Sleep in older adults with Alzheimer's disease

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 190-198

  Song, Yeonsu ^a   Dowling, Glenna A ^b   Wallhagen, Margaret I ^b   Lee, Kathryn A ^b   Strawbridge, William J ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA PACIFIC MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Institute for Health and Aging   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; MELATONIN;

AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; EDUCATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXERCISE; FAMILY; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; NURSE ATTITUDE; NURSING ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CAREGIVERS; CAUSALITY; EXERCISE; FAMILY; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; LIGHTING; MELATONIN; NURSE'S ROLE; NURSING ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHOTOTHERAPY; SLEEP DISORDERS; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 77956916402     PISSN: 08880395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JNN.0b013e3181e26b1d     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Alessi, C. A., Martin, J. L., Webber, A. P., Cynthia Kim, E., Harker, J. O., & Josephson, K. R. (2005). Randomized, controlled trial of a nonpharmacological intervention to improve abnormal sleep/wake patterns in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 53-810.
2. Alessi, C. A., Schnelle, J. F., MacRae, P. G., Ouslander, J. G., al-Samarrai, N., Simmons, S. F., et al. (1995). Does physical activity improve sleep in impaired nursing home residents? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 43-1102.
3. Alessi, C. A., Yoon, E. J., Schnelle, J. F., Al-Samarrai, N. R., & Cruise, P. A. (1999). A randomized trial of a combined physical activity and environmental intervention in nursing home residents: Do sleep and agitation improve? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 47-791.
4. Alzheimer's Association. (2008). 2008 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 4, 4-133.
5. American Sleep Disorders Association. (1997). The international classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual Revised. Rochester, MN: American Sleep Disorders Association.
6. Ancoli-Israel, S., Amatniek, J., Ascher, S., Sadik, K., & Ramaswamy, K. (2005). Effects of galantamine versus donepezil on sleep in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease and their caregivers: A double-blind, head-to-head, randomized pilot study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 19, 19-245.
7. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Cooke, J. R. (2005). Prevalence and comorbidity of insomnia and effect on functioning in elderly populations. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, S264-S271.
8. Ancoli-Israel, S., Gehrman, P., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Marler, M., Corey-Bloom, J., et al. (2003). Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer's disease patients. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 1-36.
9. Ancoli-Israel, S., Jones, D. W., Hanger, M. A., Parker, L., Klauber, M. R., & Kripke, D. F. (1991). Sleep in the nursing home. In S. T. Kuna, P. M. Suratt & J. E. Remmers (Eds.), Sleep and respiration in aging adults (pp. 77-84). New York: Elsevier Press.
10. Ancoli-Israel, S., Klauber, M. R., Gillin, J. C., Campbell, S. S., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1994). Sleep in non-institutionalized Alzheimer's disease patients. Aging, 6, 6-458.
11. Ancoli-Israel, S., Klauber, M. R., Jones, D. W., Kripke, D. F., Martin, J., Mason, W., et al. (1997). Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep, 20, 20-23.
12. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Kripke, D. F. (1991). Prevalent sleep problems in the aged. Biofeedback and Self Regulation, 16, 16-359.
13. Ancoli-Israel, S., Poceta, J. S., Stepnowsky, C., Martin, J., & Gehrman, P. (1997). Identification and treatment of sleep problems in the elderly. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 1, 1-17.
14. Arendt, J., & Skene, D. J. (2005). Melatonin as a chronobiotic. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9, 9-39.
15. Bliwise, D. L. (2004). Sleep disorders in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clinical Cornerstone, 6 (Suppl. 1 A), S16-S28.
16. Bliwise, D. L., Carroll, J. S., Lee, K. A., Nekich, J. C., & Dement, W. C. (1993). Sleep and "sundowning" in nursing home patients with dementia. Psychiatry Research, 48, 48-292.
