Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly

Systematic Entomology

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 614-635

  Kutty, Sujatha Narayanan ^a   Pape, Thomas ^b   Wiegmann, Brian M ^c   Meier, Rudolf ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLADISTICS; DATA SET; FLY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOME; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; RADIATION BALANCE; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAXONOMY;

ANTHOMYIIDAE; CALLIPHORIDAE; CALYPTRATAE; DIPTERA; FANNIIDAE; GLOSSINA (GENUS); HEXAPODA; HIPPOBOSCOIDEA; MUSCA DOMESTICA; MUSCIDAE; MUSCOIDEA; MUSCOMORPHA; MYSTACINOBIIDAE; OESTRIDAE; OESTROIDEA; RHINOPHORIDAE; SARCOPHAGIDAE; SCATHOPHAGIDAE; TACHINIDAE;

EID: 77956779711     PISSN: 03076970     EISSN: 13653113     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00536.x     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Amorim DS, Silva VC. How far advanced was Diptera evolution in the Pangaea? Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.) 2002, 32:177-200.
2. Anderson JS. The phylogenetic trunk: maximal inclusion of taxa with missing data in an analysis of the Lepospondyli (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda). Systematic Biology 2001, 50:170-193.
3. Bänziger H, Pape T. Flowers, faeces and cadavers: natural feeding and laying habits of flesh flies in Thailand (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaga spp.). Journal of Natural History 2004, 13:1681-1698.
4. Benavides E, Baum R, McClellan D, Jack WJ. Molecular phylogenetics of the lizard genus Microlophus (Squamata: Tropiduridae): aligning and retrieving indel signal from nuclear introns. Systematic Biology 2007, 56:776-797.
5. Bequaert JC. The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part I. Structure, physiology and natural history. Entomologica Americana 1952, 32:1-209.
6. Bernasconi MV, Pawlowski J, Valsangiacomo C, Piffaretti JC, Ward PI. Phylogeny of the scathophagidae (Diptera, Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2000a, 16:308-315.
7. Bernasconi MV, Valsangiacomo C, Piffaretti JC, Ward PI. Phylogenetic relationships among muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 2000b, 9:67-74.
8. Boyes JW, Shewell GE. Cytotaxonomy of Calliphoridae (Diptera). Genetica 1975, 45:435-488.
9. Carvalho CJB, Couri MS. Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of Apsil Malloch and Reynoldsia Malloch (Diptera: Muscidae) of southern South America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 2002, 104:309-317.
10. Colless DH. A new family of muscoid Diptera from Australasia, with sixteen new species in four new genera (Diptera: Axiniidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 1994, 8:471-534.
11. Colless DH, McAlpine DK. Diptera (flies). The Insects of Australia 1991, 717-786. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne
12. Couri MS, Carvalho CJB. Systematic relations among Philornis Meinert, Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve and allied genera (Diptera, Muscidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology 2003, 63:223-232.
13. Couri MS, Pont AC. Cladistic analysis of coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiinae). Systematic Entomology 2000, 25:373-392.
14. Crosskey RW. A review of the Rhinophoridae (Diptera) and a revision of the Afrotropical species. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 1977, 36:1-66.
15. Dahlem GA, Naczi RFC. Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associated with North American pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae), with descriptions of three new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 2006, 99:218-240.
16. Damgaard J, Andersen NM, Meier R. Effects of alignment and taxon sampling in combined molecular and morphological analyses of water strider phylogeny (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Gerromorpha). Systematic Entomology 2005, 30:289-309.
17. Dittmar K, Porter ML, Murray S, Whiting MF. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nycteribiid and streblid bat flies (Diptera: Brachycera, Calyptratae): implications for host associations and phylogeographic origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 38:155-170.
18. Domínguez MC, Roig-Juñent SA. A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta: Diptera: Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia. Invertebrate Systematics 2008, 22:563-587.
19. Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 2008, 452:745-749.
20. Dyer NA, Lawton SP, Ravel S. Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (COI, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 49:227-239.
