Concussion in the adolescent athlete

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

Volumn 40, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 154-169

  Grady, Matthew F ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATHLETE; BRAIN INJURY; CONCUSSION; DECISION MAKING; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; REVIEW;

EID: 77956622405     PISSN: 15385442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Gessel LM, Fields SK, Collins CL, Dick RW, Comstock RD. Concussions among United States High School and College Athletes. Athl Train J 2007;42(4):495-503.
2. Concussion. Available at: http:// Dictionary.com http://Dictionary. com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. Available at: http://dictionary. reference.com/browse/concussion Accessed March 31, 2010.
3. McCrory PR, Berkovic SF. Concussion: The history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions. Neurology 2001;57(12):2283-2289
4. Thurman: Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A report to congress. Washington (DC): CDC; 1999.
5. Thurman D, Alverson C, Dunn K, Guerrero J, Sniezek J. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1999;14(6):602-615
6. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald M. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006;21(5):375-378
7. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19:185-200.
8. Nonfatal trauma brain injuries from sports recreation activities- United States 2001-2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 2007;56(29):733-737
9. Collins M, Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Ide T, Maroon J. Examining concussion rates and return to play in high school football players wearing newer helmet technology: A three-year prospective cohort study. Neurosurgery 2006; 58(2):275-283
10. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, Leo P, Guskiewicz K. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:13-17
11. Gerberich SG, Priest JD, Boen JR, Straub CP, Maxwell RE. Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players. Am J Public Health 1983; 73(12):1370-1375
12. Williamson IJ, Goodman D. Converging evidence for the under-reporting of concussions in youth ice hockey. Br J Sports Med 2006;40(2):128-132
13. Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Drummond R, Correa JA. The effect of protective headgear on head injuries and concussions in adolescent football (soccer) players. Br J Sports Med 2008;42(2):110-115
14. Valovich McLeod TC, Schwartz C, Bay RC. Sport-related concussion misunderstandings among youth coaches. Clin J Sport Med 2007;17(2):140-142
15. Agel J, Dompier TP, Dick R, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007;42(2):241-248 (Pubitemid 46919977)
16. Agel J, Dick R, Nelson B, Marshall SW, Dompier TP. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's ice hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 2000-2001 through 2003-2004. J Athl Train 2007;42(2):249-254 (Pubitemid 46919978)
17. Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the struck player. part 14. Neurosurgery 2007;61:313-328
18. Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ, Zhang L, King AI, Yang KH. Concussion in professional football: brain responses by finite element analysis. Part 9. Neurosurgery 2005;57: 891-916.
19. Casson IR, Pellman EJ, Viano DC. Concussion in the National Football League: An overview for neurologists. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2009;20(1):195-214.
20. Dick RW. Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? Br J Sports Med 2009;43(Suppl 1):i46-50.
21. Thompson HJ, Lifshitz J, Marklund N, Grady MS, Graham DI, Hovda DA, et al. Lateral fluid percussion. Brain injury: A 15 year review and evaluation. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22(1):42-75.
22. Viano DC, Hamberger A, Bolouri H, Säljä A. Concussion in professional football: Animal model of brain injury-part 15. Neurosurgery 2009;64(6):1162-1173
23. Gurkoff GG, Giza CC, Hovda DA. Lateral fluid percussion injury in the developing rat causes an acute, mild behavioral dysfunction in the absence of significant cell death. Brain Res 2006;1077(1):24-36.
24. Schmidt OI, Heyde CE, Ertel W, Stahel PF. Closed head injury-an inflammatory disease? Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005;48(2):388-399
25. Smith DH, Meaney DF, Shull WH. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2003;18(4):307-316 [Review].
26. Tang-Schomer MD, Patel AR, Baas PW, Smith DH. Mechanical breaking of microtubules in axons during dynamic stretch injury underlies delayed elasticity, microtubule disassembly, and axon degeneration. FASEB J 2009. [Epub ahead of print].
27. Yuen TJ, Browne KD, Iwata A, Smith DH. Sodium channelopathy induced by mild axonal trauma worsens outcome after a repeat injury. J Neurosci Res 2009;87(16):3620-3625
28. Bergschneider M, Hovda DA, Shalmon E, Hyperglycolysis C. Following severe human traumatic Brain injury: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. J Neurosurg 2003; 86:241-251
29. Udomphorn Y, Armstead WM, Vavilala MS. Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Neurol 2008;38(4):225-234
30. Fox PT, Raichle ME. Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:1140-1144
31. Mintun MA, Lundstrom BN, Snyder AZ, Vlassenko AG, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. Blood flow and oxygen delivery to human brain during functional activity: Theoretical modeling and experimental data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6859-6864
32. Donat CK. Effects of lateral fluid percussion injury on cholinergic markers in the newborn piglet brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010;28(1):31-38
33. Lovell M. The neurophysiology and assessment of sportsrelated head injuries. Neurol Clin 2008;26:45-62.
34. McKeag DB, Kutcher JS, Concensus C. Raising the bar and filling the gaps. Clin J Sports Med Sept 2009;19(5):343-346
35. Lee MA. Adolescent concussions-management guidelines for schools. Conn Med 2009;73(3):171-173
36. http://www.cdc.gov/concussion/HeadsUp/youth.html [accessed March 21, 2010].
