메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue C, 1998, Pages 309-379

Situated Optimism: Specific Outcome Expectancies and Self-Regulation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956732897     PISSN: 00652601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60386-X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (322)

References (321)
  • 2
    • 0010073746 scopus 로고
    • Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression
    • Abramson Y., Metalsky G.I., and Alloy L.B. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 358-372
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 358-372
    • Abramson, Y.1    Metalsky, G.I.2    Alloy, L.B.3
  • 3
    • 0030330201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings
    • Affleck G., and Tennen H. Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 899-922
    • (1996) Journal of Personality , vol.64 , pp. 899-922
    • Affleck, G.1    Tennen, H.2
  • 5
    • 33646391331 scopus 로고
    • Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research
    • Ajzen I., and Fishbein M. Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977) 888-918
    • (1977) Psychological Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 888-918
    • Ajzen, I.1    Fishbein, M.2
  • 7
    • 0023282464 scopus 로고
    • Depression and pessimism for the future: Biased use of statistically relevant information in predictions for self versus others
    • Alloy L.B., and Ahrens A.H. Depression and pessimism for the future: Biased use of statistically relevant information in predictions for self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 366-378
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 366-378
    • Alloy, L.B.1    Ahrens, A.H.2
  • 9
    • 58149371846 scopus 로고
    • Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal intentions
    • Anderson C.A. Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983) 293-305
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 293-305
    • Anderson, C.A.1
  • 10
    • 0000436481 scopus 로고
    • Thoughts about actions: The effects of specificity and availability of imagined behavioral scripts on expectations about oneself and others
    • Anderson C.A., and Godfrey S.S. Thoughts about actions: The effects of specificity and availability of imagined behavioral scripts on expectations about oneself and others. Social Cognition 5 (1987) 238-258
    • (1987) Social Cognition , vol.5 , pp. 238-258
    • Anderson, C.A.1    Godfrey, S.S.2
  • 11
    • 0026955315 scopus 로고
    • Future-event schemas and certainty about the future: Automaticity in depressives' future-event predictions
    • Anderson S.M., Spielman L.A., and Bargh J.A. Future-event schemas and certainty about the future: Automaticity in depressives' future-event predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 711-723
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 711-723
    • Anderson, S.M.1    Spielman, L.A.2    Bargh, J.A.3
  • 13
    • 84970756597 scopus 로고
    • The young and the reckless: Adolescent reckless behavior
    • Arnett J. The young and the reckless: Adolescent reckless behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science 4 (1995) 67-71
    • (1995) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.4 , pp. 67-71
    • Arnett, J.1
  • 15
    • 0030305782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing optimism from denial: Optimistic beliefs predict attention to health threats
    • Aspinwall L.G., and Brunhart S.M. Distinguishing optimism from denial: Optimistic beliefs predict attention to health threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (1996) 993-1003
    • (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 993-1003
    • Aspinwall, L.G.1    Brunhart, S.M.2
  • 18
    • 0027033267 scopus 로고
    • Modeling cognitive adaption: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance
    • Aspinwall L.G., and Taylor S.E. Modeling cognitive adaption: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 989-1003
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 989-1003
    • Aspinwall, L.G.1    Taylor, S.E.2
  • 19
    • 0031135680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping
    • Aspinwall L.G., and Taylor S.E. A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997) 417-436
    • (1997) Psychological Bulletin , vol.121 , pp. 417-436
    • Aspinwall, L.G.1    Taylor, S.E.2
  • 20
    • 0022923792 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance for environmental health risks: The influence of knowledge, benefits, voluntariness, and environmental attitudes
    • Baird B.N.R. Tolerance for environmental health risks: The influence of knowledge, benefits, voluntariness, and environmental attitudes. Risk Analysis 6 (1986) 425-435
    • (1986) Risk Analysis , vol.6 , pp. 425-435
    • Baird, B.N.R.1
  • 21
    • 0017472917 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
    • Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 191-215
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 191-215
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 22
    • 33746878674 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
    • Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist 37 (1982) 122-147
    • (1982) American Psychologist , vol.37 , pp. 122-147
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 24
    • 0024722365 scopus 로고
    • Human agency in social cognitive theory
    • Bandura A. Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist 44 (1989) 1175-1184
    • (1989) American Psychologist , vol.44 , pp. 1175-1184
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 25
    • 85014426289 scopus 로고
    • Misperceptions among gay men of the risk for AIDS associated with their sexual behavior
    • Bauman L.J., and Seigal K. Misperceptions among gay men of the risk for AIDS associated with their sexual behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17 (1987) 329-350
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 329-350
    • Bauman, L.J.1    Seigal, K.2
  • 28
    • 0029690788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem
    • Baumeister R.F., Smart L., and Boden J.M. Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103 (1996) 5-33
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.103 , pp. 5-33
    • Baumeister, R.F.1    Smart, L.2    Boden, J.M.3
  • 30
    • 0000851710 scopus 로고
    • The health belief model and personal health behavior
    • Becker M.H. The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health Education Monographs 2 (1974) 324-508
    • (1974) Health Education Monographs , vol.2 , pp. 324-508
    • Becker, M.H.1
  • 31
    • 0000667043 scopus 로고
    • Comparing social learning theory and the health belief model
    • Ward W.B. (Ed), JAI, Greenwich, CT
    • Becker M.H., and Rosenstock I.M. Comparing social learning theory and the health belief model. In: Ward W.B. (Ed). Advances in health education and promotion 2 (1987), JAI, Greenwich, CT 245-249
    • (1987) Advances in health education and promotion , vol.2 , pp. 245-249
    • Becker, M.H.1    Rosenstock, I.M.2
  • 32
    • 0014087021 scopus 로고
    • Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena
    • Bem D.J. Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review 74 (1967) 183-200
    • (1967) Psychological Review , vol.74 , pp. 183-200
    • Bem, D.J.1
  • 34
    • 0001865571 scopus 로고
    • Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question
    • Bradley G.W. Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978) 56-71
    • (1978) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 56-71
    • Bradley, G.W.1
  • 36
    • 77956714339 scopus 로고
    • Coming to terms with failure: Private self-enhancement and public self-effacement
    • Brown J.D., and Gallagher F.M. Coming to terms with failure: Private self-enhancement and public self-effacement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 26 (1992) 149-167
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 149-167
    • Brown, J.D.1    Gallagher, F.M.2
  • 39
    • 21844497186 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times
    • Buehler R., Griffin D., and Ross M. Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 366-381
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 366-381
    • Buehler, R.1    Griffin, D.2    Ross, M.3
  • 41
    • 0001109809 scopus 로고
    • The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception
    • Burger J.M., and Burns L. The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (1988) 264-270
    • (1988) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.14 , pp. 264-270
    • Burger, J.M.1    Burns, L.2
  • 42
    • 0003006049 scopus 로고
    • Changes in and generalizations of unrealistic optimism following experiences with stressful events: Reactions to the 1989 California earthquake
    • Burger J.M., and Palmer M.L. Changes in and generalizations of unrealistic optimism following experiences with stressful events: Reactions to the 1989 California earthquake. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 39-43
    • (1992) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 39-43
    • Burger, J.M.1    Palmer, M.L.2
  • 43
    • 0000231602 scopus 로고
    • Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalization of expectancies on future performance
    • Campbell J.D., and Fairey P.J. Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalization of expectancies on future performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 1097-1111
    • (1985) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 1097-1111
    • Campbell, J.D.1    Fairey, P.J.2
  • 45
    • 0002777512 scopus 로고
    • The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic
    • Carroll J.S. The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 14 (1978) 88-96
    • (1978) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 88-96
    • Carroll, J.S.1
  • 49
    • 0020157678 scopus 로고
    • Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology
    • Carver C.S., and Scheier M.F. Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin 92 (1982) 111-135
    • (1982) Psychological Bulletin , vol.92 , pp. 111-135
    • Carver, C.S.1    Scheier, M.F.2
  • 51
    • 77956753048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (in press). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge.
    • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (in press). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge.
