Ecological determinants of social systems. Perspectives on the functional role of roosting ecology in the social behavior of tent-roosting bats

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Volumn 42, Issue C, 2010, Pages 275-318

  Chaverri, Gloriana ^a   Kunz, Thomas H ^a  

^a Boston University   (United States)

Author keywords

Bat; Behavior; Group; Harem; Neotropical; Paleotropical; Roost; Tent

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957006537     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(10)42009-4     Document Type: Book

References (199)

1. Adamczak V.G., Dunbar R.I.M. Variation in the mating system of oribi and its ecological determinants. Afr. J. Ecol. 2008, 46:197-206.
2. Aguilar Barquero V., Jiménez Hernández F. Diversidad y distribución de palmas (Arecaceae) en tres fragmentos de bosque muy húmedo en Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 2009, 57:83-92.
3. Alexander R.D. The evolution of social behavior. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1974, 5:325-383.
4. Andelman S.J. Ecological and social determinants of cercopithecine mating patterns. Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution 1986, 201-216. Princeton University Press, Princeton. D.I. Rubenstein, R.W. Wrangham (Eds.).
5. Baird R.W., Whitehead H. Social organization of mammal-eating killer whales: group stability and dispersal patterns. Can. J. Zool. 2000, 78:2096-2105.
6. Baker R.J., Clark C.L. Uroderma bilobatum. Mamm. Species 1987, 279:1-4.
7. Balasingh J., Koilraj J., Kunz T.H. Tent construction by the short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera:Pteropodidae) in southern India. Ethology 1995, 100:210-229.
8. Banks S.C., Finlayson G.R., Lawson S.J., Lindenmayer D.B., Paetkau D., Ward S.J., et al. The effects of habitat fragmentation due to forestry plantation establishment on demography and genetic variation in a marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 122:581-597.
9. Banks S.C., Ward S.J., Lindenmayer D.B., Finlayson G.R., Lawson S.J., Taylor A.C. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the social kin structure and mating system of the agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis. Mol. Ecol. 2005, 14:1789-1801.
10. Barbour T. A peculiar roosting habit of bats. Q. Rev. Biol. 1932, 7:307-312.
11. Barlow K.E., Jones G. Function of pipistrelle social calls: field data and a playback experiment. Anim. Behav. 1997, 53:991-999.
12. Bates P., Harrison D. Bats of the Indian Subcontinent 1997, Harrison Zoological Museum, England.
13. Beauchamp G. The effect of group size on mean food intake rate in birds. Biol. Rev. 1998, 73:449-472.
14. Betke M., Hirsh D.E., Makris N.C., McCracken G.F., Procopio M., Hristov N.I., et al. Thermal imaging reveals significantly smaller Brazilian free-tailed bat colonies than previously estimated. J. Mamm. 2008, 89:18-24.
15. Bezanson M., Garber P.A., Murphy J.T., Premo L.S. Patterns of subgrouping and spatial affiliation in a community of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Am. J. Primatol. 2008, 70:282-293.
16. Bhat H.R., Kunz T.H. Altered flower/fruit clusters of the kitul palm used as roosts by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). J. Zool. (Lond.) 1995, 235:497-604.
17. Böhm M., Palphramand K.L., Newton-Cross G., Hutchings M.R., White P.C.L. Dynamic interactions among badgers: implications for sociality and disease transmission. J. Anim. Ecol. 2008, 77:735-745.
18. Bonaccorso F.J., Winkelmann J.R., Dumont E.R., Thibault K. Home range of Dobsonia minor (Pteropodidae): a solitary, foliage-roosting fruit bat in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 2002, 34:127-135.
19. Borkowski J., Furubayashi K. Seasonal and diel variation in group size among Japanese sika deer in different habitats. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1998, 245:29-34.
20. Bradbury J.W., Vehrencamp S.L. Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats I. Field studies. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1976, 1:337-381.
21. Bradbury J.W., Vehrencamp S.L. Social organization and foraging in emballonurid bats III. Mating systems. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1977, 2:1-17.