37. Rihn JA. Cervical spine injuries in American football. Sports Med 2009;39(9):697-708.
38. Viccellio P, Simon H, Pressman BD, Shah MN, Mower WR, Hoffman JR. NEXUS Group. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):E20.
39. Guskiewicz KM, Perrin DH, Gansneder BM. Effect of mild head injury on postural stability in athletes. J Athl Train 1996;31(4):300-306
40. Maddocks DL, Dicker GD, Saling MM. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med 1995;5:32-35
41. McCrea M, Kelly JP, Kluge J, Ackley B, Randolph C. Standardized assessment of concussion in football players. Neurology 1997;48:586-588
42. Guskiewicz KM, Ross SE, Marshall SW. Postural stability and neuropsychological deficits after concussion in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train 2001;36:263-273
43. Cavanaugh JT, Guskiewicz KM, Giuliani C, Marshall S, Mercer V, Stergiou N. Detecting altered postural control after cerebral concussion in athletes with normal postural stability. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:805-811
44. Fox ZG, Mihalik JP, Blackburn JT, Battaglini CL, Guskiewicz KM. Return of postural control to baseline after anaerobic and aerobic exercise protocols. J Athl Train 2008;43:456-463
45. Slobounov S, Slobounov E, Sebastianelli W, Cao C, Newell K. Differential rate of recovery in athletes after first and second concussion episodes. Neurosurgery 2007;61:338-344
46. Davis GA, Iverson GL, Guskiewicz KM, Ptito A, Johnston KM. Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sportrelated concussion. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:i36-45.
47. Brenner DJ. Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32(4):228-233
48. Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, Hoyle JD Jr, Atabaki SM, Holubkov R, et al. Identification of children at very low risk of clinically important brain injuries after head trauma: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009;374(9696):1160-1170
49. Echemendia RJ, Putukian M, Mackin RS, Julian L, Shoss N. Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11(1):23-31.
50. Randolph C, McCrea M, Barr WB. Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion? J Athl Train 2005;40:139-152
51. Iverson GL, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Interpreting change on ImPACT following sport concussion. Clin Neuropsychol 2003;17:460-467
52. Grindel SH, Lovell MR, Collins MW. The assessment of sport-related concussion: The evidence behind neuropsychological testing and management. Clin J Sport Med 2001; 11:134-143
53. Iverson GL, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Validity of impact for measuring processing speed following sports-related concussion. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005:27:1-7.
54. Nance ML, Polk-Williams A, Collins MW, Wiebe DJ. Neurocognitive evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury in the hospitalized pediatric population. Ann Surg 2009;249(5): 859-863
55. Van Kampen DA, Lovell MR, Pardini JE, Collins MW, Fu FH. The "value added" of neurocognitive testing after sports-related concussion. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1630-1635
56. Broglio SP, Macciocchi SN, Ferrara MS. Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom Free. J Athl Train 2007;42(4):504-508
57. Cathleen N, Brown CN, Guskiewicz KM, Bleiberg J. Athlete characteristics and outcome scores for computerized neuropsychological assessment: A preliminary analysis. J Athl Train 2007;42(4):515-523
58. McCrea M. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11(3):176-181
59. Barr WB. Neuropsychological testing of high school athletes. Preliminary norms and test-retest indices. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003;18:91-101.