17. Bonanni, E., Maestri, M., Tognoni, G., Fabbrini, M., Nucciarone, B., Manca, M. L., et al. (2005). Daytime sleepiness in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease and its relationship with cognitive impairment. Journal of Sleep Research, 14, 14-317.
18. Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991). Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica (Berl), 82, 82-259.
19. Brodaty, H., Ames, D., Snowdon, J., Woodward, M., Kirwan, J., Clarnette, R., et al. (2003). A randomized placebocontrolled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis of dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 64-143.
20. Burns, A., Rossor, M., Hecker, J., Gauthier, S., Petit, H., Moller, H. J., et al. (1999). The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease-Results from a multinational trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10, 10-244.
21. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Hoch, C. C., Houck, P. R., Berman, S. R., Matzzie, J., et al. (1992). Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation in elderly patients with concurrent symptoms of depression and dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4, 4-256.
22. Cacabelos, R., Rodriguez, B., Carrera, C., Caamano, J., Beyer, K., Lao, J. I., et al. (1996). APOE-related frequency of cognitive and noncognitive symptoms in dementia. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 18-706.
23. Cardinali, D. P., Brusco, L. I., Liberczuk, C., & Furio, A. M. (2002). The use of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease. Neuro-Endocrinology Letters, 23 (Suppl. 1), 20-23.
24. Cardinali, D. P., Furio, A. M., & Reyes, M. P. (2005). Clinical perspectives for the use of melatonin as a chronobiotic and cytoprotective agent. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1057, 1057-336.
25. Carpenter, B. D., Strauss, M. E., & Patterson, M. B. (1995). Sleep disturbances in community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Gerontologist, 16, 16-49.
26. Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal human sleep: An overview. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed., pp. 13-23). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
27. Chesson, A. L. Jr., Ferber, R. A., Fry, J. M., Grigg-Damberger, M., Hartse, K. M., Hurwitz, T. D., et al. (1997). The indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Sleep, 20, 20-487.
28. Chesson, A. L. Jr., Littner, M., Davila, D., Anderson, W. M., Grigg-Damberger, M., Hartse, K., et al. (1999). Practice parameters for the use of light therapy in treatment of sleep disorders. Sleep, 22, 22-660.
29. Cohen-Mansfield, J., Garfinkel, D., & Lipson, S. (2000). Melatonin for treatment of sundowning in elderly persons with dementiaVA preliminary study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 31, 31-76.
30. Colenda, C. C., Cohen, W., McCall, W. V., & Rosenquist, P. B. (1997). Phototherapy for patients with Alzheimer disease with disturbed sleep patterns: Results of a community-based pilot study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, 11-178.
31. Craig, D., Hart, D. J., & Passmore, A. P. (2006). Genetically increased risk of sleep disruption in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep, 29, 29-1007.
32. Cumming, R. G., & Le Couteur, D. G. (2003). Benzodiazepines and risk of hip fractures in older people: A review of the evidence. CNS Drugs, 17, 17-837.
33. Czeisler, C. A., & Gooley, J. J. (2007). Sleep and circadian rhythms in humans. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 72, 72-597.
34. Donaldson, C., Tarrier, N., & Burns, A. (1998). Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 13-256.
35. Dowling, G. A., Burr, R. L., Van Someren, E. J., Hubbard, E. M., Luxenberg, J. S., Mastick, J., et al. (2008). Melatonin and bright-light treatment for restYactivity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 56-246.
36. Dowling, G. A., & Mastick, J. (2010). Part 4VTreatment of sleep disorders in the elderly: Chapter 40. Effects of light on the elderly. In S. R. Pandi-Perumal, J. M. Monti & A. A. Monjan (Eds.), Principles and practice of geriatric sleep medicine (pp. 423-430). New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Dowling, G. A., Mastick, J., Hubbard, E. M., Luxenberg, J. S., & Burr, R. L. (2005). Effect of timed bright light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 20-743.