22. Brashares J.S., Arcese P. Role of forage, habitat and predation in the behavioural plasticity of a small African antelope. J. Anim. Ecol. 2002, 71:626-638.
23. Brigham R.M. Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Can. J. Zool. 1989, 69:117-121.
24. Brooke A.P. Tent selection, roosting ecology and social organization of the tent-making bat, Ectophylla alba, in Costa Rica. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1990, 221:11-19.
25. Brooke A.P. Social organization and foraging behaviour of the fishing bat, Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae). Ethology 1997, 103:421-436.
26. Brosset A. Social organization in the African bat, Myotis boccagei. Z. Tierpsychol. 1976, 42:50-56.
27. Brown C.R., Brown M.B. Ectoparasitism as a cost of coloniality in cliff swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota). Ecology 1986, 67:1206-1218.
28. Bumrungsri S., Leelapaibul W., Racey P.A. Resource partitioning in sympatric Cynopterus bats in lowland tropical rain forest, Thailand. Biotropica 2007, 39:241-248.
29. Campbell P. The relationship between roosting ecology and degree of polygyny in harem-forming bats: perspectives from Cynopterus. J. Mamm. 2008, 89:1351-1360.
30. Campbell P., Akbar Z., Adnan A.M., Kunz T.H. Resource distribution and social structure in harem-forming Old World fruit bats: variations on a polygynous theme. Anim. Behav. 2006, 72:687-698.
31. Campbell P., Kunz T.H. Cynopterus horsfieldii. Mamm. Species 2006, 802:1-5.
32. Campbell P., Reid N.M., Zubaid A., Adnan A.M., Kunz T.H. Comparative roosting ecology of Cynopterus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) fruit bats in peninsular Malaysia. Biotropica 2006, 38:725-734.
33. Campbell P., Schneider C.J., Adnan A.M., Zubaid A., Kunz T.H. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Old World fruit bats in the Cynopterus brachyotis complex. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 33:764-781.
34. Campbell P., Schneider C.J., Adnan A.M., Zubaid A., Kunz T.H. Comparative population structure of Cynopterus fruit bats in peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. Mol. Ecol. 2006, 15:29-47.
35. Campbell P., Schneider C.J., Zubaid A., Adnan A.M., Kunz T.H. Morphological and ecological correlates of coexistence in Malaysian fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). J. Mamm. 2007, 88:105-118.
36. Caraco T., Wolf L.L. Ecological determinants of group sizes of foraging lions. Am. Nat. 1975, 109:343-352.
37. Chapman C.A., Chapman L.J. Implications of small scale variation in ecological conditions for the diet and density of red colobus monkeys. Primates 1999, 40:215-232.
38. Chapman C.A., Rothman J.M. Within-species differences in primate social structure: evolution of plasticity and phylogenetic constraints. Primates 2009, 50:12-22.
39. Chapman F.M. A home-making bat. Nat. Hist. 1932, 32:555-556.
40. Charles-Dominique P. Tent use by the bat Rhinophylla pumilio (Phyllostomidae:Carollinae) in French Guiana. Biotropica 1993, 25:111-116.
41. Chaverri G., Gamba-Rios M., Kunz T.H. Range overlap and association patterns in the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni. Anim. Behav. 2007, 73:157-164.
42. Chaverri G., Gillam E.H., Vonhof M.J. Social calls used by a leaf-roosting bat to signal location. Biol. Lett. 2010, 6:441-444.
43. Chaverri G., Kunz T.H. Reproductive biology and postnatal development in the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). J. Zool. (Lond.) 2006, 270:650-656.
44. Chaverri G., Kunz T.H. Roosting ecology of the tent-roosting bat Artibeus watsoni (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in southwestern Costa Rica. Biotropica 2006, 38:77-84.
45. Chaverri G., Quiros O.E., Gamba-Ríos M., Kunz T.H. Ecological correlates of roost fidelity in the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni. Ethology 2007, 113:598-605.
