Application of technetium-99m sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography in acute myocardial infarction: Measuring the efficacy of therapy

Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 215-229

  Miller, T D ^a   Sciagra R ^b   Gibbons, R J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Myocardial infarction; Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; Tomography, emission computed, single photon

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ADENOSINE; ALTEPLASE; CREATINE KINASE; GLYCOPROTEIN IIB; GLYCOPROTEIN IIIA; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; POLOXAMER; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CARDIOMYOPATHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; CORONARY STENT; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HEART MUSCLE REPERFUSION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; THROMBECTOMY; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; HEART INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; SCINTISCANNING;

HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; TECHNETIUM TC 99M SESTAMIBI; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 77956953057     PISSN: 18244785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343:311-22.
2. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361:13-20.
3. Champney KP, Frederick PD, Bueno H, Parashar S, Foody J, Merz CNB et al. The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction Heart 2009;95:895-9.
4. Widimsky P, Wijns W, Fajadet J, de Beider M, Knot J, Aaberge L et al. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries. Eur Heart J 2009; Epub ahead of print.
5. Rouleau JL, Talajic M, Sussex B, Potvin L, Warnica W, Davies RF et al. Myocardial infarction patients in the 1990s - their risk factors, stratification and survival in Canada: the Canadian Assessment of Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1119-27. (Pubitemid 26117701)
6. Gibbons RJ, Christian TF, Hopfenspirger MR, Hodge DO, Bailey KR. Myocardium at risk and infarct size after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: implications for the design of randomized trials of acute intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:616-23.
7. Li QS, Frank TL, Franceschi D, Wagner HN, Jr., Becker LC. Technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (RP30) for quantification of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. J Nuclear Med 1988;29:1539-48.
8. Okada RD, Glover D, Gaffney T, Williams S. Myocardial kinetics of technetium-99m-hexakis-2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl-isonitrile. Circulation 1988;77:491-8.
9. Beanlands RS, Dawood F, Wen WH, McLaughlin PR, Butany J, D'Amati G et al. Are the kinetics of technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile affected by cell metabolism and viability? Circulation 1990;82:1802-14.
10. Piwnica-Worms D, Kronauge JF, Chu ML. Uptake and retention of hexakis (2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile) technetium (I) in cultured chick myocardial cells. Mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential dependence. Circulation 1990;82:1826-38.
11. O'Connor MK, Caiati C, Christian TF, Gibbons RJ. Effects of scatter correction on the measurement of infarct size from SPECT cardiac phantom studies. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2080-6.
12. Kailasnath P, Sinusas AJ. Comparison of T1-201 with Tc-99m-labeled myocardial perfusion agents: technical, physiologic, and clinical issues. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2001;8:482-98.
13. De Coster PM, Wijns W, Cauwe F, Robert A, Beckers C, Melin JA. Area-at-risk determination by technetium-99m-hexakis-2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile in experiemental reperfused myocardial infarction. Circulation 1990;82:2152-62.
14. Taillefer R, Primeau M, Costi P, Lambert R, Leveille J, Latour Y. Technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging in detection of coronary artery disease: comparison between initial (1-hour) and delayed (3-hour) postexercise images. J Nuclear Med 1991;32:1961-5.
15. Gibbons RJ, Verani MS, Behrenbeck T, Pellikka PA, O'Connor MK, Mahmarian JJ et al. Feasibility of tomographic technetium-99m-hexakis-2-methoxy-2- methylpropyl-isonitrile imaging for the assessment of myocardial area at risk and the effect of acute treatment in myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989;80:1277-86. (Pubitemid 19282516)
16. Santoro GM, Bisi G, Sciagra R, Leoncini M, Fazzini PF, Meldolesi U. Single photon emission tomography with technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile in acute myocardial infarction before and after thrombolytic treatment: assessment of salvaged myocardium and prediction of late functional recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;150:301-14.
