The association of normative perceptions with adolescent smoking intentions

Journal of Adolescence

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 603-614

  Brown, Abraham Kojo ^a   Moodie, Crawford ^a   Hastings, Gerard ^a   Mackintosh, Anne Marie ^a   Hassan, Louise ^b   Thrasher, James ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

^b HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Adolescent smokers; Never smokers; Smoking intentions; Social norms

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; PERCEPTION; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INTENTION; MALE; SMOKING; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIAL VALUES; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

EID: 77956180120     PISSN: 01401971     EISSN: 10959254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.003     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Abroms L., Simons-Morton B., Haynie D.L., Chen R. Psychosocial predictors of smoking trajectories during middle and high school. Addiction 2005, 100:852-861.
2. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behaviour. Action-control: From cognition to behaviour 1985, 11-39. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. J. Kuhl, J. Beckman (Eds.).
3. Ajzen I., Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour 1980, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
4. Ajzen I., Madden T.J. Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1986, 22:453-474.
5. Alvarado G.F., Breslau N. Smoking and young people's mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2005, 18:397-400.
6. Armitage C.J., Conner M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology 2001, 40:471-499.
7. Arnett J.J. Optimistic bias in adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers. Addictive Behaviors 2000, 25:625-632.
8. Bagozzi R.P., Yi Y. On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 1988, 16:74-94.
9. Bauer U.E., Johnson T.M., Hopkins R.S. Changes in youth cigarette use and intentions following implementation of a tobacco control program: findings from the Florida youth tobacco survey, 1998-2000. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2000, 284:723-728.
10. Bauman K.E., Botvin G.J., Botvin E.M., Baker E. Normative expectations and the behaviour of significant others: an integration of traditions in research on adolescents' cigarette smoking. Psychological Reports 1992, 71:568-570.
11. Bentler P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:238-246.
12. Bentler P.M., Bonett D.G. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin 1980, 88:588-606.
13. Borsari B., Carey B. How the quality of peer relationships influences college alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Review 2006, 25:361-370.
14. Botvin G.J., Botvin E.M., Baker E., Dusenbury L., Goldberg C.J. The false consensus effect: predicting adolescents' tobacco use from normative expectations. Psychological Reports 1992, 70:171-178.
15. Breslau N., Peterson E.L. Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiation of cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. American Journal of Public Health 1996, 86:214-220.
16. Bricker J.B., Peterson A.V., Andersen M.R., Leroux B.G., Rajan K.B., Sarason I.G. Close friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking: reevaluating their influence on children's smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2006, 8:217-226.
17. Brown A., Moodie C. Tobacco marketing influences on smoking intentions via normative beliefs. Health Education Research 2009, 24:721-733.
18. Browne M.W., Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models 1993, 136-162. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. K.A. Bollen, J.S. Long (Eds.).
19. Byrne B.M. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming 2001, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
20. Callas P.W., Flynn B.S., Worden J.K. Potentially modifiable psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use during early adolescence. Addictive Behaviors 2004, 29:1503-1515.
21. Camp D.E., Klesges R.C., Relyea G. The relationship between body weight concerns and adolescent smoking. Health Psychology 1993, 12:24-32.
22. Chassin L., Presson C.C., Bensenberg M., Corty E., Olshavsky R.W., Sherman S.J. Predicting adolescents' intentions to smoke cigarettes. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1981, 22:445-465.
23. Chassin L., Presson C.C., Sherman S.J., Corty E., Olshavsky R.W. Predicting the onset of cigarette smoking in adolescents: a longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1984, 14:224-243.
24. Chatzisarantis N.L.D., Biddle S.J.H., Meek G.A. A self-determination theory approach to the study of intentions and the intention-behaviour relationship in children's physical activity. British Journal of Social Psychology 1997, 2:343-360.
25. Cialdini R.B., Kallgren C.A., Reno R.R. A focus theory of normative conduct: recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 58:1015-1026.
26. Cialdini R.B., Kallgren C.A., Reno R.R. A focus theory of normative conduct: a theoretical refinement and re-evaluation of the role of norms in human behaviour. Advances in experimental social psychology 1991, 201-234. Academic Press, New York. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
27. Collins L.M., Sussman S., Rauch J.M., Dent C.W., Johnson C.A., Hansen W.B., et al. Psychosocial predictors of young adolescent cigarette smoking: a sixteen-month, three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1987, 17:554-573.
28. Department of Health Smoking kills - A white paper on tobacco 1998, Stationery Office, London.
29. Derevensky J.L., Gupta R. Adolescents with gambling problems: a synopsis of our current knowledge. eGambling 10 Available. http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue10/ejgi_10_derevensky_gupta.html.
30. Duncan T.E., Duncan S.C., Hops H. The role of parents and older siblings in predicting adolescent substance use: modeling development via structural equation latent growth methodology. Journal of Family Psychology 1996, 10:158-172.
31. Edelen M.O., Tucker J.S., Ellickson P.L. A discrete time hazards model of smoking initiation among west coast youth from age 5 to 23. Preventive Medicine 2007, 44:52-54.
32. Engels R.C., Knibbe R.A., Drop M.J., de Haan Y.E. Homogeneity of cigarette smoking within peer groups: influence or selection?. Health Education and Behavior 1997, 24:801-811.