  • 52
    • 0027411704 scopus 로고
    • Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: Differences between smokers and ex-smokers
    • Chapman S., Wong W.L., and Smith W. Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: Differences between smokers and ex-smokers. American Journal of Public Health 83 (1993) 215-219
    • (1993) American Journal of Public Health , vol.83 , pp. 215-219
    • Chapman, S.1    Wong, W.L.2    Smith, W.3
  • 53
    • 0029301329 scopus 로고
    • Risk perceptions: Differences between adolescents and adults
    • Cohn L.D., Macfarlane S., Yanez C., and Imai W.K. Risk perceptions: Differences between adolescents and adults. Health Psychology 14 (1995) 217-222
    • (1995) Health Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 217-222
    • Cohn, L.D.1    Macfarlane, S.2    Yanez, C.3    Imai, W.K.4
  • 54
    • 0028469959 scopus 로고
    • Do positive illusions foster mental health? An examination of the Taylor and Brown formulation
    • Colvin C.R., and Block J. Do positive illusions foster mental health? An examination of the Taylor and Brown formulation. Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994) 3-20
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.116 , pp. 3-20
    • Colvin, C.R.1    Block, J.2
  • 55
    • 0029319828 scopus 로고
    • Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health
    • Colvin C.R., Block J., and Funder D.C. Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 1152-1162
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 1152-1162
    • Colvin, C.R.1    Block, J.2    Funder, D.C.3
  • 57
    • 0006867441 scopus 로고
    • Mental practice
    • Morgan W.P. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Corbin. Mental practice. In: Morgan W.P. (Ed). Ergogenic aids and muscular performance (1972), Academic Press, New York 93-118
    • (1972) Ergogenic aids and muscular performance , pp. 93-118
    • Corbin1
  • 58
    • 85046521240 scopus 로고
    • Personality and self-efficacy as predictors of coping with abortion
    • Cozzarelli C. Personality and self-efficacy as predictors of coping with abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 1224-1236
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 1224-1236
    • Cozzarelli, C.1
  • 60
    • 0011506326 scopus 로고
    • Optimism and perceived control of life events as related to personality
    • Darvil T.J., and Johnson R.C. Optimism and perceived control of life events as related to personality. Personality and Individual Differences 12 (1991) 951-954
    • (1991) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.12 , pp. 951-954
    • Darvil, T.J.1    Johnson, R.C.2
  • 61
    • 0031285050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimism and unrealistic optimism have an interacting impact on health-promoting behavior and knowledge changes
    • Davidson K., and Prkachin K. Optimism and unrealistic optimism have an interacting impact on health-promoting behavior and knowledge changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (1997) 617-625
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.23 , pp. 617-625
    • Davidson, K.1    Prkachin, K.2
  • 63
    • 0024711610 scopus 로고
    • The optimistic bias and traffic accident risk perception
    • DeJoy D.M. The optimistic bias and traffic accident risk perception. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21 (1989) 333-340
    • (1989) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.21 , pp. 333-340
    • DeJoy, D.M.1
  • 65
  • 66
    • 84985759872 scopus 로고
    • Conceptions of own versus others' outcomes: Manipulations by monaural attentional orientation
    • Drake R.A. Conceptions of own versus others' outcomes: Manipulations by monaural attentional orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology 17 (1987) 373-375
    • (1987) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 373-375
    • Drake, R.A.1
  • 67
    • 0026857564 scopus 로고
    • Line bisecting as a predictor of personal optimism and desirability of risky behaviors
    • Drake R.A., and Ulrich G. Line bisecting as a predictor of personal optimism and desirability of risky behaviors. Acta Psychologica 79 (1992) 219-226
    • (1992) Acta Psychologica , vol.79 , pp. 219-226
    • Drake, R.A.1    Ulrich, G.2
  • 68
    • 0000888467 scopus 로고
    • Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability
    • Dunning D., Meyerowitz J.A., and Holzberg A. Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 1082-1090
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 1082-1090
    • Dunning, D.1    Meyerowitz, J.A.2    Holzberg, A.3
  • 69
    • 0026234181 scopus 로고
    • Depression, realism, and the overconfidence effect: Are the sadder wiser when predicting future actions and events?
    • Dunning D., and Story A.L. Depression, realism, and the overconfidence effect: Are the sadder wiser when predicting future actions and events?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 521-532
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.61 , pp. 521-532
    • Dunning, D.1    Story, A.L.2
  • 70
    • 84973049246 scopus 로고
    • Skin cancer: Assessing perceived risk and behavioral attitudes
    • Eiser J.R., Eiser C., and Pauwels P. Skin cancer: Assessing perceived risk and behavioral attitudes. Psychology and Health 8 (1993) 393-404
    • (1993) Psychology and Health , vol.8 , pp. 393-404
    • Eiser, J.R.1    Eiser, C.2    Pauwels, P.3
  • 71
    • 0014185857 scopus 로고
    • Egocentrism in adolescence
    • Elkind D. Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development 38 (1967) 1025-1034
    • (1967) Child Development , vol.38 , pp. 1025-1034
    • Elkind, D.1
  • 72
    • 0000182503 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive-experiential self-theory
    • Pervin L.A. (Ed), Guilford, New York
    • Epstein S. Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In: Pervin L.A. (Ed). Handbook of personality: Theory and research (1990), Guilford, New York 165-191
    • (1990) Handbook of personality: Theory and research , pp. 165-191
    • Epstein, S.1
  • 73
    • 0026862678 scopus 로고
    • Coping ability, negative self-evaluation, and overgeneralization: Experiment and theory
    • Epstein S. Coping ability, negative self-evaluation, and overgeneralization: Experiment and theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 826-836
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 826-836
    • Epstein, S.1
  • 75
    • 0024710761 scopus 로고
    • Constructive thinking: A broad coping variable with specific components
    • Epstein S., and Meier P. Constructive thinking: A broad coping variable with specific components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 332-350
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 332-350
    • Epstein, S.1    Meier, P.2
  • 76
    • 0001566655 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives
    • Feather N.T. The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63 (1961) 552-561
    • (1961) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 552-561
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 77
  • 81
    • 0022765169 scopus 로고
    • Perception of the risk of an accident by young and older drivers
    • Finn P., and Bragg B.W.E. Perception of the risk of an accident by young and older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18 (1986) 289-298
    • (1986) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.18 , pp. 289-298
    • Finn, P.1    Bragg, B.W.E.2
  • 82
    • 0027481016 scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of dispositional optimism and control appraisals in quality of life after coronary artery bypass surgery
    • Fitzgerald T.E., Tennen H., Affleck G., and Pransky G.S. The relative importance of dispositional optimism and control appraisals in quality of life after coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 16 (1993) 25-43
    • (1993) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.16 , pp. 25-43
    • Fitzgerald, T.E.1    Tennen, H.2    Affleck, G.3    Pransky, G.S.4
  • 83
    • 0028451178 scopus 로고
    • Effect of dispositional optimism on comparative risk perceptions for developing AIDS
    • Fontaine K.R. Effect of dispositional optimism on comparative risk perceptions for developing AIDS. Psychological Reports 74 (1994) 843-846
    • (1994) Psychological Reports , vol.74 , pp. 843-846
    • Fontaine, K.R.1
  • 84
    • 0029348065 scopus 로고
    • Optimistic bias in cancer risk perception: A cross-national study
    • Fontaine K.R., and Smith S. Optimistic bias in cancer risk perception: A cross-national study. Psychological Reports 77 (1995) 143-146
    • (1995) Psychological Reports , vol.77 , pp. 143-146
    • Fontaine, K.R.1    Smith, S.2
  • 87
    • 0026064635 scopus 로고
    • Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on perceived vulnerability among women marines
    • Gerrard M., Gibbons F.X., and Warner T.D. Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on perceived vulnerability among women marines. Health Psychology 10 (1991) 173-179
    • (1991) Health Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 173-179
    • Gerrard, M.1    Gibbons, F.X.2    Warner, T.D.3
  • 88
    • 84942615330 scopus 로고
    • Perceived vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS preventive behavior: A critical review of the evidence
    • Pryor J.B., and Reeder G.D. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Gerrard M., Gibbons F.X., Warner T.D., and Smith G.E. Perceived vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS preventive behavior: A critical review of the evidence. In: Pryor J.B., and Reeder G.D. (Eds). The social psychology of HIV infection (1993), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 59-84
    • (1993) The social psychology of HIV infection , pp. 59-84
    • Gerrard, M.1    Gibbons, F.X.2    Warner, T.D.3    Smith, G.E.4
  • 89
    • 21844504172 scopus 로고
    • Judgments of vulnerability to pregnancy: The role of risk factors and individual differences
    • Gerrard M., and Luus C.A.E. Judgments of vulnerability to pregnancy: The role of risk factors and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 160-171
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 160-171
    • Gerrard, M.1    Luus, C.A.E.2
  • 90
    • 0026053480 scopus 로고
    • Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic
    • Gibbons F.X., McGovern P.G., and Lando H.A. Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic. Health Psychology 10 (1991) 42-45
    • (1991) Health Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 42-45
    • Gibbons, F.X.1    McGovern, P.G.2    Lando, H.A.3
  • 92
    • 0026620592 scopus 로고
    • High school students' perceptions of AIDS risk: Realistic appraisal or motivated denial?