17. Schomig A, Kastrati A, Dirschinger J, Mehilli J, Schricke U, Pache J et al. Coronary stenting plus platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 2000;343:385-91. (Pubitemid 30626120)
18. O'Connor MK, Hammell T, Gibbons RJ. In vitro validation of a simple tomographic technique for estimation of percent myocardium "at risk" using technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (sestamibi). Eur J Nucl Med 1990;17:69-76.
19. Kang X, Berman DS, Van Train KF, Amanullah AM, Areeda J, Friedman JD et al. Clinical validation of automatic quantitative defect size in rest technetium-99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1441-6.
20. Galli M, Mariassa C, Bolli R, Grannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Importo A et al. Spontaneous delayed recovery of perfusion and contraction after the first five weeks after anterior infarction. Circulation 1994;90:1386-97.
21. Ali A, Cox D, Dib N, Brodie B, Berman D, Gupta N et al. Rheolytic thrombectomy with percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct size reduction in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:244-52.
22. Chia S, Senatore F, Raffel oc, Lee H, Wackers FJ, Ik J. Utility of Cardiac Biomarkers in Predicting Infarct Size, Left Ventricular Function, and Clinical Outcome After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2008;1:415-23.
23. Verani MS, Jeroudi MO, Mahmarian JJ, Boyce TM, Borges-Neta S, Patel B et al. Quantification of myocardial infarction during coronary occlusion and myocardial salvage after reperfusion using cardiac imaging with technetium-99m-hexakis-2-methoxy-isobutyl isonitrile. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:1573-81.
24. Sinusas AJ, Trautman KA, Bergin JD, Watson DD, Ruise M, Smith WH et al. Quantification of area at risk during coronary occlusion and degree of myocardial salvage after reperfusion with technetium-99m-methoxyisobutyl- isonitrile. Circulation 1990;82:1424-37.
25. Kayden DS, Mattera JA, Zaret BL, Wackers FJ. Demonstration of reperfusion after thrombolysis with technetium-99m isonitrile myocardial imaging. J Nucl Med 1988;29:1865-7.
26. Wackers FJ, Gibbons RJ, Verani MS, Kayden DS, Pellikka PA, Behrenbeck T et al. Serial quantitative planar technetium-99m isonitrile imaging in acute myocardial infarction: efficacy for non-invasive assessment of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:867-73.
27. Pellikka PA, Behrenbeck T, Verani MS, Mahmarian JJ, Wackers FJ, Gibbons RJ. Serial changes in myocardial perfusion using tomographic technetium-99m-hexakis-2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl-isonitrile imaging following reperfusion therapy of myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1269-75. (Pubitemid 20245919)
28. Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Martinoff S, Schwaiger M, Schomig A, Kastrati A. Evolution of left ventricular ejection fraction and its relationship to infarct size after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:149-56.
29. Fleming TR, DeMets DL. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Ann Int Med 1996;125:605-13.
30. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. New Engl J Med 1991;324:781-8.
31. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJP, Kormajda M et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. New Engl J Med 2007;357:2109-22.
32. Friedewald VE, Gibbons RJ, O'Neill W, Popma J, Stone GW, Roberts WC. The editor's roundtable: intracoronary hyperoxemic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2009;104: 791-7.
33. Reimer KA, Jennings RB, Cobb FR, Murdock RH, Greenfield JC, Jr., Becker LC et al. Animal models for protecting ischemic myocardium: results of the NHLBI Cooperative Study. Comparison of unconscious and conscious dog models. Circul Res 1985;56:651-65.
34. Braat SH, Deswart H, Jansen JH, Brugada P, Rigo P, Wellens HJ. Use of technetium-99m sestamibi to determine the size of the myocardial area perfused by a coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:85E-90E. (Pubitemid 20369710)
35. Feiring AJ, Johnson MR, Kioschos JM, Kirchner PT, Marcus ML, White CW. The importance of the determination of the myocardial area at risk in the evaluation of the outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients. Circulation 1987;75:980-7.
36. Haronian HL, Remetz MS, Sinusas AJ, Baron JM, Miller HI, Cleman MW et al. Myocardial risk area defined by technetium-99m sestamibi imaging during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: comparison with coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1033-43.