21. Biosystematic Database of World Diptera. 2008, http://www.diptera.org/biosys.htm, Evenhuis NLPape TPont ACThompson FC. (eds) (Version 10.5. Available at [WWW document]. URL, [accessed on 1 May 2010].
22. Farris JS, Albert VA, Källersjö M, Lipscomb D, Kluge AG. Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining. Cladistics 1996, 12:99-124.
23. Ferrar P. Immature stages of dung-breeding muscoid flies in Australia, with notes on the species, and keys to larvae and puparia. Australian Journal of Zoology 1979, 27:1-106. (Suppl.)
24. Ferrar P. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Part 1: text). Entomonograph 1987, 8:1-478.
25. Giroux M, Pape T, Wheeler TA. Towards a phylogeny of the flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): morphology and phylogenetic implications of the acrophallus in the subfamily Sarcophaginae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2010, 158:740-778.
26. Gleeson DM, Howitt RLJ, Newcomb RD. The phylogenetic position of the New Zealand batfly, Mystacinobia zelandica (Mystacinobiidae; Oestroidea) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2000, 30:155-168.
27. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 2008, 24:774-786.
28. Goloboff PA, Catalano SA, Mirande JM, Szumik CA, Arias JS, Källersjö M, Farris JS. Phylogenetic analysis of 73,060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups. Cladistics 2009, 25:211-230.
29. Gordon AD. A measure of the agreement between rankings. Biometrika 1979, 66:7-15.
30. Griffiths GCD. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Series Entomologica 1972, 8:1-340.
31. Griffiths GCD. On the systematic position of Mystacinobia (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society, Washington 1982a, 10:70-77.
32. Griffiths GCD. Anthomyiidae [part]. Flies of the Nearctic Region: Cyclorrhapha II Schizophora: Calyptratae 1982b, 1-160. Griffiths GCD. Vol. 2(1) (ed. by, E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
33. Grunin KJ. Hypodermatidae. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 1965, 1-154. Lindner E. Vol. 8 (ed. by, Schweizerbart'sche, Stuttgart
34. Grunin KJ. Oestridae. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 1966, 1-96. Lindner E. Vol. 8 (ed. by, Schweizerbart'sche, Stuttgart
35. Grunin KJ. Gasterophilidae. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 1969, 1-6. Lindner E. Vol. 8 (ed. by, Schweizerbart'sche, Stuttgart
36. Hackman W, Väisänen R. The evolution and phylogenetic significance of the costal chaetotaxy in the Diptera. Annales Zoologici Fennici 1985, 22:169-203.
37. Hall MJR, Wall R. Myiasis of humans and domestic animals. Advances in Parasitology 1995, 35:257-334.
38. Hennig W. Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen. Beiträge zur Entomologie 1958, 8:505-688.
39. Hennig W. Ordnung Diptera (Zweiflügler). Handbuch der Zoologie 1973, 337. Helmcke JGStarck DWermuth H. Vol. 4 (ed. by, pp. 1-, De Gruyter, Berlin.
40. Hennig W. Das Hypopygium von Lonchoptera lutea Panzer und die phylogenetischen Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Cyclorrhapha (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Series A (Biologie) 1976, 283:1-63.
41. Herting B. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der europäischen Raupenfliegen (Dipt. Tachinidae). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde 1966, 146:12.
42. Herting B. Phasiinae. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 1983, 1-88. Lindner E. Vol. 8 (ed. by, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart
43. Herting B. Catalogue of Palearctic Tachinidae (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Series A (Biologie) 1984, 369:1-228.
44. Herting B, Dely-Draskovits A. Family Tachinidae. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 1993, 118-458. Soós T Papp L. Vol. 13 (ed. by, ungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest
45. Holloway BA. A new bat-fly family from New Zealand (Diptera Mystacinobiidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1976, 3:279-301.
46. Huelsenbeck JP. When are fossils better than extant taxa in phylogenetic analysis? Systematic Zoology 1991, 40:458-469.
47. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. Mr.Bayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2001, 17:754-755.
48. Iwasa M. A comparative study of the mouthparts of medically and veterinarily important flies, with special reference to the development and origin of the prestomal teeth in cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 1983, 34:177-206.