46. Chaverri G., Quiros O.E., Kunz T.H. Ecological correlates of range size in the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni. J. Mamm. 2007, 88:477-486.
47. Chaverri G., Schneider C.J., Kunz T.H. Mating system of the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). J. Mamm. 2008, 89:1361-1371.
48. Choe J.C. Ingenious design of tent roosts by Peter's tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae). J. Nat. Hist. 1994, 28:731-737.
49. Choe J.C., Timm R.M. Roosting site selection by Artibeus watsoni (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae) on Anthurium ravenii (Araceae) in Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol. 1985, 1:241-247.
50. Churchill S., Draper R., Marais E. Cave utilisation by Namibian bats: population, microclimate and roost selection. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 1997, 27:44-50.
51. Clark A.B. Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science 1978, 201:163-165.
52. Clarke F.M., Pio D.V., Racey P.A. A comparison of logging systems and bat diversity in the Neotropics. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 19:1194-1204.
53. Clutton-Brock T. Mammalian mating systems. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. 1989, 236:339-372.
54. Condit R., Hubbell S.P., Foster R.B. Changes in tree species abundance in a neotropical forest: impact of climate change. J. Trop. Ecol. 1996, 12:231-256.
55. Corbet G.B., Hill J.E. The Mammals of The Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review 1992, Oxford University Press, New York.
56. Costa F.R.C. Mesoscale gradients of herb richness and abundance in central Amazonia. Biotropica 2006, 38:711-717.
57. Dahle B., Swenson J.E. Home ranges in adult Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos): effect of mass, sex, reproductive category, population density and habitat type. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2003, 260:329-335.
58. Davidson S.M., Wilkinson G.S. Function of male song in the greater white-lined bat, Saccopteryx bilineata. Anim. Behav. 2004, 67:883-891.
59. Davies C.R., Ayres J.M., Dye C., Deane L.M. Malaria infection rate of Amazonian primates increases with body weight and group size. Funct. Ecol. 1991, 5:655-662.
60. Davies N.B., Lundberg A. Food distribution and variable mating system in the dunnock, Prunella modularis. J. Anim. Ecol. 1984, 53:895-912.
61. Davies W.H., Barbour R.W., Hassell M.D. Colonial behavior of Eptesicus fuscus. J. Mamm. 1968, 49:44-50.
62. Dechmann D.K.N., Heucke S.L., Giuggioli L., Safi K., Voigt C.C., Wikelski M. Experimental evidence for group hunting via eavesdropping in echolocating bats. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. 2009, 276:2721-2728.
63. Dechmann D.K.N., Kalko E.K.V., König B., Kerth G. Mating system of a Neotropical roost-making bat: the white-throated, round-eared bat, Lophostoma silviculum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2005, 58:316-325.
64. Dubois F., Giraldeau L.A., Grant J.W.A. Resource defense in a group-foraging context. Behav. Ecol. 2003, 14:2-9.
65. Dubois F.D., Giraldeau L.A. Fighting for resources: The economics of defense and appropriation. Ecology 2005, 86:3-11.
66. Eisenberg J.F., Muckenhirn N.A., Rudran R. The relation between ecology and social structure in Primates. Science 1972, 176:863-874.
67. Emlen S.T., Oring L.W. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 1977, 197:215-223.
68. Entwistle B., Faust K., Rindfuss R.R., Kaneda T. Networks and contexts: variation in the structure of social ties. Am. J. Sociol. 2007, 112:1495-1533.
69. Evelyn M.J., Stiles D.A. Roosting requirements of two frugivorous bats (Sturnira lilium and Artibeus intermedius) in fragmented neotropical forest. Biotropica 2003, 35:405-418.
70. Fenton M.B., Rautenbach I.L., Smith S.E., Swanepoel C.M., Grosell J., van Jaarsveld J. Raptors and bats: threats and opportunities. Anim. Behav. 1994, 48:9-18.
71. Ferrara F.J., Leberg P.L. Characteristics of positions selected by day-roosting bats under bridges in Louisiana. J. Mamm. 2005, 86:729-735.