    • Gladis M.M., Michela J.L., Walter H.J., and Vaughan R.D. High school students' perceptions of AIDS risk: Realistic appraisal or motivated denial?. Health Psychology 11 (1992) 307-316
    • (1992) Health Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 307-316
    • Gladis, M.M.1    Michela, J.L.2    Walter, H.J.3    Vaughan, R.D.4
  • 93
    • 85190919693 scopus 로고
    • The uniqueness bias: Studies of constructive social comparison
    • Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Goethals G.R., Messick D.M., and Allison S.T. The uniqueness bias: Studies of constructive social comparison. In: Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds). Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 149-176
    • (1991) Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research , pp. 149-176
    • Goethals, G.R.1    Messick, D.M.2    Allison, S.T.3
  • 94
    • 1542590780 scopus 로고
    • What is negative about positive illusions? When benefits for the individual harm the collective
    • Goleman D.J. What is negative about positive illusions? When benefits for the individual harm the collective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8 (1989) 190-197
    • (1989) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 190-197
    • Goleman, D.J.1
  • 96
    • 0024687434 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluation of drivers' skill: A cross cultural comparison
    • Goszczynska M., and Roslan A. Self-evaluation of drivers' skill: A cross cultural comparison. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21 (1989) 217-224
    • (1989) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.21 , pp. 217-224
    • Goszczynska, M.1    Roslan, A.2
  • 97
    • 58149410130 scopus 로고
    • The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history
    • Greenwald A.G. The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist 35 (1980) 603-618
    • (1980) American Psychologist , vol.35 , pp. 603-618
    • Greenwald, A.G.1
  • 98
    • 0018718724 scopus 로고
    • Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome
    • Greer S., Morris T., and Pettingale K.W. Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome. Lancet ii (1979) 785-787
    • (1979) Lancet , vol.ii , pp. 785-787
    • Greer, S.1    Morris, T.2    Pettingale, K.W.3
  • 99
    • 0025124396 scopus 로고
    • Psychological response to cancer and 15 year outcome
    • Greer S., Morris T., Pettingale K.W., and Haybittle J.L. Psychological response to cancer and 15 year outcome. Lancet i (1990) 49-50
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.i , pp. 49-50
    • Greer, S.1    Morris, T.2    Pettingale, K.W.3    Haybittle, J.L.4
  • 101
    • 34248446554 scopus 로고
    • Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so?
    • Gregory W.L., Cialdini R.B., and Carpenter K.M. Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982) 89-99
    • (1982) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 89-99
    • Gregory, W.L.1    Cialdini, R.B.2    Carpenter, K.M.3
  • 102
    • 0025618529 scopus 로고
    • The role of construal processes in overconfident predictions about the self and others
    • Griffin D.W., Dunning D., and Ross L. The role of construal processes in overconfident predictions about the self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 1128-1139
    • (1990) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.59 , pp. 1128-1139
    • Griffin, D.W.1    Dunning, D.2    Ross, L.3
  • 103
    • 21844497104 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a model's HIV status on self-perceptions: A self-protective similarity bias
    • Gump B.B., and Kulik J. The effect of a model's HIV status on self-perceptions: A self-protective similarity bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 827-833
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 827-833
    • Gump, B.B.1    Kulik, J.2
  • 104
    • 0025077130 scopus 로고
    • Perceived personal immunity: Beliefs about susceptibility to AIDS
    • Hansen W.B., Hahn G.L., and Wolkenstein B.H. Perceived personal immunity: Beliefs about susceptibility to AIDS. Journal of Sex Research 27 (1990) 622-628
    • (1990) Journal of Sex Research , vol.27 , pp. 622-628
    • Hansen, W.B.1    Hahn, G.L.2    Wolkenstein, B.H.3
  • 105
    • 0022514261 scopus 로고
    • Perceived personal immunity: The development of beliefs about susceptibility to the consequences of smoking
    • Hansen W.B., and Malotte C.K. Perceived personal immunity: The development of beliefs about susceptibility to the consequences of smoking. Preventative Medicine 15 (1986) 363-372
    • (1986) Preventative Medicine , vol.15 , pp. 363-372
    • Hansen, W.B.1    Malotte, C.K.2
  • 106
    • 0025911221 scopus 로고
    • Perceived personal invulnerability to the effects of drinking alcohol: The relationship between behavior and perception
    • Hansen W.B., Raynor A.E., and Wolkenstein B.H. Perceived personal invulnerability to the effects of drinking alcohol: The relationship between behavior and perception. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 14 (1991) 205-225
    • (1991) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.14 , pp. 205-225
    • Hansen, W.B.1    Raynor, A.E.2    Wolkenstein, B.H.3
  • 107
    • 0030531732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sufficient grounds for optimism? The relationship between perceived controllability and optimistic bias
    • Harris P. Sufficient grounds for optimism? The relationship between perceived controllability and optimistic bias. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 (1996) 9-52
    • (1996) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 9-52
    • Harris, P.1
  • 108
    • 84977281545 scopus 로고
    • The illusion of control and optimism about health: On being less at risk but no more in control than others
    • Harris P., and Middleton W. The illusion of control and optimism about health: On being less at risk but no more in control than others. British Journal of Social Psychology 33 (1994) 369-386
    • (1994) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 369-386
    • Harris, P.1    Middleton, W.2
  • 110
    • 21844500473 scopus 로고
    • Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East?