37. Klarich KW, Christian TF, Higano ST, Gibbons RJ. Variability of myocardium at risk for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1191-5.
38. Christian TF, Schwartz RS, Gibbons RJ. Determinants of infarct size in reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992;86:81-90.
39. Sotgia B, Sciagra R, Parodi G, Kastrati A, Antoniucci D, Schomig A et al. Estimate of myocardial salvage in late presentation acute myocardial infarction by comparing functional and perfusion abnormalities in predischarge gated SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2008;35:906-11.
40. Roberts R, Henry PD, Sobel BE. An improved basis for enzymatic estimation of infarct size. Circulation 1975;52:743-54.
41. Sobel BE, Bresnahan GF, Shell WE, Yoder RD. Estimation of infarct size in man and its relation to prognosis. Circulation 1972;46:640-8.
42. Hackel DB, Reimer KA, Ideker RE, Mikat EM, Hartwell TD, Parker CB et al. Comparison of enzymatic and anatomic estimates of myocardial infarct size in man. Circulation 1984;70:824-35.
43. Behrenbeck T, Pellikka PA, Huber KC, Bresnahan JF, Gersh BJ, Gibbons RJ. Primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction: assessment of improved myocardial perfusion with technetium-99m-isonitrile. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:365-72.
44. Angeja BG, Gunda M, Murphy SA, Sobel BE, Rundle AC, Syed M et al. TIMI myocardial perfusion grade and ST segment resolution: association with infarct size as assessed by single photon emission computed tomography imaging. Circulation 2002;105:282-5.
45. Licka M, Zimmermann R, Zehelein J, Dengler TJ, Katus HA, Kubler W. Troponin T concentrations 72 hours after myocardial infarction as a serological estimate of infarct size. Heart 2002;87:520-4.
46. Panteghini M, Cuccia C, Bonetti G, Giubbini R, Pagani F, Bonini E. Single-point cardiac troponin T at coronary care unit discharge after myocardial infarction correlates with infarct size and ejection fraction. Clinical Chemistry 2002;48:1432-6. (Pubitemid 34925778)
47. Tzivoni D, Koukoui D, Guetta V, Novack L, Cowing G. Comparison of Troponin T to creatinine kinase and to radionuclide cardiac imaging infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2008;101: 753-7.
48. Leoncini M, Bellandi F, Sciagra R, Maioli M, Toso A, Coppola A et al. Gated SPECT evaluation of the relationship between admission troponin I, myocardial salvage, and functional recovery in acute myocardial infarction treated by abciximab and early primary angioplasty. J Nucl Med 2004;45:739-44.
49. Christian TF, Behrenbeck T, Pellikka PA, Huber KC, Chesebro JH, Gibbons RJ. Mismatch of left ventricular function and perfusion with Tc-99m-isonitrile following reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarctions: identification of myocardial stunning and hyperkinesia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1632-8.
50. Christian TF, Behrenbeck T, Gersh BJ, Gibbons RJ. Relation of left ventricular volume and function over one year after acute myocardial infarction to infarct size determined by technetium-99m-sestamibi. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:21-6.
51. Christian TF, O'Connor MK, Hopfenspirger MR, Gibbons RJ. Comparison of reinjection thallium 201 and resting technetium 99m sestamibi tomographic images for the quantification of infarct size after acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 1994;1:17-28.
52. Chareonthaitawee P, Christian TF, Hirose K, Gibbons RJ, Rumberger JA. The relationship of infarct size with the extent of left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:567-73.
53. Chareonthaitawee P, Christian TF, Miller TD, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ. Correlation of resting first-pass left ventricular ejection fraction and resting myocardial infarct size. Am J Cardiol 1998;81: 1281-5.
54. Burns RJ, Gibbons RJ, Yi Q, Roberts RS, Miller TD, Schaer GL et al. The relationships of left ventricular ejection fraction, end-systolic volume index and infarct size to six-month mortality after hospital discharge following myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:30-6.