38. Fetveit, A., & Bjorvatn, B. (2005). Bright-light treatment reduces actigraphic-measured daytime sleep in nursing home patients with dementia: A pilot study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 13-423.
39. Fetveit, A., Skjerve, A., & Bjorvatn, B. (2003). Bright light treatment improves sleep in institutionalised elderly-an open trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 18-526.
40. Floyd, J. A. (2002). Sleep and aging. Nursing Clinics of North America, 37, 37-731.
41. Gagnon, J. F., Petit, D., Fantini, M. L., Rompre, S., Gauthier, S., Panisset, M., et al. (2006). REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in probable Alzheimer disease. Sleep, 29, 29-1325.
42. Gehrman, P., Marler, M., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Corey-Bloom, J., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2004). The timing of activity rhythms in patients with dementia is related to survival. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59, 1050-1055.
43. Gehrman, P., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Nolan, S., Corey-Bloom, J., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2003). Sleep-disordered breathing and agitation in institutionalized adults with Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 11-433.
44. Haimov, I., & Lavie, P. (1997). Circadian characteristics of sleep propensity function in healthy elderly: A comparison with young adults. Sleep, 20, 20-300.
45. Harper, D. G., Stopa, E. G., McKee, A. C., Satlin, A., Harlan, P. C., Goldstein, R., et al. (2001). Differential circadian rhythm disturbances in men with Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 58-360.
46. Hoogendijk, W. J., van Someren, E. J., Mirmiran, M., Hofman, M. A., Lucassen, P. J., Zhou, J. N., et al. (1996). Circadian rhythm-related behavioral disturbances and structural hypothalamic changes in Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 8 (Suppl. 3), 245-252; discussion 269-272.
47. International Bureau of Weights and Measures. (2006). The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.). Paris: STEDI MEDIA.
48. Kryger, M., Monjan, A., Bliwise, D., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2004). Sleep, health, and aging. Bridging the gap between science and clinical practice. Geriatrics, 59, 24-26, 29-30.
49. Lee, J. H., Bliwise, D. L., Ansari, F. P., Goldstein, F. C., Cellar, J. S., Lah, J. J., et al. (2007). Daytime sleepiness and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 15-626.
50. Lee, K. A. (1997). An overview of sleep and common sleep problems. ANNA Journal, 24, 614-623, 677; quiz 624-615.
51. Liperoti, R., Onder, G., Landi, F., Lapane, K. L., Mor, V., Bernabei, R., et al. (2009). All-cause mortality associated with atypical and conventional antipsychotics among nursing home residents with dementia: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 70-1347.
52. Little, J. T., Satlin, A., Sunderland, T., & Volicer, L. (1995). Sundown syndrome in severely demented patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 8, 8-106.
53. Liu, R. Y., Zhou, J. N., van Heerikhuize, J., Hofman, M. A., & Swaab, D. F. (1999). Decreased melatonin levels in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid in relation to aging, Alzheimer's disease, and apolipoprotein E-epsilon4/4 genotype. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 84-327.
54. Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Sweet, R. A., Klunk, W., Kaufer, D. I., Saxton, J., et al. (2003). Psychiatric symptoms vary with the severity of dementia in probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15, 15-353.
55. Martin, J., Marler, M., Shochat, T., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2000). Circadian rhythms of agitation in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. Chronobiology International, 17, 17-418.
56. Martino-Saltzman, D., Blasch, B. B., Morris, R. D., & McNeal, L. W. (1991). Travel behavior of nursing home residents perceived as wanderers and nonwanderers. Gerontologist, 31, 31-672.
57. McCarten, J. R., Kovera, C., Maddox, M. K., & Cleary, J. P. (1995). Triazolam in Alzheimer's disease: Pilot study on sleep and memory effects. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 52, 52-452.
58. McCurry, S. M., Gibbons, L. E., Logsdon, R. G., Vitiello, M., & Teri, L. (2003). Training caregivers to change the sleep hygiene practices of patients with dementia: The NITE-AD project. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 51-1460.