    • Heine S., and Lehman D. Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 595-607
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 595-607
    • Heine, S.1    Lehman, D.2
  • 111
    • 0024632747 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
    • Hobfoll S.E. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist 44 (1989) 513-524
    • (1989) American Psychologist , vol.44 , pp. 513-524
    • Hobfoll, S.E.1
  • 113
    • 84991145240 scopus 로고
    • Social comparison of health risks: Locus of control, the person positivity bias and unrealistic optimism
    • Hoorens V., and Buunk B.P. Social comparison of health risks: Locus of control, the person positivity bias and unrealistic optimism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 23 (1993) 291-302
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 291-302
    • Hoorens, V.1    Buunk, B.P.2
  • 114
    • 0001278521 scopus 로고
    • Stated expectations as functions of probability and desirability of outcomes
    • Irwin F.W. Stated expectations as functions of probability and desirability of outcomes. Journal of Personality 21 (1953) 329-335
    • (1953) Journal of Personality , vol.21 , pp. 329-335
    • Irwin, F.W.1
  • 115
    • 0001288175 scopus 로고
    • The effects of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down
    • Isen A.M., and Patrick R. The effects of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 31 (1983) 194-202
    • (1983) Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , vol.31 , pp. 194-202
    • Isen, A.M.1    Patrick, R.2
  • 118
    • 84993839827 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization
    • Janoff-Bulman R., and Frieze I.H. A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 1-17
    • (1983) Journal of Social Issues , vol.39 , pp. 1-17
    • Janoff-Bulman, R.1    Frieze, I.H.2
  • 119
    • 0002803614 scopus 로고
    • Personal resources, environmental constraints, and adaptational processes: The predictive power of a theoretical stress model
    • Jerusalem M. Personal resources, environmental constraints, and adaptational processes: The predictive power of a theoretical stress model. Personality and Individual Differences 14 (1993) 15-24
    • (1993) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.14 , pp. 15-24
    • Jerusalem, M.1
  • 120
  • 121
    • 0028115279 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism
    • John O.P., and Robins R.W. Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (1994) 206-219
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 206-219
    • John, O.P.1    Robins, R.W.2
  • 123
    • 0000152465 scopus 로고
    • Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach
    • Johnson M.K. Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117 (1988) 390-394
    • (1988) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.117 , pp. 390-394
    • Johnson, M.K.1
  • 125
    • 0001625073 scopus 로고
    • Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present
    • Higgins E.T., and Sorrentino R.M. (Eds), Guilford, New York
    • Johnson M.K., and Sherman S.J. Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In: Higgins E.T., and Sorrentino R.M. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and social cognition: Foundations of social behavior 2 (1990), Guilford, New York 482-526
    • (1990) Handbook of motivation and social cognition: Foundations of social behavior , vol.2 , pp. 482-526
    • Johnson, M.K.1    Sherman, S.J.2
  • 127
    • 84995028873 scopus 로고
    • Judgment and decision making: A personal view
    • Kahneman D. Judgment and decision making: A personal view. Psychological Science 2 (1991) 142-145
    • (1991) Psychological Science , vol.2 , pp. 142-145
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 128
    • 0002731826 scopus 로고
    • Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk-taking
    • Kahneman D., and Lovallo D. Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk-taking. Management Science 39 (1993) 17-31
    • (1993) Management Science , vol.39 , pp. 17-31
    • Kahneman, D.1    Lovallo, D.2
  • 129
    • 0000050520 scopus 로고
    • Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives
    • Kahneman D., and Miller D.T. Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 429-445
    • (1986) Psychological Review , vol.93 , pp. 429-445
    • Kahneman, D.1    Miller, D.T.2
  • 130
  • 131
    • 0000125529 scopus 로고
    • Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures
    • Kahneman D., and Tversky A. Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. TIMS Studies in Management Science 12 (1979) 313-327
    • (1979) TIMS Studies in Management Science , vol.12 , pp. 313-327
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 132
    • 0002554835 scopus 로고
    • The simulation heuristic
    • Kahneman D., Slovic P., and Tversky A. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Kahneman D., and Tversky A. The simulation heuristic. In: Kahneman D., Slovic P., and Tversky A. (Eds). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (1982), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 201-208
    • (1982) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases , pp. 201-208
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 133
    • 0027501828 scopus 로고
    • Unsafe sex: Decision-making biases and heuristics
    • Kaplan B.J., and Shayne V.T. Unsafe sex: Decision-making biases and heuristics. AIDS Education and Prevention 5 (1993) 294-301
    • (1993) AIDS Education and Prevention , vol.5 , pp. 294-301
    • Kaplan, B.J.1    Shayne, V.T.2
  • 136
    • 21844500928 scopus 로고
    • The role of affective expectations in subjective experience and decision-making
    • Klaaren K.J., Hodges S.D., and Wilson T.D. The role of affective expectations in subjective experience and decision-making. Social Cognition 12 (1994) 77-101
    • (1994) Social Cognition , vol.12 , pp. 77-101
    • Klaaren, K.J.1    Hodges, S.D.2    Wilson, T.D.3
  • 138
    • 0030210943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-unique invulnerability: Singular versus distributional probabilities and unrealistic optimism in comparative risk judgments
    • Klar Y., Medding A., and Sarel D. Non-unique invulnerability: Singular versus distributional probabilities and unrealistic optimism in comparative risk judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 67 (1996) 229-245
    • (1996) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.67 , pp. 229-245
    • Klar, Y.1    Medding, A.2    Sarel, D.3
  • 139
    • 0040164861 scopus 로고
    • Thinking about the future: A cognitive perspective
    • Klayman J., and Schoemaker P.J.H. Thinking about the future: A cognitive perspective. Journal of Forecasting 12 (1993) 161-168
    • (1993) Journal of Forecasting , vol.12 , pp. 161-168
    • Klayman, J.1    Schoemaker, P.J.H.2
  • 140
    • 0030541597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Attenuating the perceived significance of risk-increasing behaviors
    • Klein W.M. Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Attenuating the perceived significance of risk-increasing behaviors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 (1996) 120-142
    • (1996) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 120-142
    • Klein, W.M.1
  • 141
    • 21344496151 scopus 로고
    • Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Biased reconstruction of one's past behaviors
    • Klein W.M., and Kunda Z. Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Biased reconstruction of one's past behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993) 732-739
    • (1993) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.19 , pp. 732-739
    • Klein, W.M.1    Kunda, Z.2
  • 143
    • 0026249754 scopus 로고
    • Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment
    • Koehler D.J. Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 499-519
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 499-519
    • Koehler, D.J.1
  • 144
    • 0029195344 scopus 로고
    • Changing inaccurate risk perceptions of health risk: Results from a randomized trial
    • Kreuter M.W., and Stretcher V.J. Changing inaccurate risk perceptions of health risk: Results from a randomized trial. Health Psychology 14 (1995) 56-63
    • (1995) Health Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 56-63
    • Kreuter, M.W.1    Stretcher, V.J.2
  • 146
    • 0001218771 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of being "right": On the problem of accuracy in social perception and cognition
    • Kruglanski A.W. The psychology of being "right": On the problem of accuracy in social perception and cognition. Psychological Bulletin 106 (1989) 395-409
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , pp. 395-409
    • Kruglanski, A.W.1
  • 147
    • 0023255222 scopus 로고
    • Health status, perceptions of risk, and prevention interest for health and nonhealth problems
    • Kulik J.A., and Mahler H.I.M. Health status, perceptions of risk, and prevention interest for health and nonhealth problems. Health Psychology 6 (1987) 15-27
    • (1987) Health Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 15-27
    • Kulik, J.A.1    Mahler, H.I.M.2
  • 148
    • 0025520005 scopus 로고
    • The case for motivated reasoning
    • Kunda Z. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 108 (1990) 480-498
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 480-498
    • Kunda, Z.1
  • 149
    • 84986382857 scopus 로고
    • Swine flu: A field study of self-serving biases
    • Larwood L. Swine flu: A field study of self-serving biases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 8 (1978) 283-289
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 283-289
    • Larwood, L.1
  • 150
    • 0017596228 scopus 로고
    • Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning
    • Larwood L., and Whittaker W. Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning. Journal of Applied Psychology 62 (1977) 194-198
    • (1977) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 194-198
    • Larwood, L.1    Whittaker, W.2
  • 153
    • 77956733901 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of immunity to disease in adult smokers
    • Lee C. Perceptions of immunity to disease in adult smokers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 7 (1989) 375-389
    • (1989) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 375-389
    • Lee, C.1
  • 157
    • 84963435951 scopus 로고
    • Perceived vulnerability to illness threats: The role of disease type, risk factor perception, and attributions
    • Lek Y.Y., and Bishop G.D. Perceived vulnerability to illness threats: The role of disease type, risk factor perception, and attributions. Psychology and Health 10 (1995) 205-217
    • (1995) Psychology and Health , vol.10 , pp. 205-217
    • Lek, Y.Y.1    Bishop, G.D.2
  • 158
    • 77956837493 scopus 로고
    • Findings and theory in the study of fear communications
    • Leventhal H. Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 5 (1970) 119-186
    • (1970) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 119-186
    • Leventhal, H.1
  • 160
    • 0020955043 scopus 로고
    • Are variations among right-handed individuals in perceptual asymmetries caused by characteristics arousal differences between hemispheres?