49. James M. Family Calliphoridae. A Catalog of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States 1970, 1-28. Papavero N. Vol. 102 (ed. by, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
50. James M. Family Calliphoridae. A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Volume III: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza) 1977, 526-556. Delfinado MDHardy DE. (ed. by, The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
51. Kearney M. Fragmentary taxa, missing data, and ambiguity: mistaken assumptions and conclusions. Systematic Biology 2002, 51:369-381.
52. Kurahashi H. Family Calliphoridae. Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions 1989, 702-718. Evenhuis NL. Vol. 86 (ed. by, Bishop Museum Serial Publication, Honolulu, Hawaii
53. Kutty SN, Bernasconi MV, Sifner F, Meier R. Sensitivity analysis, molecular systematics and natural history evolution of Scathophagidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: Calyptratae). Cladistics 2007, 23:64-83.
54. Kutty SN, Pape T, Pont A, Wiegmann BM, Meier R. The Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) are paraphyletic: evidence from four mitochondrial and four nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 49:639-652.
55. Lehrer AZ. Considerations phylogenetiques et taxonomiques sur la famille Calliphoridae (Diptera). Annotationes zoologicae et botanicae. Slovenske Norodne Muzeum v Bratislave 1970, 61:1-51.
56. Lim GS, Hwang WS, Kutty SN, Meier R, Grootaert P. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers support the monophyly of Dolichopodidae and suggest a rapid origin of the subfamilies (Diptera: Empidoidea). Systematic Entomology 2010, 35:59-70.
57. Lopes HS. The importance of the mandible and clypeal arch of the first instar larvae in the classification of the Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista brasileira de Entomologia 1983, 26:293-326.
58. Maa TC, Peterson BV. Hippoboscidae. Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1987, 1271-1281. McAlpine JF, Wood DM. (ed. by, R, esearch Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
59. McAlpine JF. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1989, 1397-1518. McAlpine JFWood DM. Vol. 3 (ed. by, R, esearch Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
60. McClellan DA, Woolley S. AlignmentHelper 2004, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
61. McKillup SC, McKillup RV, Pape T. Flies that are parasitoids of a marine snail: the larviposition behaviour and life cycles of Sarcophaga megafilosia and Sarcophaga meiofilosia. Hydrobiologia 2000, 439:141-149.
62. Meier R, Ali FB. The newest kid on the parsimony block: TNT (Tree analysis using new technology). Systematic Entomology 2005, 30:179-182.
63. Meier R, Baker R. A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution 2002, 33:325-336.
64. Meier R, Lim GS. Conflict convergent evolution, and the relative importance of immature and adult characters in endopterygote phylogenetics. Annual Review of Entomology 2009, 54:85-104.
65. Meier R, Wiegmann BM. A phylogenetic analysis of Coelopidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2002, 25:393-407.
66. Meier R, Kotrba M, Ferrar P. Ovoviviparity and viviparity in Diptera. Biological Reviews 1999, 74:199-258.
67. Meier R, Kwong S, Vaidya G, Ng PKL. DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology 2006, 55:715-728.
68. Michelsen V. Revision of the aberrant new world genus Coenosopsia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) with a discussion of anthomyiid relationships. Systematic Entomology 1991, 16:85-104.
69. Michelsen V. First reliable record of a fossil species of Anthomyiidae (Diptera), with comments on the definition of recent and fossil clades in phylogenetic classification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1996, 58:441-451.
70. Michelsen V. Oldest authentic record of a fossil calyptrate fly (Diptera): a species of Anthomyiidae from early Coenozoic Baltic amber. Studia Dipterologica 2000, 7:11-18.
71. Moulton JK, Wiegmann BM. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 43:701-713.
72. Nihei SS, Carvalho CJB. Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of Coenosopsia Malloch (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) and its significance to the evolution of anthomyiids in the Neotropics. Systematic Entomology 2004, 29:260-275.
73. Nihei SS, Carvalho CJB. Phylogeny and classification of Muscini (Diptera, Muscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007, 149:493-532.