72. Ferrell C.S., Wilson D.E. Platyrrhinus helleri. Mamm. Species 1991, 373:1-5.
73. Fleming T.H. The Short-tailed Fruit Bat 1988, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
74. Fleming T.H., Nelson A.A., Dalton V.M. Roosting behavior of the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae. J. Mamm. 1998, 79:147-155.
75. Foster M.S. Tent roosts of Macconnell's bat (Vampyressa macconnelli). Biotropica 1992, 24:447-454.
76. Foster M.S., Timm R.M. Tent-making by Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera:Phyllostomatidae) with comments on plants used by bats for tents. Biotropica 1976, 8:265-269.
77. Galindo C., Sanchez A., Quijano R.H., Herrera L.G. Population dynamics of a resident colony of Leptonycteris curasoae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in central Mexico. Biotropica 2004, 36:382-391.
78. Garroway C.J., Broders H.G. Adjustment of reproductive investment and offspring sex ratio in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in relation to winter severity. J. Mamm. 2007, 88:1305-1311.
79. Garroway C.J., Broders H.G. Nonrandom association patterns at northern long-eared bat maternity roosts. Can. J. Zool. 2007, 85:956-964.
80. Hanya G., Yoshihiro S., Zamma K., Matsubara H., Ohtake M., Kubo R., et al. Environmental determinants of the altitudinal variations in relative group densities of Japanese macaques on Yakushima. Ecol. Res. 2004, 19:485-493.
81. Happold D.C.D., Happold M. The social organization and population dynamics of leaf-roosting banana bats, Pipistrellus nanus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in Malawi, east-central Africa. Mammalia 1996, 60:517-544.
82. Hinde R.A. Interactions, relationships and social structure. Man 1976, 11:1-17.
83. Hristov N.I., Betke M., Hirsh D., Bagchi A., Kunz T.H. Seasonal variation in colony size of Brazilian free-tailed bats at Carlsbad Cavern using thermal imaging. J. Mamm. 2010, 91:183-192.
84. Hodgkison R., Balding S.T., Akbar Z., Kunz T.H. Roosting ecology and social organization of the spotted-winged fruit bat, Balionycteris maculata (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in a Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 2003, 19:667-676.
85. Hodgkison R., Kunz T.H. Balionycteris maculata. Mamm. Species 2006, 793:1-3.
86. Holloway G.L., Barclay R.M.R. Importance of prairie riparian zones to bats in southeastern Alberta. Ecoscience 2000, 7:115-122.
87. Jarman P.J. The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour 1974, 48:215-268.
88. Johnson D.D.P., Kays R., Blackwell P.G., Macdonald D.W. Does the resource dispersion hypothesis explain group living?. Trends Ecol. 2002, 17:563-569.
89. Kalcounis M.C., Brigham R.M. Secondary use of aspen cavities by tree-roosting big brown bats. J. Wildl. Manag. 1998, 62:603-611.
90. Kalko E.K.V., Ueberschaer K., Dechmann D. Roost structure, modification, and availability in the white-throated round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum (Phyllostomidae) living in active termite nests. Biotropica 2006, 38:398-404.
91. Kappeler P.M., van Schaik C.P. Evolution of primate social systems. Int. J. Primat. 2002, 23:707-740.
92. Keeley A.T.H., Keeley B.W. The mating system of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a large highway bridge colony. J. Mamm. 2004, 85:113-119.
93. Kerth G. Causes and consequences of sociality in bats. Bioscience 2008, 58:737-746.
94. Kerth G., Almasi B., Ribi N., Thiel D., Lüpold S. Social interactions among wild female Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii) living in a maternity colony. Acta Ethologica 2003, 5:107-114.
95. Kerth G., König B. Fission, fusion and nonrandom associations in female Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii). Behaviour 1999, 136:1187-1202.
96. Koepcke J. "Blattzelte" als Schlafplätze der Fledermause Ectophylla macconnelli (Thomas, 1901) (Phyllostomidae) im tropischen Regenwald von Peru. Säugetierkundliche Mitt. 1984, 31:123-126.