60. Hunt TN. The effect of effort on baseline neuropsychological test scores in high school football athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007;22(5):615-621
61. De Monte VE. Test-retest reliability and practice effects of a rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005;27(5):624-632
62. Segalowitz SJ, Mahaney P, Santesso DL, MacGregor L, Dywan J, Willer B. Retest reliability in adolescents of a computerized neuropsychological battery used to assess recovery from concussion. Neurol Rehabil 2007;22(3): 243-251
63. Kirkwood MK, Randolph K, Yeates KO. Returning pediatric athletes to play after concussion: The evidence (or lack thereof) behind baseline neuropsychological testing. Acta Paediatr 2009;98(9):1409-1411
64. Broglio SP, Ferrara MS, Macciocchi SN, Baumgartner TA, Elliott R. Test-retest reliability of computerized concussion assessment programs. J Athl Train 2007;42(4):509-514
65. Field M, Collins MW, Lovell MR, Maroon J. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatr 2003;142:546-553
66. Pellman EJ, Lovell MR, Viano DC, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: recovery of NFL and high school athletes assessed by computerized neuropsychological testing Y. Part 12. Neurosurgery 2006;58;263-274
67. McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Barr W, Randolph C, Cantu RC. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players. The NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003;290:2556-2563
68. McClincy MP, Lovell MR, Pardini J, Collins MW, Spore MK. Recovery from sports concussion in high school and collegiate athletes. Brain Inj 2006;20(1):33-39
69. Sim A, Terryberry-Spohr L, Wilson KR. Prolonged recovery of memory functioning after mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent athletes. J Neurosurg 2008;108:511-516
70. McDonald JW, Johnston MV. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res Rev 1990;15:41-70.
71. Pickering A, Townend W. Study of outcomes following head injury among children and young adults in full-time education. Ann Emerg Med 2008;51(4):471.
72. Lovell M. The management of sports-related concussion: current status and future trends. Clin Sports Med 2009; 28(1):95-111.
73. Blinman TA, Houseknecht E, Snyder C, Nance ML. Postconcussive symptoms in hospitalized pediatric patients after mild traumatic brain injury. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44:1223-1228
74. Reddy CC, Collins MW. Sports concussion: management and predictors of outcome. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009; 8(1):10-15
75. Collins MW, Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Cantu RC, Maroon JC, Field M. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery 2002;51:1175-1181
76. Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, Cantu RC, Randolph C, Barr W, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players. The NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003;290:2549-2555
77. Guskiewicz K, Weaver N, Padua D, Garett W. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:643-650
78. Iverson GL, Gaetz M, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Cumulative effects of concussion in amateur athletes. Brain Inj 2004; 18(5):433-443
79. Iverson GL. No cumulative effects for one or two previous concussions. Br J Sports Med 2006;40(1):72-75
80. Collins MW, Grindel SH, Lovell MR, Dede DE, Moser DJ, Phalin BR, et al. Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA 1999;282:964-970
81. Couvassin T, Stearne D, Elbin R. Concussion history and postconcussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train 2008;43:119-124
82. Colvin AC, Mullen J, Lovell MR. The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. Am J Sports Med 2009;37(9):1699-1704
83. Ellemberg D, Leclerc S, Couture S, Daigle C. Prolonged neuropsychological impairments following a first concussion in female university soccer athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2007;17(5):369-374
84. Broglio SP, Pontifex MB, O'Connor P, Hillman CH. The persistent effects of concussion on neuroelectric indices of attention. J Neurotrauma 2009;26(9):1463-1470
85. Slobounov S, Cao C, Sebastianelli W. Differential effect of first versus second concussive episodes on wavelet information quality of EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;120(5):862-867
86. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs M, Kendrick Z, Schatz P, Zillmer E, et al. Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. Br J Sports Med 2006;40(11):923-927
87. Covassin T, Schatz P, Swanik CB. Sex differences in neuropsychological function and post-concussion symptoms of concussed collegiate athletes. Neurosurgery 2007;61(2): 345-350
88. Broshek DK, Kaushik T, Freeman JR, Erlanger D, Webbe F, Barth JT. Sex differences in outcome following sportsrelated concussion. J Neurosurg 2005;102:856-863
89. Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Drummond R, Correa JA. The effect of protective headgear on head injuries and concussions in adolescent football (soccer) players. Br J Sports Med 2008;42(2):110-115
90. Preiss-Farzanegan SJ, Chapman B, Wong TM, Wu J, Bazarian JJ. The relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury. Phys Med Rehabil 2009;1(3):245-253
91. Bazarian JJ, Blyth B, Mookerjee S, He H, McDermott MP. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010;27(3):527-539
92. Kraus JF, Peek-Asa C, McArthur D. The independent effect of gender on outcomes following traumatic brain injury: A preliminary investigation. Neurosurg Focus 2000;8:e5.
93. Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Luis CA, Salazar AM. Longterm morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2007;29:585-598 (Pubitemid 47254604)
94. Kutcher JS, Eckner JT. At risk populations in sports related concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9(1):16-20.