55. Sciagra R, Imperiale A, Antoniucci D, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Comis G et al. Relationship of infarct size and severity versus left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes obtained from 99mTc-sestamibi gated single-photon emission computed tomography in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2004;31:969-74.
56. Christian TF, Gitter MJ, Miller TD, Gibbons RJ. Prospective identification of myocardial stunning using technetium-99m sestamibi-based measurements of infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: 1633-40.
57. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 1999;100:1992-2002.
58. Simonetti OP, Kim RJ, Fieno DS. An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction. Radiology 2001;218:215-23.
59. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. New Engl J Med 2000;343:1445-53.
60. Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA. Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 2003;361:374-9.
61. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Bonow RO, Kim RJ et al. Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2002;106:2322-7. (Pubitemid 35244732)
62. Ibrahim T, Nekolla SG, Hornke M, Bulow HP, Dirschinger J, Schomig A et al. Quantitative measurement of infarct size by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with single-photon emission tomography using Tc99m-sestamibi. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45: 544-52.
63. Nilsson JC, Nielsen G, Groenning BA, Fritz-Hansen T, Sondergaard L, Jensen GB et al. Sustained postinfarction myocardial oedema in humans visualised by magnetic resonance imaging. Heart 2001;85:639-42.
64. Aletras AH, Tilak GS, Natanzon A, Hsu LY, Gonzalez FM, Hoyt RF, Jr. et al. Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 2006;113:1821-3.
65. Cury RC, Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Butler J, Nomura CH, Ferencik M et al. Comprehensive assessment of myocardial perfusion defects regional wall motion, and left ventricular function by using 64-section multidetector CT. Radiology 2008;248:466-75.
66. Rubinshtein R, Miller TD, Williamson EE, Kirsch J, Gibbons RJ, Primak AN et al. Detection of myocardial infarction by dual-source coronary computed tomography angiography using quantitated myocardial scintigraphy as the reference standard. Heart 2009; 1-4.
67. van't Hof AWJ, Liem A, de Boer MJ. for the Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group: clinical value of 12-lead electrocardiogram after successful reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:615-9.
68. van't Hof AWJ, Liem A, H. S. on behalf of the Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group: Angiographic assessment of myocardial reperfusion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: myocardial blush grade. Circulation 1998;97:2302-6.
69. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Murphy SA. Relationship of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade to mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs. Circulation Research 2000;101:125-30.
70. Dong J, Ndrepepa G, Schmitt C, Mehilli J, Schmieder S, Schwaiger M et al. Early resolution of ST-segment elevation correlates with myocardial salvage assessed by Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy in patients with acute myocardial infarction after mechanical or thrombolytic reperfusion therapy. Circulation 2002;105:2946-9.
71. Medrano R, Lowry RW, Young UB, Weibaecher DG, Michael LH, Afridi I et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc sestamibi in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1996;94:1010-1017.
72. Maes AF, Borgers M, Flameng W, Nuyts JL, Van de Werf F, Ausma JJ et al. Assessment of myocardial viability in chronic coronary artery disease using technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:62-8.
73. Dakik HA, Howell JF, Lawrie GM, Espada R, Weilbaecher DG. Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc-sestamibi tomography before coronary bypass graft surgery: correlation with histopathology and postoperative improvement in cardiac function. Circulation 1997;96:2892-8.
74. Udelson JE, Coleman PS, Metherall J, Pandian NG, Gomez AR, Griffith GL et al. Predicting recovery of severe regional dysfunction: comparison of resting scintigraphy with 201-T1 and 99m Tc-sestamibi. Circulation 1994;89:2552-61.
75. Sciagra R, Sestini S, Bolognese L, Cerisano G, Buonamici P, Pupi A. Comparison of dobutamine echocardiography and 99m-Tc-sestamibi tomography for prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction outcome after acute myocardial infarction treated with successful primary coronary angioplasty. J Nucl Med 2002;43:8-14. (Pubitemid 34101181)
76. Miller TD, Christian TF, Hopfenspirger MR, Hodge DO, Gersh BJ, Gibbons RJ. Infarct size after acute myocardial infarction measured by quantitative tomographic 99mTc sestamibi imaging predicts subsequent mortality [see comments]. Circulation 1995;92: 334-41.