97. Krause J., Ruxton G.D. Living in Groups 2002, Oxford University Press, New York.
98. Kruuk L.E.B., Clutton-Brock T.H., Albon S.D., Pemberton J.M., Guinness F.E. Population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer. Nature 1999, 399:459-461.
99. Kun A., Scheuring I. Evolution of cooperation on dynamical graphs. Biosystems 2009, 96:65-68.
100. Kunz T.H. Roosting ecology of bats. Ecology of Bats 1982, 1-50. Plenum Press, New York. T.H. Kunz (Ed.).
101. Kunz T.H., Hood W.H. Parental care and postnatal growth in the Chiroptera. Reproductive Biology of Bats 2000, 415-468. Academic Press, New York. E.G. Crichton, P.H. Krutzsch (Eds.).
102. Kunz T.H., August P.V., Burnett C.D. Harem social organization in cave roosting Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Biotropica 1983, 15:133-138.
103. Kunz T.H., Fujita M.S., Brooke A.P., McCracken G.F. Convergence in tent architecture and tent-making behavior among neotropical and paleotropical bats. J. Mamm. Evol. 1994, 2:57-78.
104. Kunz T.H., Lumsden L.F. Ecology of cavity and foliage roosting bats. Bat Ecology 2003, 3-87. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. T.H. Kunz, M.B. Fenton (Eds.).
105. Kunz T.H., McCracken G.F. Tents and harems: apparent defense of foliage roosts by tent-making bats. J. Trop. Ecol. 1996, 12:121-137.
106. Kunz T.H., Pena I.M. Mesophylla macconnelli. Mamm. Species 1992, 405:1-5.
107. Kurta A., King D., Teramino J.A., Stribley J.M., Williams K.J. Summer roosts of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) on the northern edge of its range. Am. Midl. Nat. 1993, 129:132-138.
108. Lausen C.L., Barclay R.M.R. Roosting behaviour and roost selection of female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) roosting in rock crevices in southeastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 2002, 80:1069-1076.
109. Lausen C.L., Barclay R.M.R. Benefits of living in a building: big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in rocks versus buildings. J. Mamm. 2006, 87:362-370.
110. LaVal R.K., Rodríguez H.B. Murciélagos de Costa Rica 2002, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Heredia, Costa Rica.
111. Leighton M., Leighton D.R. The relationship of size of feeding aggregate to size of food patch: howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) feeding in Trichila cipo fruit trees on Barro Colorado Island. Biotropica 1982, 14:81-90.
112. Lewis S.E. Behavior of Peter's tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum, at maternity roosts in Costa Rica. J. Mamm. 1992, 73:541-546.
113. Lewis S.E. Roost fidelity of bats: a review. J. Mamm. 1995, 76:481-496.
114. Lewis S.E., Wilson D.E. Vampyressa pusilla. Mamm. Species 1987, 292:1-5.
115. Lott D.F. Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
116. Lumsden L.F., Bennett A.F., Silins J.E. Selection of roost sites by the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south-eastern Australia. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2002, 257:207-218.
117. Lundberg K., Gerell R. Territorial advertisement and mate attraction in the bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Ethology 1986, 71:115-124.
118. Lusseau D., Schneider K., Boisseau O.J., Haase P., Slooten E., Dawson S.M. The bottlenose dolphin community of Doubtful Sound features a large proportion of long-lasting associations. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2003, 54:396-405.
119. Macdonald D.W. The ecology of carnivore social behaviour. Nature 1983, 301:379-384.
120. McCracken G.F., Bradbury J.W. Social organization and kinship in the polygynous bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1981, 8:11-34.
121. McCracken G.F., Wilkinson G.S. Bat mating systems. Reproductive Biology of Bats 2000, 321-362. Academic Press, London. E.G. Crichton, P.H. Krutzsch (Eds.).
122. McLoughlin P.D., Ferguson S.H., Messier F. Intraspecific variation in home range overlap with habitat quality: a comparison among brown bear populations. Evol. Ecol. 2000, 14:39-60.