    • Levy J., Heller W., Banich M.T., and Burton L.A. Are variations among right-handed individuals in perceptual asymmetries caused by characteristics arousal differences between hemispheres?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9 (1983) 329-359
    • (1983) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , vol.9 , pp. 329-359
    • Levy, J.1    Heller, W.2    Banich, M.T.3    Burton, L.A.4
  • 164
    • 0003047087 scopus 로고
    • Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all your eggs in one cognitive basket
    • Linville P.W. Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all your eggs in one cognitive basket. Social Cognition 3 (1985) 94-120
    • (1985) Social Cognition , vol.3 , pp. 94-120
    • Linville, P.W.1
  • 165
    • 0023319006 scopus 로고
    • Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related depression and illness
    • Linville P.W. Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related depression and illness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 663-676
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 663-676
    • Linville, P.W.1
  • 166
    • 84942582219 scopus 로고
    • AIDS risk perceptions and decision biases
    • Prior J.B., and Reeder G.D. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Linville P.W., Fischer G.W., and Fischhoff B. AIDS risk perceptions and decision biases. In: Prior J.B., and Reeder G.D. (Eds). The social psychology of HIV infection (1993), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 5-38
    • (1993) The social psychology of HIV infection , pp. 5-38
    • Linville, P.W.1    Fischer, G.W.2    Fischhoff, B.3
  • 168
    • 0026320862 scopus 로고
    • Worry is reasonable: The role of explanations in pessimism about future personal events
    • MacLeod A.K., Williams J.M.G., and Bekerian D.A. Worry is reasonable: The role of explanations in pessimism about future personal events. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 (1991) 478-486
    • (1991) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 478-486
    • MacLeod, A.K.1    Williams, J.M.G.2    Bekerian, D.A.3
  • 171
    • 0001348166 scopus 로고
    • The effect of probability, desirability and privilege on the stated expectations of children
    • Marks R.W. The effect of probability, desirability and privilege on the stated expectations of children. Journal of Personality 19 (1951) 431-465
    • (1951) Journal of Personality , vol.19 , pp. 431-465
    • Marks, R.W.1
  • 172
    • 0022765168 scopus 로고
    • Age differences in male driver's perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability
    • Matthews M.L., and Moran A.R. Age differences in male driver's perception of accident risk: The role of perceived driving ability. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18 (1986) 299-313
    • (1986) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.18 , pp. 299-313
    • Matthews, M.L.1    Moran, A.R.2
  • 174
    • 0006711937 scopus 로고
    • The major determinants of the prediction of social events
    • McGregor D. The major determinants of the prediction of social events. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 33 (1938) 179-204
    • (1938) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 179-204
    • McGregor, D.1
  • 175
    • 0026114020 scopus 로고
    • Factors underlying illusory self-assessment of driving skill in males and females
    • McKenna F.P., Stanier R.A., and Lewis C. Factors underlying illusory self-assessment of driving skill in males and females. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23 (1991) 45-52
    • (1991) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.23 , pp. 45-52
    • McKenna, F.P.1    Stanier, R.A.2    Lewis, C.3
  • 176
    • 85004795413 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the limits of optimism: The case of smokers' decision making
    • McKenna F.P., Warburton D.M., and Winwood M. Exploring the limits of optimism: The case of smokers' decision making. British Journal of Psychology 84 (1993) 389-394
    • (1993) British Journal of Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 389-394
    • McKenna, F.P.1    Warburton, D.M.2    Winwood, M.3
  • 178
  • 179
    • 12844265312 scopus 로고
    • Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction?
    • Miller D.T., and Ross M. Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction?. Psychological Bulletin 82 (1975) 213-225
    • (1975) Psychological Bulletin , vol.82 , pp. 213-225
    • Miller, D.T.1    Ross, M.2
  • 181
    • 58149414506 scopus 로고
    • Children's achievement expectations and performance as a function of two consecutive reinforcement experiences, sex of subject, and sex of experimenter
    • Montanelli D.S., and Hill K.T. Children's achievement expectations and performance as a function of two consecutive reinforcement experiences, sex of subject, and sex of experimenter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (1969) 115-128
    • (1969) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 115-128
    • Montanelli, D.S.1    Hill, K.T.2
  • 183
    • 84965431800 scopus 로고
    • Adolescent invulnerability and perceptions of AIDS risk
    • Moore S., and Rosenthal D.A. Adolescent invulnerability and perceptions of AIDS risk. Journal of Adolescent Research 6 (1991) 164-180
    • (1991) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.6 , pp. 164-180
    • Moore, S.1    Rosenthal, D.A.2
  • 184
    • 84985222594 scopus 로고
    • Self-expectancies and reactions to evaluations of personal performance
    • Moreland R.L., and Sweeney P.D. Self-expectancies and reactions to evaluations of personal performance. Journal of Personality 52 (1984) 156-176
    • (1984) Journal of Personality , vol.52 , pp. 156-176
    • Moreland, R.L.1    Sweeney, P.D.2
  • 185
    • 0000642667 scopus 로고
    • Anticipatory and post-hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in "risky" situations
    • Norem J.K., and Cantor N. Anticipatory and post-hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in "risky" situations. Cognitive Therapy and Research 10 (1986) 347-362
    • (1986) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.10 , pp. 347-362
    • Norem, J.K.1    Cantor, N.2
  • 187
    • 0000472710 scopus 로고
    • Expectation, fantasy, and weight loss: Is the impact of positive thinking always positive?
    • Oettingen G., and Wadden T.A. Expectation, fantasy, and weight loss: Is the impact of positive thinking always positive?. Cognitive Therapy and Research 15 (1991) 167-175
    • (1991) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.15 , pp. 167-175
    • Oettingen, G.1    Wadden, T.A.2
  • 189
    • 0030532950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context effects in the measurement of comparative optimism in probability judgments
    • Otten W., and van der Pligt J. Context effects in the measurement of comparative optimism in probability judgments. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 (1996) 80-101
    • (1996) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 80-101
    • Otten, W.1    van der Pligt, J.2
  • 190
    • 0002678392 scopus 로고
    • Sequence anchoring and self-efficacy: Primacy effects in the consideration of possibilities
    • Peake P.K., and Cervone D. Sequence anchoring and self-efficacy: Primacy effects in the consideration of possibilities. Social Cognition 7 (1989) 31-50
    • (1989) Social Cognition , vol.7 , pp. 31-50
    • Peake, P.K.1    Cervone, D.2
  • 191
    • 0015847014 scopus 로고
    • The effect of experimentally induced failure, self-esteem, and sex on cognitive differentiation
    • Perez R.C. The effect of experimentally induced failure, self-esteem, and sex on cognitive differentiation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 81 (1973) 74-79
    • (1973) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 74-79
    • Perez, R.C.1
  • 192
    • 84993924903 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of vulnerability to victimization
    • Perloff L.S. Perceptions of vulnerability to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 32 (1983) 41-61
    • (1983) Journal of Social Issues , vol.32 , pp. 41-61
    • Perloff, L.S.1
  • 195
    • 0021460022 scopus 로고
    • Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence
    • Peterson C., and Seligman M.E.P. Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review 91 (1984) 347-374
    • (1984) Psychological Review , vol.91 , pp. 347-374
    • Peterson, C.1    Seligman, M.E.P.2
  • 196
    • 0343171546 scopus 로고
    • Mental attitudes to cancer: An additional prognostic factor
    • Pettingale K.W., Morris T., Greer S., and Haybittle J.L. Mental attitudes to cancer: An additional prognostic factor. Lancet i (1985) 750
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.i , pp. 750
    • Pettingale, K.W.1    Morris, T.2    Greer, S.3    Haybittle, J.L.4
  • 200
    • 21344448720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overconfidence, base rates and outcome positivity/negativity of predicted events
    • Pulford B.D., and Coleman A.M. Overconfidence, base rates and outcome positivity/negativity of predicted events. British Journal of Psychology 87 (1996) 431-445
    • (1996) British Journal of Psychology , vol.87 , pp. 431-445
    • Pulford, B.D.1    Coleman, A.M.2
  • 201
    • 0002319834 scopus 로고
    • Role of disconfirmed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing
    • Pyszczynki T.A., and Greenberg J. Role of disconfirmed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981) 31-38
    • (1981) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 31-38
    • Pyszczynki, T.A.1    Greenberg, J.2
  • 202
    • 0023337484 scopus 로고
    • Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others
    • Pyszczynki T.A., Holt K., and Greenberg J. Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 994-1001
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 994-1001
    • Pyszczynki, T.A.1    Holt, K.2    Greenberg, J.3
  • 204
    • 0029401665 scopus 로고
    • Unrealistic optimism about diet-related risks: implications for interventions
    • Raats M.M., and Sparks P. Unrealistic optimism about diet-related risks: implications for interventions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 54 (1995) 737-745
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , vol.54 , pp. 737-745
    • Raats, M.M.1    Sparks, P.2
  • 205
    • 0023284546 scopus 로고
    • Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning
    • Read S.J. Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 288-302
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 288-302
    • Read, S.J.1
  • 206
    • 0028473319 scopus 로고
    • Realistic acceptance as a predictor of decreased survival time in gay men with AIDS
    • Reed G.M., Kemeny M.E., Taylor S.E., Wang H.Y.J., and Visscher B.R. Realistic acceptance as a predictor of decreased survival time in gay men with AIDS. Health Psychology 13 (1994) 299-307
    • (1994) Health Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 299-307
    • Reed, G.M.1    Kemeny, M.E.2    Taylor, S.E.3    Wang, H.Y.J.4    Visscher, B.R.5
  • 209
    • 0026251115 scopus 로고
    • Psychological determinants of health and performance: The tangled web of desirable and undesirable characteristics
    • Robbins A.S., Spence J.T., and Clark H. Psychological determinants of health and performance: The tangled web of desirable and undesirable characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 755-765
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.61 , pp. 755-765
    • Robbins, A.S.1    Spence, J.T.2    Clark, H.3
  • 210
    • 0002781398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quest for self-insight: Theory and research on accuracy and bias in self-perception
    • Hogan R., Johnson J.A., and Briggs S.R. (Eds), Academic Press, New York