77. Miller TD, Hodge DO, Sutton JM, Grines CL, O'Keefe JH, DeWood MA et al. Usefulness of technetium-99m sestamibi infarct size in predicting posthospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1491-3.
78. Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Schwaiger M, Schuhlen H, Nekolla S, Martinoff S et al. Prognostic value of myocardial salvage achieved by reperfusion therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med 2004;45:725-9.
79. Stent versus Thrombolysis for Occluded Coronary Arteries in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (STOPAMI-2) Study Investigators. Myocardial salvage after coronary stenting plus abciximab versus fibrinolysis plus abciximab in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A randomized trial. Lancet 2002;359:920-5.
80. Gibbons RJ, Valeti US, Araoz PA, Jaffe AS. The quantification of infarct size. Journal of American College of Cardiology 2004;44:1533-42.
81. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, Bailey KR, Hopfenspirger MR, Gersh BJ. Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction. The Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups [see comments]. New Engl J Med 1993;328:685-91.
82. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Nekolla S, Bollwein H, Martinoff S, Pache J et al. A randomized trial comparing myocardial salvage achieved by coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction considered ineligible for reperfusion therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:734-41.
83. Schomig A, Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Dirschinger J, Nekolla SG, Schmitt C et al. A randomized trial of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty as a rescue intervention after failed thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2073-9.
84. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schlotterbeck K, Dotzer F, Dirschinger J, Schmitt C et al. Early administration of reteplase plus abciximab vs abciximab alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction referred for percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2004;291:947-54.
85. Schomig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F et al. Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2005;293:2865-72.
86. Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schulz S, Frungel S, Nekolla SG, Moshage W et al. Abciximab in patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel loading: a randomized double-blind trial. Circulation 2009;119:1933-40.
87. Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Vigo F et al. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1879-85.
88. Sciagra R, Parodi G, Pupi A, Migliorini A, Valenti R, Moschi G et al. Gated SPECT evaluation of outcome after abciximab-supported primary infarct artery stenting for acute myocardial infarction: the scintigraphic data of the abciximab and carbostent evaluation (ACE) randomized trial. J Nucl Med 2005;46:722-7.
89. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Parodi G, Memisha G, Santoro GM et al. Comparison of rheolytic thrombectomy before direct infarct artery stenting versus direct stenting alone in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1033-50.
90. Parodi G, Sciagra R, Migliorini A, Memisha G, Moschi G, Valenti R et al. A randomized trial comparing clopidogrel versus ticlopidine therapy in patients undergoing infarct artery stenting for acute myocardial infarction with abciximab as adjunctive therapy. Am Heart J 2005;150:220.
91. Schaer GL, Spaccavento LJ, Browne KF, Krueger KA, Krichbaum D, Phelan JM et al. Beneficial effects of RheothRx injection in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1996;94:298-307.
92. O'Keefe JH, Grines CL, DeWood MA, Schaer GL, Browne K, Magorien RD et al. Poloxamer-188 as an adjunct to primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction American Journal of Cardiology 1996;78:747-50.
93. Effects of RheothRx on mortality, morbidity, left ventricular fonction, and infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Collaborative Organization for RheothRx Evaluation (CORE). Circulation 1997;96:192-201.
94. Mahaffey KW, Puma JA, Barbagelata NA, DiCarli MF, Leesar MA, Browne KF et al. Adenosine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: the Acute Myocardial Infarction STudy of ADenosine (AMISTAD) Trial. Journal of Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1711-20.
95. Ross AM, Gibbons RJ, Stone GW, Kloner RA, Alexander RW, AMISTAD-II Investigators. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMIS-TAD-II). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1775-80.
96. Kopecky SL, Aviles RJ, Bell MR, Lobl JK, Tipping D, Frommell G et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study measuring the effect of an adenosine agonist on infarct size reduction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J 2003;146:146-52.