123. Morrison D.W. Apparent male defense of tree hollows in the fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. J. Mamm. 1979, 60:11-15.
124. Muñoz-Romo M., Herrera E.A. Leaf-modifying behavior in Artibeus lituratus. Acta Chiropt. 2003, 5:273-276.
125. Muñoz-Romo M., Herrera E.A., Kunz T.H. Roosting behavior and group stability of the big fruit-eating bat Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Mamm. Biol. 2008, 73:214-221.
126. Newman M.E.J., Girvan M. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. 2004, 69:26113.1-26113.15.
127. Ortega J., Arita H.T. Structure and social dynamics of harem groups in Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae). J. Mamm. 1999, 80:1173-1185.
128. Ortega J., Castro-Arellano I. Artibeus jamaicensis. Mamm. Species 2001, 662:1-9.
129. Ortega J., Guerrero J.A., Maldonado J.E. Aggression and tolerance by dominant males of Artibeus jamaicensis: strategies to maximize fitness in harem groups. J. Mamm. 2008, 89:1372-1378.
130. Ortega J., Maldonado J.E. Female interactions in harem groups of the Jamaican fruit-eating bat Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropt. 2006, 8:485-495.
131. Ostro L.E.T., Silver S.C., Koontz F.W., Horwich R.H., Brockett R. Shifts in social structure of black howler (Alouatta pigra) groups associated with natural and experimental variation in population density. Int. J. Primat. 2001, 22:733-748.
132. Pacala S.W., Gordon D.M., Godfray H.C.J. Effects of social group size on information transfer and task allocation. Evol. Ecol. 1996, 10:127-165.
133. Pérez-Barbería F.J., Shultz S., Dunbar R.I.M. Evidence for coevolution of sociality and relative brain size in three orders of mammals. Evolution 2007, 61:2811-2821.
134. Popa-Lisseanu A.G., Bontadina F., Mora O., Ibáñez C. Highly structured fission-fusion societies in an aerial-hawking, carnivorous bat. Anim. Behav. 2008, 75:471-482.
135. Poulsen A.D., Balslev H. Abundance and cover of ground herbs in an Amazonian rain forest. J. Veg. Sci. 1991, 2:315-322.
136. Putaala A., Hohtola E., Hissa R. The effect of group size on metabolism in huddling grey partridge (Perdix perdix). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1995, 111:243-247.
137. Raman T.R.S. Factors influencing seasonal and monthly changes in the group size of chital or axis deer in southern India. J. Biosci. 1997, 22:203-218.
138. Randall J.A., Rogovin K., Parker P.G., Eimes J.A. Flexible social structure of a desert rodent, Rhombomys opimus: philopatry, kinship, and ecological constraints. Behav. Ecol. 2005, 16:961-973.
139. Reckardt K., Kerth G. The reproductive success of the parasitic bat fly Basilia nana (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) is affected by the low roost fidelity of its host, the Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Parasitol. Res. 2005, 98:237-243.
140. Reiczigel J., Lang Z., Rózsa L., Tóthmérész B. Measures of sociality: two different views of group size. Anim. Behav. 2007, 75:715-721.
141. Reid F.A. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico 1997, Oxford University Press, New York.
142. Rex K., Czaczkes B.I., Michener R.H., Kunz T.H., Voigt C.C. Specialization and omnivory in highly diverse mammalian assemblages. Ecoscience 2010, 17:37-46.
143. Rickart E.A., Heideman P.D., Utzurrum R.C.B. Tent-roosting by Scotophilus kuhlii (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae). J. Trop. Ecol. 1989, 5:433-436.
144. Rinehart J.B., Kunz T.H. Rhinophylla pumilio. Mamm. Species 2006, 791:1-5.
145. Riskin D.K., Fenton M.B. Sticking ability in Spix's disc-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor (Microchiroptera: Thyropteridae). Can. J. Zool. 2001, 79:2261-2267.
146. Rodríguez-Durán A. Bat assemblages in the West Indies: the role of caves. Island Bats: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation 2010, 265-280. Universiy of Chicago Press, Chicago. T.H. Fleming, P.A. Racey (Eds.).