74. Nirmala X, Hypsa V, Zurovec M. Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): the evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference. Insect Molecular Biology 2001, 10:475-485.
75. Nixon KC, Wheeler QD. Extinction and the origin of species. Extinction and Phylogeny 1992, 119-143. Novacek MJ, Wheeler QD. (ed. by, Columbia University Press, New York, New York
76. Norris KR. Establishment of a subfamily Aphyssurinae for the Australian genus Aphyssura Hardy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a review of known forms and descriptions of new species. Invertebrate Taxonomy 1999, 13:511-628.
77. Novacek MJ. Fossils, topologies, missing data, and the higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals. Systematic Biology 1992, 41:58-73.
78. Nylander JAA. MrModeltest v2 2004, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala
79. O'Hara JE. Oviposition strategies of the Tachinidae, a family of benefical parasitic flies. Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin 1985, 8:31-34.
80. O'Hara JE, Wood DM. Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of Entomology International 2004, 18:1-410.
81. Otranto D, Traversa D, Guida B, Tarsitano E, Fiorente P, Stevens JR. Molecular characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene of Oestridae species causing obligate myiasis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2003, 17:307-315.
82. Papavero N. The world Oestridae (Diptera) mammals and continental drift. Series Entomologica 1977, 14:1-240.
83. Pape T. A phylogenetic analysis of the woodlouse-flies (Diptera, Rhinophoridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 1986, 129:15-34.
84. Pape T. Phylogeny of the Tachinidae family-group (Diptera: Calyptratae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 1992, 135:43-86.
85. Pape T. The world Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements 1994, 45:1-247.
86. Pape T. Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs of Entomology International 1996, 8:1-558.
87. Pape T. A new genus of Paramacronychiinae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), argued from a genus-level cladistic analysis. Systematic Entomology 1998a, 23:187-200.
88. Pape T. Rhinophoridae. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera 1998b, 679-689. Papp LDarvas B. (ed. by, Science Herald, Budapest
89. Pape T. Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Systematic Entomology 2001, 26:133-171.
90. Pape T. Family Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera). An Introduction to the Freshwater Invertebrates of Malaysia and Singapore 2004, 849-851. Yule C. (ed. by, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan
91. Pape T. Phylogeny and evolution of the bot flies. The Oestrid Flies: Biology, Host-Parasite Relationships, Impact and Management 2006, 20-50. Colwell DScholl PHall M. (ed. by, CABI Publishers, Wallingford
92. Pape T, Arnaud PH. Bezzimyia- a genus of native New World Rhinophoridae (Insecta, Diptera). Zoologica Scripta 2001, 30:257-297.
93. Pape T, Dechmann D, Vonhof MJ. A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) living in roosts of Spix's disk winged bat Thyroptera tricolor Spix (Chiroptera) in Costa Rica. Journal of Natural History 2002, 36:991-998.
94. Peris SV, Gonzáles-Mora D. A key to the identification to the world genera of Calliphoridae. Subfamilies with stem-vein bare and erection of the new subfamily. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Seccion Biologica) 2004, 99:115-144.
95. Petersen FT, Meier R, Kutty SN, Wiegmann BM. The phylogeny and evolution of host choice in the Hippoboscoidea (Diptera) as reconstructed using four molecular markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 45:111-122.
96. Philippe H, Snell EA, Bapteste E, Lopez P, Holland PWH, Casane D. Phylogenomics of eukaryotes: impact of missing data on large alignments. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2004, 21:1740-1752.
97. Pol D, Escapa IH. Unstable taxa in cladistic analysis: identification and the assessment of relevant characters. Cladistics 2009, 25:515-527.
98. Pont AC. A revision of Australian Fanniidae (Diptera: Calyptrata). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplement Series 1977, 51:1-60.
99. Pont AC. Family Gasterophilidae. Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region 1980, 883-885. Crosskey RW. (ed. by, British Museum (Natural History), London
100. Richter VA. A new tribe, new and little known species of the tachinid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) of the fauna of the USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 1992, 70:229-246. [in Russian] (English translation in, 133-150
101. Roback SS. A classification of the muscoid calyptrate Diptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1951, 44:327-361.