    • Robins R.W., and John O.P. The quest for self-insight: Theory and research on accuracy and bias in self-perception. In: Hogan R., Johnson J.A., and Briggs S.R. (Eds). Handbook of personality psychology (1997), Academic Press, New York 649-679
    • (1997) Handbook of personality psychology , pp. 649-679
    • Robins, R.W.1    John, O.P.2
  • 211
    • 85047685101 scopus 로고
    • Social explanation and social expectation: Effects of real and hypothetical explanations on subjective likelihood
    • Ross L., Lepper M.R., Strack F., and Steinmetz J. Social explanation and social expectation: Effects of real and hypothetical explanations on subjective likelihood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 817-829
    • (1977) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 817-829
    • Ross, L.1    Lepper, M.R.2    Strack, F.3    Steinmetz, J.4
  • 212
    • 37849014808 scopus 로고
    • The relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories
    • Ross M. The relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 341-357
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 341-357
    • Ross, M.1
  • 215
    • 0027727663 scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer screening among older Hispanic women: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices
    • Saint-Germain M.A., and Longman A.J. Breast cancer screening among older Hispanic women: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Health Education Quarterly 20 (1993) 539-553
    • (1993) Health Education Quarterly , vol.20 , pp. 539-553
    • Saint-Germain, M.A.1    Longman, A.J.2
  • 217
    • 0001259607 scopus 로고
    • If at first you don't succeed, try, try again: Effects of persistence-performance contingencies, ego involvement, and self-esteem on task persistence
    • Sandelands L.E., Brockner J., and Glynn M.A. If at first you don't succeed, try, try again: Effects of persistence-performance contingencies, ego involvement, and self-esteem on task persistence. Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (1988) 208-216
    • (1988) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 208-216
    • Sandelands, L.E.1    Brockner, J.2    Glynn, M.A.3
  • 219
    • 77957089826 scopus 로고
    • A model of behavioral self-regulation: Translating intention into action
    • Berkowitz L. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Scheier M.F., and Carver C.S. A model of behavioral self-regulation: Translating intention into action. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 21 (1988), Academic Press, New York 303-346
    • (1988) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.21 , pp. 303-346
    • Scheier, M.F.1    Carver, C.S.2
  • 220
    • 0348183049 scopus 로고
    • Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well being: Theoretical overview and empirical update
    • Scheier M.F., and Carver C.S. Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research 16 (1992) 201-228
    • (1992) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.16 , pp. 201-228
    • Scheier, M.F.1    Carver, C.S.2
  • 221
    • 0028725058 scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test
    • Scheier M.F., Carver C.S., and Bridges M.W. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 1063-1078
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 1063-1078
    • Scheier, M.F.1    Carver, C.S.2    Bridges, M.W.3
  • 224
    • 21144482629 scopus 로고
    • The role of perceived self-efficacy, perceived control, and causal attributions in adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis: Distinguishing mediator from moderator effects
    • Schiaffino K.M., and Revenson T.A. The role of perceived self-efficacy, perceived control, and causal attributions in adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis: Distinguishing mediator from moderator effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 709-718
    • (1992) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 709-718
    • Schiaffino, K.M.1    Revenson, T.A.2
  • 226
    • 0002703284 scopus 로고
    • Identity and self-identification
    • Schlenker B.R. (Ed), McGraw-Hill, New York
    • Schlenker B.R. Identity and self-identification. In: Schlenker B.R. (Ed). The self and social life (1985), McGraw-Hill, New York 65-99
    • (1985) The self and social life , pp. 65-99
    • Schlenker, B.R.1
  • 229
    • 84972965045 scopus 로고
    • Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health related cognitions: A systematic overview
    • Schwarzer R. Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health related cognitions: A systematic overview. Psychology and Health 9 (1994) 161-180
    • (1994) Psychology and Health , vol.9 , pp. 161-180
    • Schwarzer, R.1
  • 230
    • 58149366713 scopus 로고
    • College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature
    • Sears D.O. College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 515-530
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 515-530
    • Sears, D.O.1
  • 231
    • 77956783490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better
    • Zanna M.P. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Sedikides C., and Strube M.J. Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 29 (1997), Academic Press, New York
    • (1997) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.29
    • Sedikides, C.1    Strube, M.J.2
  • 233
    • 77956762096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (in press). Effects of optimism on stressor-related mood and immune changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    • Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (in press). Effects of optimism on stressor-related mood and immune changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • 236
    • 0002949837 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation
    • Shepperd J.A., and Arkin R.M. Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1991) 79-88
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 79-88
    • Shepperd, J.A.1    Arkin, R.M.2
  • 237
    • 21844484405 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on excuse making: The deterring effects of shyness and anticipated regret
    • Shepperd J.A., Arkin R.M., and Slaughter J. Constraints on excuse making: The deterring effects of shyness and anticipated regret. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 1061-1072
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 1061-1072
    • Shepperd, J.A.1    Arkin, R.M.2    Slaughter, J.3
  • 238
    • 0030523371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispositional optimism as a predictor of health changes among cardiac patients
    • Shepperd J.A., Maroto J.J., and Pbert L.A. Dispositional optimism as a predictor of health changes among cardiac patients. Journal of Research in Personality 30 (1996) 517-534
    • (1996) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.30 , pp. 517-534
    • Shepperd, J.A.1    Maroto, J.J.2    Pbert, L.A.3
  • 239
    • 0030555853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abandoning unrealistic optimism: Performance estimates and the temporal proximity of self-relevant feedback
    • Shepperd J.A., Ouellette J.A., and Fernandez J.K. Abandoning unrealistic optimism: Performance estimates and the temporal proximity of self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 844-855
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 844-855
    • Shepperd, J.A.1    Ouellette, J.A.2    Fernandez, J.K.3
  • 241
    • 0000151027 scopus 로고
    • Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery
    • Sherman S.J., Cialdini R.B., Schwartzman D.F., and Reynolds K. Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 11 (1985) 118-127
    • (1985) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.11 , pp. 118-127
    • Sherman, S.J.1    Cialdini, R.B.2    Schwartzman, D.F.3    Reynolds, K.4
  • 243
    • 0014844864 scopus 로고
    • Self-esteem and the effects of success and failure feedback on performance
    • Shrauger J.S., and Rosenberg S.E. Self-esteem and the effects of success and failure feedback on performance. Journal of Personality 38 (1970) 404-417
    • (1970) Journal of Personality , vol.38 , pp. 404-417
    • Shrauger, J.S.1    Rosenberg, S.E.2
  • 244
    • 85047289651 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluations, initial success and failure, and improvements as determinants of persistence
    • Shrauger J.S., and Sorman P.B. Self-evaluations, initial success and failure, and improvements as determinants of persistence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45 (1977) 784-795
    • (1977) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 784-795
    • Shrauger, J.S.1    Sorman, P.B.2
  • 245
    • 0023324565 scopus 로고
    • Perception of risk
    • Slovic P. Perception of risk. Science 236 (1987) 280-285
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 280-285
    • Slovic, P.1
  • 246
    • 0002559989 scopus 로고
    • When reality monitoring fails: The role of imagination in stereotype maintenance
    • Slusher M.P., and Anderson C.A. When reality monitoring fails: The role of imagination in stereotype maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 653-662
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 653-662
    • Slusher, M.P.1    Anderson, C.A.2
  • 247
    • 0024654186 scopus 로고
    • Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternate interpretation of the Life Orientation Test
    • Smith T.W., Pope M.K., Rhodewalt F., and Poulton J.L. Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternate interpretation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 640-648
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 640-648
    • Smith, T.W.1    Pope, M.K.2    Rhodewalt, F.3    Poulton, J.L.4
  • 248
    • 0000209177 scopus 로고
    • Reality negotiation: From excuses to hope and beyond
    • Snyder C.R. Reality negotiation: From excuses to hope and beyond. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8 (1989) 130-157
    • (1989) Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 130-157
    • Snyder, C.R.1
  • 249
    • 0024040336 scopus 로고
    • Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality
    • Snyder C.R., and Higgins R.L. Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality. Psychological Bulletin 104 (1988) 23-35
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 23-35
    • Snyder, C.R.1    Higgins, R.L.2
  • 251
    • 0028689637 scopus 로고
    • Barriers to healthy eating: An examination of perceived behavioral control and unrealistic optimism
    • Sparks P., Shepperd R., and Zimmermanns N. Barriers to healthy eating: An examination of perceived behavioral control and unrealistic optimism. Appetite 23 (1994) 290
    • (1994) Appetite , vol.23 , pp. 290
    • Sparks, P.1    Shepperd, R.2    Zimmermanns, N.3
  • 253
    • 77957077319 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self
    • Berkowitz L. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Steele C.M. The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 21 (1988), Academic Press, New York 261-302
    • (1988) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.21 , pp. 261-302
    • Steele, C.M.1
  • 254
    • 0028957008 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking in young adults from 21 European countries: Association with attitudes and risk awareness
    • Steptoe A., Wardle J., Smith H., Kopp M., Skrabski A., Vinck J., and Zotti A.M. Tobacco smoking in young adults from 21 European countries: Association with attitudes and risk awareness. Addiction 90 (1995) 571-582
    • (1995) Addiction , vol.90 , pp. 571-582
    • Steptoe, A.1    Wardle, J.2    Smith, H.3    Kopp, M.4    Skrabski, A.5    Vinck, J.6    Zotti, A.M.7
  • 255
    • 0002894327 scopus 로고
    • Young children's performance expectations: Logical analysis or wishful thinking?