147. Rodríguez-Herrera B., Medellín R.A., Gamba-Ríos M. Roosting requirements of white tent-making bat Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropt. 2008, 10:89-95.
148. Rodríguez-Herrera B., Medellín R.A., Gamba-Ríos M. Tent building by female Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Costa Rica. Acta Chiropt. 2007, 8:557-560.
149. Rodríguez-Herrera B., Medellín R.A., Timm R.M. Murciélagos Neotropicales que Acampan en Hojas. Neotropical Tent-Roosting Bats 2007, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica.
150. Ryder T.B., McDonald D.B., Blake J.G., Parker P.G., Loiselle B.A. Social networks in the lek-mating wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. 2008, 275:1367-1374.
151. Safi K., Kerth G. Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone. Am. Nat. 2007, 170:465-472.
152. Sedgeley J.A., O'Donnell C.F.J. Factors influencing the selection of roost cavities by a temperate rainforest bat (Vespertilionidae: Chalinolobus tuberculatus) in New Zealand. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1999, 249:437-446.
153. Seghers B.H. Schooling behavior in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): an evolutionary response to predation. Evolution 1974, 28:486-489.
154. Simmons N.B., Voss R.S. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part I. Bats. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1998, 237:1-219.
155. Solick D.I., Barclay R.M.R. Geographic variation in the use of torpor and roosting behaviour of female western long-eared bats. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2007, 272:358-366.
156. Spencer H.J., Fleming T.H. Roosting and foraging behavior of the Queensland tube-nosed bat, Nyctimene robinsoni (Pteropodidae): preliminary radio-tracking observations. Aust. Wildl. Res. 1989, 16:413-420.
157. St-Pierre A., Larose K., Dubois F. Long-term social bonds promote cooperation in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. 2009, 276:4223-4228.
158. Storz J.F., Balasingh J., Nathan P.T., Emmanuel K., Kunz T.H. Dispersion and site fidelity in a tent-roosting population of the short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) in southern India. J. Trop. Ecol. 2000, 16:117-131.
159. Storz J.F., Bhat H.R., Kunz T.H. Social structure of a polygynous tent-making bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera). J. Zool. (Lond.) 2000, 251:151-165.
160. Storz J.F., Bhat H.R., Kunz T.H. Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. II. Variance in male mating success and effective population size. Evolution 2001, 55:1224-1232.
161. Storz J.F., Kunz T.H. Cynopterus sphinx. Mamm. Species 1999, 613:1-8.
162. Stradiotto A., Cagnacci F., Delahay R., Tioli S., Nieder L., Rizzoli A. Spatial organization of the yellow-necked mouse: effects of density and resource availability. J. Mamm. 2009, 90:704-714.
163. Tan K.H., Akbar Z., Kunz T.H. Roost selection and social organization in Cynopterus horsfieldi (Chiroptera:Pteropodidae). Malay. Nat. J. 1999, 53:295-298.
164. Tan K.H., Zubaid A., Kunz T.H. Tent construction and social organization in Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller) (Chiroptera:Pteropodidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Nat. Hist. 1997, 31:1605-1621.
165. Tan K.H., Zubaid A., Kunz T.H. Food habits of Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Trop. Ecol. 1998, 14:299-307.
166. Tello J.G., Velazco P.M. First description of a tent used by Platyrrhinus helleri (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropt. 2003, 5:269-272.
167. ter Hofstede H.M., Fenton M.B. Relationships between roost preferences, ectoparasite density, and grooming behaviour of neotropical bats. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2005, 266:333-340.
168. Terborgh J. Five New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology 1983, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
169. Thewissen J.G.M., Etnier S.A. Adhesive devices on the thumb of vespertilionoid bats (Chiroptera). J. Mamm. 1995, 76:925-936.