102. Rognes K. The systematic position of the genus Helicobosca Bezzi with a discussion of the monophyly of the calyptrate families Calliphoridae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae (Diptera). Entomologica Scandinavica 1986, 17:75-92.
103. Rognes K. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 1991, 24:1-272.
104. Rognes K. A new genus of Helicoboscinae from the Himalayas (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with emended genus and subfamily concepts. Entomologica Scandinavica 1993, 23:391-404.
105. Rognes K. The Calliphoridae (blowflies) (Diptera: Oestroidea) are not a monophyletic group. Cladistics 1997, 13:27-66.
106. Rognes K. Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Israel and adjacent areas, including a new species from Tunisia. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements 2002, 59:148.
107. Rohdendorf BB. The directions of historical development of Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR. Proceedings of the Palaeontological Journal of the Academy of Science, USSR 1967, 116:1-92.
108. Rohdendorf BB. The classification and phylogeny of Diptera. Systematics and Evolution of Diptera (Insecta). A Collection of Scientific Works 1977, 81-88. Skarlato DAGorodkov KB. (ed. by, Academy of Science, St Petersborg, [in Russian].
109. Savage J, Wheeler TA. Phylogeny of the Azeliini (Diptera: Muscidae). Studia Dipterologica 2004, 11:259-299.
110. Savage J, Wheeler TA, Wiegmann BM. Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Thricops Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae) based on molecular and morphological characters. Systematic Entomology 2004, 29:395-414.
111. Schuehli GS, Carvalho CJB, Wiegmann BM. Molecular phylogenetics of the Muscidae (Diptera: Calyptratae): new ideas in a congruence context. Invertebrate Systematics 2007, 21:263-278.
112. Schumann H. Family Calliphoridae. Catalogue of the Palaearctic Diptera Calliphoridae-Sarcophagidae 1986, 11-58. Soós T, Papp L. Vol. 12 (ed. by, pp.
113. Séguy E. Diptera, family Muscidae. Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 1937, 1-604. Wystman P. (ed. by, P. Wytsman, Brussels
114. Shewell G. 106 Calliphoridae. Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1987, McAlpine F. Vol. 2 (ed. by, pp. 1133-1145., Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph, Ottawa
115. Shima H. Parasitic way of life in tachinid flies. Insectarium 1989, 26:120-126.
116. Smith SA, Dunn CW. Phyutility: a phyloinformatics tool for trees, alignments and molecular data. Bioinformatics 2008, 24:715-716.
117. Song ZK, Wang XZ, Liang GQ. Molecular evolution and phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera). Journal of Molecular Evolution 2008, 67:448-464.
118. Soós A, Minár J. Family Gasterophilidae. Catalogue of PalaearcticDiptera 1986a, 237-240., Vol. 11, pp, Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest.
119. Soós A, Minár J. Family Oestridae. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 1986b, 240-244., Vol. 11, Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest.
120. Soós A, Minár J. Family Hypodermatidae. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Scathophagidae-Hypodermatidae 1986c, 11:244-251. Vol, pp, Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest.
121. Spofford MG, Kurczewski FE. Nearctic species of Miltogrammini (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associated with species of Aculeata (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, Sphecoidea, Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 1989, 62:254-267.
122. Stamatakis A. Phylogenetic models of rate heterogeneity: a high performance computing perspective: Proceedings of 20th IEEE/ACM International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS2006), High Performance Computational BiologyWorkshop. 2006, Munich. Proceedings on CD.
123. Stamatakis A, Ludwig T, Meier H. RAxML-III: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 2005, 21:456-463.
124. Stevens JR. The evolution of myiasis in blowflies (Calliphoridae). International Journal for Parasitology 2003, 33:1105-1113.
125. Stireman JO. Phylogenetic relationships of tachinid flies in subfamily Exoristinae (Tachinidae: Diptera) based on 28S rDNA and elongation factor-1 alpha. Systematic Entomology 2002, 27:409-435.