    • Nicholls J. (Ed), JAI, Greenwich, CT
    • Stipek D. Young children's performance expectations: Logical analysis or wishful thinking?. In: Nicholls J. (Ed). The development of achievement motivation (1984), JAI, Greenwich, CT 33-56
    • (1984) The development of achievement motivation , pp. 33-56
    • Stipek, D.1
  • 256
    • 0023405539 scopus 로고
    • Predicting successful completion of an aftercare program following treatment for alcoholism: The role of dispositional optimism
    • Strack S., Carver C.S., and Blaney P.H. Predicting successful completion of an aftercare program following treatment for alcoholism: The role of dispositional optimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1987) 579-584
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 579-584
    • Strack, S.1    Carver, C.S.2    Blaney, P.H.3
  • 257
    • 0028910839 scopus 로고
    • Do cigarette smokers have unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer and stroke risks?
    • Stretcher V.J., Kreuter M.W., and Kobrin S.C. Do cigarette smokers have unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer and stroke risks?. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 18 (1995) 45-54
    • (1995) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.18 , pp. 45-54
    • Stretcher, V.J.1    Kreuter, M.W.2    Kobrin, S.C.3
  • 258
    • 0013136339 scopus 로고
    • Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers?
    • Svenson O. Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers?. Acta Psychologia 47 (1981) 143-148
    • (1981) Acta Psychologia , vol.47 , pp. 143-148
    • Svenson, O.1
  • 260
    • 58149367888 scopus 로고
    • Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation
    • Taylor S.E. Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist 38 (1983) 1161-1173
    • (1983) American Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 1161-1173
    • Taylor, S.E.1
  • 263
    • 0030329780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive illusions and coping with adversity
    • Taylor S.E., and Armor D.A. Positive illusions and coping with adversity. Journal of Personality 64 (1996) 873-898
    • (1996) Journal of Personality , vol.64 , pp. 873-898
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Armor, D.A.2
  • 265
    • 0001981527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediating and moderating processes in psychosocial stress: Appraisal, coping, resistance and vulnerability
    • Kaplan H.B. (Ed), Academic Press, Orlando, FL
    • Taylor S.E., and Aspinwall L.G. Mediating and moderating processes in psychosocial stress: Appraisal, coping, resistance and vulnerability. In: Kaplan H.B. (Ed). Psychosocial stress: Perspective on structure, theory, life-course, and methods (1996), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 71-110
    • (1996) Psychosocial stress: Perspective on structure, theory, life-course, and methods , pp. 71-110
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Aspinwall, L.G.2
  • 266
    • 0023968228 scopus 로고
    • Illusion and well being: A social-psychological perspective on mental health
    • Taylor S.E., and Brown J.D. Illusion and well being: A social-psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988) 193-210
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.103 , pp. 193-210
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Brown, J.D.2
  • 267
    • 0028473917 scopus 로고
    • Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction
    • Taylor S.E., and Brown J.D. Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994) 21-27
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.116 , pp. 21-27
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Brown, J.D.2
  • 270
    • 0000562172 scopus 로고
    • Assault on the self: Positive illusions and adjustment to threatening events
    • Straus J., and Goethals G.R. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Taylor S.E., Kemeny M.E., Reed G.M., and Aspinwall L.G. Assault on the self: Positive illusions and adjustment to threatening events. In: Straus J., and Goethals G.R. (Eds). The self: Interdisciplinary approaches (1991), Springer-Verlag, New York 239-254
    • (1991) The self: Interdisciplinary approaches , pp. 239-254
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Kemeny, M.E.2    Reed, G.M.3    Aspinwall, L.G.4
  • 271
    • 0024741640 scopus 로고
    • Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts
    • Taylor S.E., and Lobel M. Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 569-575
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 569-575
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Lobel, M.2
  • 274
    • 0002237516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social comparison, self-regulation, and motivation
    • Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds), Guilford, New York
    • Taylor S.E., Wayment H.A., and Carrillo M. Social comparison, self-regulation, and motivation. In: Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition 3 (1996), Guilford, New York 3-27
    • (1996) Handbook of motivation and cognition , vol.3 , pp. 3-27
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Wayment, H.A.2    Carrillo, M.3
  • 275
    • 84993907275 scopus 로고
    • It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization
    • Taylor S.E., Wood J.V., and Lichtman R.R. It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 19-40
    • (1983) Journal of Social Issues , vol.39 , pp. 19-40
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Wood, J.V.2    Lichtman, R.R.3
  • 276
    • 0023356431 scopus 로고
    • The costs and benefits of optimistic explanations and dispositional optimism
    • Tennen H., and Affleck G. The costs and benefits of optimistic explanations and dispositional optimism. Journal of Personality 55 (1987) 377-393
    • (1987) Journal of Personality , vol.55 , pp. 377-393
    • Tennen, H.1    Affleck, G.2
  • 277
    • 77957059917 scopus 로고
    • The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model
    • Zanna M.P. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Tetlock P.E. The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 25 (1992), Academic Press, New York 331-376
    • (1992) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.25 , pp. 331-376
    • Tetlock, P.E.1
  • 278
    • 0002128734 scopus 로고
    • Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate
    • Tetlock P.E., and Levi A. Attribution bias: On the inconclusiveness of the cognition-motivation debate. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18 (1982) 68-88
    • (1982) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 68-88
    • Tetlock, P.E.1    Levi, A.2
  • 280
    • 0032014667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illusions of control, underestimations, and accuracy: A control heuristic explanation
    • in press
    • Thompson, S. C., Armstrong, W., & Thomas, C. (in press). Illusions of control, underestimations, and accuracy: A control heuristic explanation. Psychological Bulletin.