170. Timm R.M. Ectophylla alba. Mamm. Species 1982, 166:1-4.
171. Timm R.M. Artibeus phaeotis. Mamm. Species 1985, 235:1-6.
172. Timm R.M. Tent construction by bats of the genera Artibeus and Uroderma. Fieldiana Zool. 1987, 39:187-212.
173. Timm R.M., Clauson B.L. A roof over their feet: tent-making bats of the New World tropics turn leaves into living quarters. Nat. Hist. 1990, 3:55-58.
174. Timm R.M., Lewis S.E. Tent construction and use by Uroderma bilobatum in coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in Costa Rica. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1991, 206:251-260.
175. Timm R.M., Mortimer J. Selection of roost sites by Honduran white bats, Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae). Ecology 1976, 57:385-389.
176. Travis S.E., Slobodchikoff C.N., Keim P. Ecological and demographic effects on intraspecific variation in the social system of prairie dogs. Ecology 1995, 76:1794-1803.
177. Treves A. Reproductive consequences of variation in the composition of howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) groups. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2001, 50:61-71.
178. Trivers R.L., Willard D.E. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 1973, 179:90-92.
179. Vaughan T.A., O'Shea T.J. Roosting ecology of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus. J. Mamm. 1976, 57:227-248.
180. Vercauteren K.C., Lavelle M.J., Seward N.W., Fischer J.W., Phillips G.E. Fence-line contact between wild and farmed white-tailed deer in Michigan: Potential for disease transmission. J. Wildl. Manag. 2007, 71:1603-1606.
181. Vonhof M.J., Whitehead H., Fenton M.B. Analysis of Spix's disc-winged bat association patterns and roosting home ranges reveal a novel social structure among bats. Anim. Behav. 2004, 68:507-521.
182. Wauters L.A., Bertolino S., Adamo M., Van Dongen S., Tosi G. Food shortage disrupts social organization: the case of red squirrels in conifer forests. Evol. Ecol. 2005, 19:375-404.
183. Webster W.D., Jones J.K. Artibeus toltecus. Mamm. Species 1982, 178:1-3.
184. Whitehead H. Investigating structure and temporal scale in social organizations using identified individuals. Behav. Ecol. 1995, 6:199-208.
185. Whitehead H. Analyzing animal societies: quantitative methods for vertebrate social analysis 2008, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
186. Wilkinson G.S. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature 1984, 308:181-184.
187. Wilkinson G.S. The social organization of the common vampire bat I. Pattern and cause of association. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1985, 17:111-121.
188. Wilkinson G.S. Social grooming in the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Anim. Behav. 1986, 34:1880-1889.
189. Wilkinson G.S. Communal nursing in the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1992, 31:225-235.
190. Wilkinson G.S. Information transfer at evening bat colonies. Anim. Behav. 1992, 44:501-518.
191. Wilkinson G.S., Boughman J.W. Social calls coordinate foraging in greater spear-nosed bats. Anim. Behav. 1998, 55:337-350.
192. Willis C.K.R., Brigham R.M. Roost switching, roost sharing and social cohesion: forest-dwelling big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, conform to the fission-fusion model. Anim. Behav. 2004, 68:495-505.
193. Wilson D.E., Reeder D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 2005, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
194. Wilson E.O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 1975, Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
195. Winkelmann J.R., Bonaccorso F.J., Strickler T.L. Home range of the southern blossom bat, Syconycteris australis, in Papua New Guinea. J. Mamm. 2000, 81:408-414.
196. Wiszniewski J., Allen S.J., Möller L.M. Social cohesion in a hierarchically structured embayment population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins. Anim. Behav. 2009, 77:1449-1457.
197. Wittemyer G., Douglas-Hamilton I., Getz W.M. The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures. Anim. Behav. 2005, 69:1357-1371.
198. Zahn A., Dippel B. Male roosting habits and mating behaviour of Myotis myotis. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1997, 243:659-674.
199. Zhang L.-B., Liang B., Zhou S.-Y., Lu L.-R., Zhang S.-L. Group structure of lesser flat-headed bat Tylonycteris pachypusa and greater flat-headed bat T. robustula. Curr. Zool. 2004, 50:326-333.