126. Stireman JO, O'Hara JE, Wood DM. Tachinidae: evolution, behavior, and ecology. Annual Review of Entomology 2006, 51:525-555.
127. Sukontason KL, Methanitikorn R, Kurahashi H, Piangjai S, Sukontason K. Surface ultrastructure of prestomal teeth of some flies in the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae. Parasitology Research 2005, 96:410-412.
128. Sze WT, Pape T, O'Toole DK. The first blow fly parasitoid takes a head start in its termite host (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Bengaliinae; Isoptera: Macrotermitidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 2008, 6:25-30.
129. Szpila K, Pape T. Comparative morphology of the first instar larva of three species of Metopia Meigen (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Acta Zoologica 2005a, 86:119-134.
130. Szpila K, Pape T. The first instar larva of Apodacra pulchra (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Miltogramminae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 2005b, 36:293-300.
131. Szpila K, Pape T. Rediscovery, redescription and reclassification of Beludzhia phylloteliptera (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Miltogramminae). European Journal of Entomology 2007, 104:119-137.
132. Szpila K, Pape T. Morphological diversity of first instar larvae in Miltogramma subgenus Pediasiomyia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Miltogramminae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 2008, 247:259-273.
133. Tachi T, Shima H. Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Exoristinae (Diptera, Tachinidae), with discussions on the evolutionary history of female oviposition strategy. Systematic Entomology 2010, 35:148-163.
134. Thompson WR. The tachinid parasites of woodlice. Parasitology 1934, 26:378-446.
135. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 1994, 22:4673-4680.
136. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 1997, 25:4876-4882.
137. Thorley JL, Wilkinson M. Testing the phylogenetic stability of early tetrapods. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1999, 200:343-344.
138. Tschirnhaus M, Hoffeins C. Fossil flies in Baltic amber: insights in the diversity of Tertiary Acalyptratae (Diptera, Schizophora), with new morphological characters and a key based on 1,000 collected inclusions. Denisia 2009, 26:171-212.
139. Tschorsnig HP. Die Struktur des männlichen Postabdomens der Rhinophoridae (Diptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 1985a, 375:1-18.
140. Tschorsnig HP. Taxonomie forstlich wichtiger Parasiten: untersuchungen zur Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der Raupenfliegen (Diptera, Tachinidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Series A (Biologie) 1985b, 383:1-137.
141. Tschorsnig HP, Richter VA. Family Tachinidae. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with Special Reference to Flies of Economic Importance) 1998, 880. p., Science Herald, Budapest
142. Verves YuG. The phylogenetic systematics of the miltogrammatine flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) of the world. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 1989, 42:111-126.
143. Verves YuG. A key to genera and subgenera of Palaearctic Miltogrammatinae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) with a description of a new genus. Diptera Research 1994, 5:239-247.
144. Vossbrinck CR, Friedman S. A 28s ribosomal-RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region. Systematic Entomology 1989, 14:417-431.
145. Wiegmann BM, Yeates DK, Thorne JL, Kishino H. Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock. Systematic Biology 2003, 52:745-756.
146. Wilkinson M. Common cladistic information and its consensus representation: reduced Adams and reduced cladistic consensus trees and profiles. Systematic Biology 1994, 43:343-368.
147. Wood DM. Are Cuterebridae, Gasterophilidae, Hypodermatidae and Oestridae a monophyletic group? Abstracts of the First International Congress of Dipterology 1986, 261. Darvas BPapp L. (Budapest, 17th-24th August, 1986) (ed. by, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
148. Wood DM. Tachinidae. Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1987, 1193-1269. McAlpine JF. Vol. 2 (ed. by, Research branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
149. Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World 1965, Butterworths, London
150. Zwickl DJ. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion. 2006, PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
151. Vaidya G, Lohman DL, Meier R. SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multigene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics 2010, 10.1111/j 1096-0031.2010.00329.x
152. Pape T. Rhinophoridae. A Manual of Central American Diptera Brown BVBorkent ACumming JMWood DMWoodley NEZumbado M. (in press), Vol. 2 (ed. by, NRC Press, Ottawa, Ontario