    • Psychological Bulletin
    • Thompson, S.C.1    Armstrong, W.2    Thomas, C.3
  • 281
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • Tversky A., and Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185 (1974) 1124-1131
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 282
    • 43249084062 scopus 로고
    • Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment
    • Tversky A., and Kahneman D. Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review 90 (1983) 293-315
    • (1983) Psychological Review , vol.90 , pp. 293-315
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 283
    • 12044256982 scopus 로고
    • Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability
    • Tversky A., and Koehler D.J. Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review 101 (1994) 547-567
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 547-567
    • Tversky, A.1    Koehler, D.J.2
  • 284
    • 0001621691 scopus 로고
    • The mass media and judgments of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgments
    • Tyler T.R., and Cook F.L. The mass media and judgments of risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984) 693-708
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 693-708
    • Tyler, T.R.1    Cook, F.L.2
  • 285
    • 84942572024 scopus 로고
    • Perceived risk of AIDS: Unrealistic optimism and self-protective behavior
    • Pryor J.B., and Reeder G. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • van der Pligt J., Otten W., Richard R., and van der Velde F. Perceived risk of AIDS: Unrealistic optimism and self-protective behavior. In: Pryor J.B., and Reeder G. (Eds). The social psychology of HIV infection (1992), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 39-58
    • (1992) The social psychology of HIV infection , pp. 39-58
    • van der Pligt, J.1    Otten, W.2    Richard, R.3    van der Velde, F.4
  • 286
    • 84963486711 scopus 로고
    • Risk perception and behavior: Pessimism, realism, and optimism about AIDS-related health behavior
    • van der Velde F.W., van der Pligt J., and Hooykaas C. Risk perception and behavior: Pessimism, realism, and optimism about AIDS-related health behavior. Psychology and Health 6 (1992) 23-28
    • (1992) Psychology and Health , vol.6 , pp. 23-28
    • van der Velde, F.W.1    van der Pligt, J.2    Hooykaas, C.3
  • 287
    • 0028320937 scopus 로고
    • Perceived AIDS-related risk: Accuracy as a function of differences in actual risk
    • van der Velde F.W., van der Pligt J., and Hooykaas C. Perceived AIDS-related risk: Accuracy as a function of differences in actual risk. Health Psychology 13 (1994) 25-33
    • (1994) Health Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 25-33
    • van der Velde, F.W.1    van der Pligt, J.2    Hooykaas, C.3
  • 288
    • 0027356402 scopus 로고
    • Chronic exposure to an environmental hazard: Risk perceptions and self-protective behavior
    • Vaughan E. Chronic exposure to an environmental hazard: Risk perceptions and self-protective behavior. Health Psychology 12 (1993) 74-83
    • (1993) Health Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 74-83
    • Vaughan, E.1
  • 290
    • 0022511185 scopus 로고
    • What else could I have done? Patients' responses to failed treatment decisions
    • Wagener J.J., and Taylor S.E. What else could I have done? Patients' responses to failed treatment decisions. Health Psychology 5 (1986) 481-496
    • (1986) Health Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 481-496
    • Wagener, J.J.1    Taylor, S.E.2
  • 291
    • 84972838081 scopus 로고
    • Cautious optimism vs. cockeyed optimism
    • Wallston K.A. Cautious optimism vs. cockeyed optimism. Psychology and Health 9 (1994) 201-203
    • (1994) Psychology and Health , vol.9 , pp. 201-203
    • Wallston, K.A.1
  • 292
    • 0023394566 scopus 로고
    • Type A behavior, achievement striving, and a dysfunctional self-evaluation system
    • Ward C.H., and Eisler R.M. Type A behavior, achievement striving, and a dysfunctional self-evaluation system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1987) 318-326
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 318-326
    • Ward, C.H.1    Eisler, R.M.2
  • 293
    • 0021909091 scopus 로고
    • "Spontaneous" causal thinking
    • Weiner B. "Spontaneous" causal thinking. Psychological Bulletin 97 (1985) 74-84
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.97 , pp. 74-84
    • Weiner, B.1
  • 295
    • 0010864327 scopus 로고
    • Excuses in everyday interaction
    • McLaughlin M.L., Cody M.J., and Read S.J. (Eds), Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Weiner B. Excuses in everyday interaction. In: McLaughlin M.L., Cody M.J., and Read S.J. (Eds). Explaining one's self to others: Reason-giving in a social context (1992), Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 131-146
    • (1992) Explaining one's self to others: Reason-giving in a social context , pp. 131-146
    • Weiner, B.1
  • 298
    • 0020352212 scopus 로고
    • Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems
    • Weinstein N.D. Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 5 (1982) 441-460
    • (1982) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.5 , pp. 441-460
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 299
    • 0002593644 scopus 로고
    • Reducing unrealistic optimism about illness susceptibility
    • Weinstein N.D. Reducing unrealistic optimism about illness susceptibility. Health Psychology 2 (1983) 11-20
    • (1983) Health Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 11-20
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 300
    • 0021667965 scopus 로고
    • Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility
    • Weinstein N.D. Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility. Health Psychology 3 (1984) 431-457
    • (1984) Health Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 431-457
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 301
    • 0023582185 scopus 로고
    • Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample
    • Weinstein N.D. Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 10 (1987) 481-500
    • (1987) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.10 , pp. 481-500
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 302
    • 0024578070 scopus 로고
    • Effects of personal experience on self-protective behavior
    • Weinstein N.D. Effects of personal experience on self-protective behavior. Psychological Bulletin 105 (1989) 31-50
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 31-50
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 304
    • 0029265005 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions
    • Weinstein N.D., and Klein W.M. Resistance to personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions. Health Psychology 14 (1995) 132-140
    • (1995) Health Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 132-140
    • Weinstein, N.D.1    Klein, W.M.2
  • 307
    • 0027603556 scopus 로고
    • Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors
    • Weinstein N.D., and Nicholich M. Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology 12 (1993) 235-245
    • (1993) Health Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 235-245
    • Weinstein, N.D.1    Nicholich, M.2
  • 309
    • 0026050075 scopus 로고
    • Perceived susceptibility and self-protective behavior: A field experiment to encourage home radon testing
    • Weinstein N.D., Sandman P.M., and Roberts N.E. Perceived susceptibility and self-protective behavior: A field experiment to encourage home radon testing. Health Psychology 10 (1991) 25-33
    • (1991) Health Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 25-33
    • Weinstein, N.D.1    Sandman, P.M.2    Roberts, N.E.3
  • 311
    • 0003068256 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of vulnerability to pregnancy and the use of effective contraception
    • Whitley Jr. B.E., and Hern A.L. Perceptions of vulnerability to pregnancy and the use of effective contraception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (1991) 104-110
    • (1991) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 104-110
    • Whitley Jr., B.E.1    Hern, A.L.2
  • 312
    • 0000531398 scopus 로고
    • Downward comparison principles in social psychology
    • Wills T.A. Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin 90 (1981) 245-271
    • (1981) Psychological Bulletin , vol.90 , pp. 245-271
    • Wills, T.A.1
  • 314
    • 0347238626 scopus 로고
    • When people ask "why" questions, and the heuristics of the attributional search
    • Wong P.T.P., and Weiner B. When people ask "why" questions, and the heuristics of the attributional search. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981) 650-663
    • (1981) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 650-663
    • Wong, P.T.P.1    Weiner, B.2
  • 315
    • 0002427382 scopus 로고
    • Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison
    • Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Wood J.V., and Taylor K.L. Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison. In: Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds). Social Comparison: Contemporary theory and research. (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • (1991) Social Comparison: Contemporary theory and research.
    • Wood, J.V.1    Taylor, K.L.2
  • 317
  • 318
    • 0000975509 scopus 로고
    • The influence of perceived event's controllability on its subjective occurrence probability
    • Zakay D. The influence of perceived event's controllability on its subjective occurrence probability. Psychological Record 34 (1984) 233-240
    • (1984) Psychological Record , vol.34 , pp. 233-240
    • Zakay, D.1
  • 319
    • 0030237816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relativity of unrealistic optimism
    • Zakay D. The relativity of unrealistic optimism. Acta Psychologica 93 (1996) 121-131
    • (1996) Acta Psychologica , vol.93 , pp. 121-131
    • Zakay, D.1
  • 320
    • 84985274571 scopus 로고
    • Attribution of success and failure revisited: or The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory
    • Zuckerman M. Attribution of success and failure revisited: or The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality 47 (1979) 245-287
    • (1979) Journal of Personality , vol.47 , pp. 245-287
    • Zuckerman, M.1
  • 321
    • 0003113887 scopus 로고
    • The paradigmatic and narrative modes in goal-guided inference
    • Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds), Guilford, New York
    • Zukier H. The paradigmatic and narrative modes in goal-guided inference. In: Sorrentino R.M., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior 1 (1986), Guilford, New York 465-502
    • (1986) Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior , vol.1 , pp. 465-502
    • Zukier, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.