97. Rusnak JM, Kopecky SL, Clements IP, Gibbons RJ, Holland AE, Peterman HS et al. An anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody in patients with acute myocardial infarction having percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (the FESTIVAL study). Am J Cardiol 2001;88:482-7.
98. Faxon DP, Gibbons RJ, Chronos NAF, Gurbel PA, Sheehan F. The effect of blockade of the CD11/CD18 integrin receptor on infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty: the results of the HALT-MI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1199-204.
99. Baran KW, Nguyen M, McKendall GR, Lambrew CT, Dykstra G, Palmeri ST et al. Double-blind, randomized trial of an anti-CD18 antibody in conjunction with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction limitation of myocardial infarction following thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (LIMIT AMI) study. Circulation 2001;104:2278-783.
100. Tanguay JF, Krucoff MW, Gibbons RJ, Chavez E, Liprandi AS, Molina-Viamonte V et al. Efficacy of a novel P-selectin antagonist, rPSGL-1g for reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the RAPSODY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:404A (abstract).
101. Pache J, Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Bollwein H, Ndrepepa G, Schuhlen H et al. A randomized evaluation of the effects of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy. Am Heart J 2004;148:e3.
102. Stone GW, Webb J, Cox DA, Brodie BR, Qureshi M, Kalynych A et al. Distal microcirculatory protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2005;293: 1063-72.
103. Kandzari DE, Chu A, Brodie BR, Stuckey TA, Hermiller JB, Vetrovec GW et al. Feasibility of endovascular cooling as an adjunct to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (results of the LOWTEMP pilot study). Am J Cardiol 2004,93:636-9.
104. Stone GW, Dixon SR, Grines CL, Cox DA, Webb JG, Brodie BR et al. Predictors of infarct size after primary coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction from pooled analysis from four contemporary trials. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1370-5.
105. Dixon SR, Whitbourn RJ, Dae MW, Grube E, Sherman W, Schaer GL et al. Induction of mild systemic hypothermia with endovascular cooling during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1928-34. (Pubitemid 35425362)
106. O'Neill WW, Martin JL, Dixon SR, Bartorelli AL, Trabattoni D, Oemrawsingh PV et al. Acute myocardial infarction with hyperoxemic therapy (AMIHOT): a prospective, randomized trial of intracoronary hyperoxemic reperfusion after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:397-405.
107. Stone GW, Martin JL, De Boer MJ, Margheri M, Bramucci E, Blankenship JC et al. Effect of supersaturated oxygen delivery on infarct size after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Circul Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:366-75.
108. Clements IP, Christian TF, Higano ST, Gibbons RJ, Gersh BJ. Residual flow to the infarct zone as a determinant of infarct size after direct angioplasty. Circulation 1993;88:1527-33.
109. Leoncini M, Bellandi F, Sciagra R, Maioli M, Toso A, Sestini S et al. Use of 99mTc-sestamibi gated SPECT to assess the influence of anterograde flow before primary coronary angioplasty on tissue salvage and functional recovery in acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2004;31:1378-85.
110. Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Schwaiger M, Mehilli J, Markwardt C, Dibra A et al. Relationship between residual blood flow in the infarct-related artery and scintigraphic infarct size, myocardial salvage, and functional recovery in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1782-8.
111. Miller TD, Piegas LS, Gibbons RJ, Yi C, Yusuf S. Role of infarct size in explaining the higher mortality in older patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1370-4. (Pubitemid 35449482)
112. Marso SP, Miller T, Rutherford BD, Gibbons RJ, Qureshi M, Kalynych A et al. Comparison of myocardial reperfusion in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction with versus without diabetes mellitus (from me EMERALD Trial). Am J Cardiol 2007;100:206-210.
113. Alegria JR, Miller TD, Gibbons RJ, Yi QL, Yusuf S, Collaborative Organization of RheothRx Evaluation (CORE) Trial Investigators. Infarct size, ejection fraction, and mortality in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am Heart J 2007;154:743-50.
114. Christian TF, Gibbons RJ, Hopfenspirger MR, Gersh BJ. Severity and response of chest pain during thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: A useful indicator of myocardial salvage and infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1311-6.