95. Preece MH, Geffen GM. The contribution of pre-existing depression to the acute cognitive sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2007;21(9):951-961
96. Mooney G, Speed J, Sheppard S. Factors related to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2005;19:975-987
97. Ayalon L, Borodkin K, Dishon L, Kanety H, Dagan Y. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders following mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2007;68:1136-1140
98. Rao V, Bertrand M, Rosenberg P, Makley M, Schretlen DJ, Brandt J, et al. Predictors of new-onset depression after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2010;22(1):100-104
99. Sigurdardottir S, Andelic N, Roe C, Jerstad T, Schanke AK. Post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury at 3 and 12 months post-injury: A prospective study. Brain Inj 2009;23:489-497
100. Emanuelson I, Andersson Holmkvist E, Bjärklund R, Stalhammar D. Quality of life and postconcussion symptoms in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: A population-based study in western Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand 2003;108: 332-338
101. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 2008;358:453-463
102. Iverson GL. Predicting slow recovery from sport-related concussion: The new simple-complex distinction. Clin J Sport Med 2001;17:31-37
103. Lau B, Lovell ML, Collins MW, Pardini J. Neurocognitive and symptom predictors of recovery in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2009;19(3):216-221
104. Sarmiento K, Mitchko J, Klein C, Wong S. Evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's concussion initiative for high school coaches: "heads up: concussion in high school sports." J Sch Health 2010;80(3):112-118
105. Griesbach GS, Gomez-Pinilla F, Hovda DA. Time window for voluntary exercise-induced increases in hippocampal neuroplasticity molecules after traumatic brain injury is severity dependent. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:1161-1171
106. Griesbach GS, Hovda DA, Gomez-Pinilla F, Sutton RL. Voluntary exercise or amphetamine treatment, but not the combination, increases hippocampal brain derived neurotrophicfactor and synapsin I following cortical contusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2008;154:530-540
107. Griesbach GS, Hovda DA, Molteni R, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F. Voluntary exercise following traumatic brain injury: brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation and recovery of function. Neuroscience 2004;125:129-139
108. Leddy JJ, Kozlowski K, Donnelly JP, Pendergast DR, Epstein LH, Willer B. A preliminary study of subsymptom threshold exercise training for refractory post-concussion syndrome. Clin J Sport Med 2010;20(1):21-27
109. Gagnon I, Galli C, Friedman D, Grilli L, Iverson GL. Active rehabilitation for children who are slow to recover following sport-related concussion. Brain Inj 2009;23(12):956-964
110. Comper P, Bisschop SM, Carnide N, Tricco A. A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2005;19(11):863-880
111. Lee LL, Galo E, Lyeth BG, Muizelaar JP, Berman RF. Neuroprotection in the rat lateral fluid percussion model of traumatic brain injury by SNX-185, an N-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker. Exp Neurol 2004;190(1):70-78
112. Zornow MH, Prough DS. Neuroprotective properties of calcium-channel blockers. New Horiz 1996;4(1):107-114
113. Teasdale G, Bailey I, Bell A, Gray J, Gullan R, Heiskanan O, et al. A randomized trial of nimodipine in severe head injury: HIT. I. British/Finnish Co-Operative Head Injury Trial Group. J Neurotrauma 1992;9(Suppl 2):S545-50.
114. Compton J, Lee T, Jones N, Waddell G, Teddy PJ. A double blind placebo controlled trial of the calcium entry blocking drug nicardipine in the treatment of vasospasm following severe head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1990;4(1):9-15.
115. Langham J, Goldfrad C, Teasdale SD, Rowan K. Calcium channel blockers for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD00056.
116. Tyler GS, McNeely HE, Dick ML. Treatment of post-traumatic headache with amitriptyline. Headache 1980;20(4):213-216
117. Saran A. Antidepressants not effective in headache associated with minor closed head injury. Int J Psychiatry Med 1988;18:75-83.
118. McCrea M, Guskiewicz K, Randolph C, Barr WB, Hammeke TA, Marshall SW, et al. Effects of a symptom-free waiting period on clinical outcome and risk of reinjury after sportrelated concussion. Neurosurgery 2009;65(5):876-882
119. Parker TM, Osternig LR, van Donkelaar P, Chou LS. Gait stability following concussion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38(6):1032-1040
120. Purcell L. What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes? Br J Sports Med 2009;43(Suppl 1):i51-5.
121. Cantu RC. When to disqualify an athlete after a concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009;8(1):6-7.
122. Gladwell M. Offensive play. New Yorker 10/19/09;85(33): 50-59
123. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player. Neurosurgery 2005;57(1): 128-134
124. Omalu B, DeKosky ST, Hamilton RL, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Shakir AM, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Part II. Neurosurgery 2006;59(5):1086-1092
125. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive Tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009;68(7): 709-735
126. Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes J, McCrea M, Cantu RC, Randolph C, et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery 2005;57(4):719-726
127. Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes J, McCrea M, Harding HP Jr, Matthews A, et al. Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39(6):903-909