada H. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides reveals localization of methanogenes and selected uncultured bacteria in mesophilic and thermophilic sludge granules. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:1280-8.
98. Shin HS, Lim KH, Park HS. Effect of shear stress on granulation in oxygen aerobic upflow sludge reactors. Water Sci Technol 1992;26:601-5.
99. Singh KS, Viraraghavan T. Impact of temperature on performance, microbiological, and hydrodynamic aspects of UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater. Water Sci Technol 2003;48:211-7.
100. Tagawa T, Syutsubo K, Sekiguchil Y, Ohashi A, Harada H. Quantification of methanogen cell density in anaerobic granular sludge consortia by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Water Sci Technol 2000;42: 77-82.
101. Taniguchi J, Hemmi H, Tanahashi K, Amano N, Nakayama T, Nishim T. Zinc biosorption by a zinc-resistant bacterium, Brevibacterium sp. Strain, HZM-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2000;54:581-8.
102. Tay JH, Yan YG. Influence of substrate concentration on micronial selection and granulation during start-up of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Water Environ Res 1996;68:1140-50.
103. + translocation-dehydration theory. J Environ Eng 2000;126:403-10.
104. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. J Appl Microbiol 2001a;91:168-75.
105. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. The effects of shear force on the formation, structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001b;57:227-33.
106. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. The role of cellular polysaccharides in the formation and stability of aerobic granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001c;33:222-6.
107. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. Aerobic granulation in sequential sludge blanket reactor. Water Sci Technol 2002a; 46:13-8.
108. Tay JH, Yang SF, Liu Y. Hydraulic selection pressure-induced nitrifying granulation in sequencing batch reactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002b;59:332-7.
109. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. Characteristics of aerobic granules grown on glucose and acetate in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors. Environ Technol 2002c;23:931-6.
110. Tay JH, Ivanov V, Pan S, Tay STL. Specific layers in aerobically grown microbial granules. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002d;34:254-7.
111. Tay STL, Ivanov V, Yi S, Zhuang WQ, Tay JH. Presence of anaerobic Bacteroides in aerobically grown microbial granules. Microb Ecol 2002e;44:278-85.
112. Tay JH, Tay STL, Ivanov V, Pan S, Liu QS. Biomass and porosity profile in microbial granules sued for aerobic wastewater treatment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003a;36:297-301.
113. Tay JH, Pan S, He YX, Tay STL. Effect of organic loading rate on aerobic granulation: Part II. Characteristics of aerobic granules. J Environ Eng. 2003b [in press].
114. Tay JH, Liu QS, Liu Y. Shear force influences the structure of aerobic granules cultivated in sequencing batch reactor. 5th International conference on biofilm systems, 14-19 September, Cape Town, South Africa.
115. Teo KC, Xu HL, Tay JH. Molecular mechanism of granulation: II. Proton translocating activity. J Environ Eng 2000;126:411-8.
116. Thiele JH, Wu WM, Jain MK, Zeikus JG. Ecoengineering high rate biomathanation system: design of improved syntrophic biomathanation catalysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990;35:990-9.
117. Toh SK, Tay JH, Moy BYP, Ivanov V, Tay STL. Size-effect on the physical characteristics of the aerobic granule in a SBR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;60:687-95.
118. Tsuneda S, Nagano T, Hoshino T, Ejiri Y, Noda N, Hirata A. Characterization of nitrifying granules produced in an aerobic upflow fluidized bed reactor. Water Res 2003;37:4965-73.
119. Uyanik S, Sallis PJ, Anderson GK. The effect of polymer addition on granulation in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR): Part I. Process performance. Water Res 2002;36:933-42.
120. Valdman E, Leite SGF. Biosorption of Cd, Zn and Cu by Saragssum sp. waste biomass. Bioprocess Eng 2000;22:171-3.
121. Vanderhaegen B, Ysebaert E, Favere K, van Wambeke M, Peelers T, Panic V, et al. Acidogenesis in relation to inreactor granule yield. Water Sci Technol 1992;25:21-30.
122. Watnick P, Kolter R. Biofilm, city of microbes. J Bacteriol 2000;182:2675-9.
123. Wimpenny JWT, Colasanti R. A unifying hypothesis for the structure of microbial biofilms based on cellular automaton models. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1997;22:1-16.
124. Wirtz RA, Dague RR. Enhancement of granulation and start-up in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. Water Environ Res 1996;68:883-92.
125. Wu WM. Technological and microbiological aspects of anaerobic granules, PhD dissertation. Michigan, U.S.A.:Michigan State University; 1991.
126. Wu WM, Hu JC, Gu XS, Gu GW. Cultivation of anaerobic granular sludge in UASB reactors with aerobic activated sludge as seed. Water Res 1987;21:789-99.
127. Xie S. Metabolic response of aerobic granules to chromium(III). Final year report of Bachelor of Engineering. Singapore:Nanyang Technological University; 2003.
128. Xu HL, Tay JH. Anaerobic granulation with methanol-cultured seed sludge. J Environ Sci Health Part A 2002;37:85-94.
129. Yang SF, Tay JH, Liu Y. Effect of substrate N/COD ratio on the formation of aerobic granules. J Environ Eng 2003a [in press].
130. Yang SF, Liu Y, Tay JH. A novel granular sludge sequencing batch reactor for removal of organic and nitrogen from wastewater. J Biotechnol 2003b;106:77-86.
131. Yang SF, Liu QS, Tay JH, Liu Y. Growth kinetics of aerobic granules developed in sequencing batch reactors. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004a;38:106-12.
132. Yang SF, Tay JH, Liu Y. Inhibition of free ammonia to the formation of aerobic granules. Biochem Eng J 2004b;17:41-8.
133. Yi S, Tay JH, Maszenan AM, Tay STL. A culture-independent approach for studying microbial diversity in aerobic granules. Water Sci Technol 2003;47:283-90.
134. Yu HQ, Tay JH, Fang HHP. The role of calcium in sludge granulation during UASB reactor start-up. Water Res 2001;35:1052-60.
135. Zhu J, Wilderer PA. Effect of extended idle conditions on structure and activity of granular activated sludge. Water Res 2003;37:2013-8.
136. Zoutberg GR, de Been P. The biobed EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) system covers shortcoming of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor in the chemical industry. Water Sci Technol 1997;35:183-8.