59. McCurry, S. M., Gibbons, L. E., Logsdon, R. G., Vitiello, M. V., & Teri, L. (2005). Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 53-802.
60. McCurry, S. M., Logsdon, R. G., Teri, L., Gibbons, L. E., Kukull, W. A., Bowen, J. D., et al. (1999). Characteristics of sleep disturbance in community-dwelling Alzheimer's disease patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12, 12-59.
61. McCurry, S. M., Reynolds, C. F., Ancoli-Israel, S., Teri, L., & Vitiello, M. V. (2000). Treatment of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 4, 4-628.
62. McCurry, S. M., Vitiello, M. V., Gibbons, L. E., Logsdon, R. G., & Teri, L. (2006). Factors associated with caregiver reports of sleep disturbances in persons with dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 14-120.
63. Mirmiran, M., Swaab, D. F., Kok, J. H., Hofman, M. A., Witting, W., & Van Gool, W. A. (1992). Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in perinatal development, aging and Alzheimer's disease. Progress in Brain Research, 93, 151-162; discussion 162-153.
64. Mishima, K., Okawa, M., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S., Hori, H., & Takahashi, K. (1994). Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 89-7.
65. Mishima, K., Tozawa, T., Satoh, K., Matsumoto, Y., Hishikawa, Y., & Okawa, M. (1999). Melatonin secretion rhythm disorders in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type with disturbed sleepYwaking. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 45-421.
66. Mizuno, S., Kameda, A., Inagaki, T., & Horiguchi, J. (2004). Effects of donepezil on Alzheimer's disease: The relationship between cognitive function and rapid eye movement sleep. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 58-665.
67. Moe, K. E., Vitiello, M. V., Larsen, L. H., & Prinz, P. N. (1995). Symposium: Cognitive processes and sleep disturbances: Sleep/wake patterns in Alzheimer's disease: Relationships with cognition and function. Journal of Sleep Research, 4, 4-20.
68. Moran, M., Lynch, C. A., Walsh, C., Coen, R., Coakley, D., & Lawlor, B. A. (2005). Sleep disturbance in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Medicine, 6, 6-352.
69. Morishima-Kawashima, M., & Ihara, Y. (2002). Alzheimer's disease: beta-Amyloid protein and tau. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 70, 70-401.
70. Neubauer, D. N. (1999). Sleep problems in the elderly. American Family Physician, 59, 2551-2558, 2559-2560.
71. Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S., Hori, H., & Takahashi, K. (1991). Circadian rhythm disorders in sleepYwaking and body temperature in elderly patients with dementia and their treatment. Sleep, 14, 14-485.
72. Petit, D., Montplaisir, J., & Boeve, B. F. (2005). Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed., pp. 853-862). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
73. Population Reference Bureau. (2006). 2006 World population data sheet. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
74. Redline, S., Kirchner, H. L., Quan, S. F., Gottlieb, D. J., Kapur, V., & Newman, A. (2004). The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, and sleep-disordered breathing on sleep architecture. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 164-418.
75. Rogers, S. L., Doody, R. S., Mohs, R. C., & Friedhoff, L. T. (1998). Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer disease: A 15-week, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Donepezil Study Group. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 158-1031.
76. Sack, R. L., Auckley, D., Auger, R. R., Carskadon, M. A., Wright, K. P. Jr., Vitiello, M. V., et al. (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part I. Basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep, 30, 30-1483.
77. Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C., & Scammell, T. E. (2001). The sleep switch: Hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends in Neurosciences, 24, 24-731.
78. Satlin, A., Volicer, L., Ross, V., Herz, L., & Campbell, S. (1992). Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 149-1032.
79. Satlin, A., Volicer, L., Stopa, E. G., & Harper, D. (1995). Circadian locomotor activity and core-body temperature rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 16, 16-771.
80. Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. S., & Insel, P. (2005). Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA, 294, 294-1943.
81. Schnelle, J. F., Cruise, P. A., Alessi, C. A., Ludlow, K., al-Samarrai, N. R., & Ouslander, J. G. (1998). Sleep hygiene in physically dependent nursing home residents: Behavioral and environmental intervention implications. Sleep, 21, 21-523.
82. Serfaty, M., Kennell-Webb, S., Warner, J., Blizard, R., & Raven, P. (2002). Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of low dose melatonin for sleep disorders in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 17-1127.
83. Shaw, S. H., Curson, H., & Coquelin, J. P. (1992). A double-blind, comparative study of zolpidem and placebo in the treatment of insomnia in elderly psychiatric in-patients. Journal of International Medical Research, 20, 20-161.
84. Shelton, P. S., & Hocking, L. B. (1997). Zolpidem for dementiarelated insomnia and nighttime wandering. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 31, 31-322.
85. Shochat, T., Martin, J., Marler, M., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2000). Illumination levels in nursing home patients: Effects on sleep and activity rhythms. Journal of Sleep Research, 9, 9-379.
86. Simpson, K., Richards, K., Enderlin, C., O'Sullivan, P., & Koehn, M. (2006). Medications and sleep in nursing home residents with dementia. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 12, 12-285.
87. Singer, C., Tractenberg, R. E., Kaye, J., Schafer, K., Gamst, A., Grundman, M., et al. (2003). A multicenter, placebocontrolled trial of melatonin for sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep, 26, 26-901.
88. Sloane, P. D., Williams, C. S., Mitchell, C. M., Preisser, J. S., Wood, W., Barrick, A. L., et al. (2007). High-intensity environmental light in dementia: Effect on sleep and activity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 55-1533.
89. Smith, L. J., Nowakowski, S., Soeffing, J. P., Orff, H. J., & Perlis, M. L. (2003). The measurement of sleep. In M. L. Perlis & K. L. Lichstein (Eds.), Treating sleep disorders: Principles and practice of behavioral sleep medicine (pp. 29-73). New York, NY: Wiley.
90. Stepanski, E. J., & Wyatt, J. K. (2003). Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7, 7-225.
91. Street, J. S., Clark, W. S., Gannon, K. S., Cummings, J. L., Bymaster, F. P., Tamura, R. N., et al. (2000). Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: A doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 57-976.
92. Svarstad, B. L., & Mount, J. K. (2002). Effects of residents' depression, sleep, and demand for medication on benzodiazepine use in nursing homes. Psychiatric Services, 53, 53-1165.
93. Swaab, D. F., Fisser, B., Kamphorst, W., & Troost, D. (1988). The human suprachiasmatic nucleus; neuropeptide changes in senium and Alzheimer's disease. Basic and Applied Histochemistry, 32, 32-54.
94. Teri, L., Logsdon, R. G., & McCurry, S. M. (2002). Nonpharmacologic treatment of behavioral disturbance in dementia. Medical Clinics of North America, 86, 641-656, viii.
95. U. S. Census Bureau. (2005). Older Americans Month celebrated in May. Washington, DC: Author.
96. Vitiello, M. V., & Borson, S. (2001). Sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. CNS Drugs, 15, 15-796.
97. Wang, P. S., Bohn, R. L., Glynn, R. J., Mogun, H., & Avorn, J. (2001). Hazardous benzodiazepine regimens in the elderly: Effects of half-life, dosage, and duration on risk of hip fracture. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 158-898.
98. White, D. P. (2005). Sleep breathing disorders: Central sleep apnea. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed., pp. 969-982). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
99. Wu, Y. H., & Swaab, D. F. (2005). The human pineal gland and melatonin in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Pineal Research, 38, 38-152.
100. Wu, Y. H., & Swaab, D. F. (2007). Disturbance and strategies for reactivation of the circadian rhythm system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Medicine, 8, 8-636.