33. Ennett S.T., Bauman K.E. The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity: the case of adolescent cigarette smoking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:653-663.
34. Evans R.I., Rozelle R.M., Mittelmark M.B., Hansen W.B., Bane A.L., Havis J. Deterring the onset of smoking in children: knowledge of immediate physiological effects and coping with peer pressure, media pressure and parent modelling. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1978, 8:126-135.
35. Fagan P., Eisenberg M.E., Stoddard A.M., Frazier L., Sorensen G. Social influences, social norms, social support, and smoking behaviour among adolescents workers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2001, 15:414-421.
36. Farrelly M.C., Healton C.G., Davis K.C., Messeri P., Hersey J.C., Haviland M.L. Getting to the truth: evaluating national tobacco counter-making campaigns. American Journal Of Public Health 2002, 92:901-907.
37. Fife-Schaw C., Sheeran P., Norman P. Simulating behaviour change interventions based on the theory of planned behaviour: impacts on intention and action. British Journal of Social Psychology 2007, 46:43-68.
38. Fishbein M., Ajzen I. Beliefs, attitudes, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research 1975, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, pp. 244-245.
39. Fisher L.A., Bauman K.E. Influence and selection in the friend adolescent relationship: findings from studies of adolescent smoking and drinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1988, 18:289-314.
40. Flay B.R., Hu F.B., Richardson J. Psychosocial predictors of different stages of cigarette smoking among high school students. Preventive Medicine 1998, 27:9-18.
41. Flay B.R., Petraitis J., Hu F.B. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 1999, 1:59-65.
42. Flynn B.S., Worden J.K., Bunn J.Y., Dorwaldt A.L., Connolly S.W., Ashikaga T. Youth audience segmentation strategies for smoking-prevention mass media campaigns based on message appeal. Health Education and Behavior 2007, 34:578-593.
43. Fornell C., Larcker D.F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 1981, 18:39-50.
44. Foshee V., Bauman K.E. Parental attachment and adolescent cigarette smoking initiation. Journal of Adolescent Research 1994, 9:88-104.
45. Glider P., Midyett S.J., Mills-Novoa B., Johannessen K., Collins C. Challenging the collegiate rite of passage: a campus-wide social marketing media campaign to reduce binge drinking. Journal of Drug Education 2001, 31:207-220.
46. Goldman L.K., Glantz S.A. Evaluation of antismoking advertising campaigns. The Journal of American Medical Association 1998, 279:772-777.
47. Grube J.W., Morgan M., McGree S.T. Attitudes and normative beliefs as predictors of smoking intentions and behaviours: a test of three models. British Journal of Social Psychology 1986, 25:81-93.
48. Guxens M., Nebot M., Ariza C., Ochoa D. Factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a systematic review of cohort studies. Gaceta Sanitaria 2007, 21:252-260.
49. Halpern-Felsher B.L., Rubenstein M.L. Clear the air: adolescents' perceptions of the risks associated with second hand smoke. Preventive Medicine 2005, 41:16-22.
50. Hansen W.B. School-based substance abuse prevention: a review of the state of the art in curriculum, 1980-1990. Health Education Research 1992, 7:403-430.
51. Hansen W.B. Pilot test results comparing the all stars program with seventh grade DARE: program integrity and mediating variable analysis. Substance Use and Misuse 1996, 31:1359-1377.
52. Hoyle R.H., Smith G.T. Formulating clinical research hypotheses as structural equation models: a conceptual overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994, 62:429-440.
53. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55.
54. Jackson C., Henriksen L. Do as I say: parent smoking, antismoking socialization, and smoking onset among children. Addictive Behaviors 1997, 22:107-114.
55. Joreskog K. Fitting and testing models. Structural equation modeling workshop with LISREL 8.8 2006, 291-296. Scientific Software International, Chicago. K. Joreskog, K. Bollen (Eds.).
56. Joreskog K. Missing values. Structural equation modeling workshop with LISREL 8.8 2006, 273-279. Scientific Software International, Chicago. K. Joreskog, K. Bollen (Eds.).
57. Joreskog K., Sorbom D. LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications 1989, SPSS Inc., Chicago. 2nd ed.
58. Joreskog K., Sorbom D., du Toit S., du Toit M. LISREL 8: New statistical features 2001, Scientific Software International, Chicago.
59. Juvonen S.C., Martino P.L., Ellickson D.L. "But Others Do It!": do misperceptions of schoolmate alcohol and marijuana use predict subsequent drug use among young adolescents?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2007, 37:740-758.
60. Kallgren C.A., Reno R.R., Cialdini R.B. A focus theory of normative conduct: when norms do and do not affect behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1002-1011.
61. Kaplan C.P., Napoles S.A., Stewart S.L., Perez-Stable E.J. Smoking acquisition among adolescents and young Latinas: the role of socio-environmental and personal factors. Addictive Behaviors 2001, 26:531-550.
62. Kaufman N.J., Nichter M. The culture of the body: the influence of media, fashion, and marketing on women's tobacco use. Proceedings of the World Health Organization 1999, World Health Organization, Geneva.
63. Keller K.L. Memory factors in advertising: the effect of advertising retrieval cues on brand evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research 1987, 17:463-476.
64. Kerr N.L. Norms in social dilemmas. Social dilemmas: Perspectives on individuals and groups 1995, 31-48. Praeger, Westport, CT. D. Schroeder (Ed.).
65. Kokkevi A.E., Arapaki A.A., Richardson C., Florescu S., Kuzman M., Stergarr E. Further investigation of psychological and environmental correlates of substance use in adolescence in six European countries. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 88:308-312.
66. Lapinski M.K., Rimal R.N. An explication of social norms. Communication Theory 2005, 15:127-147.
67. Leventhal H., Glynn K., Fleming R. Is the smoking decision an informed choice?. Journal of the American Medical Association 1987, 257:3373-3376.
68. Liourta E., van Empelen P. The importance of self-regulatory and goal-conflicting processes in the avoidance of drunk driving among Greek young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2008, 40:1191-1199.
69. MacKintosh A., Harris F., Hastings G. Measuring the effectiveness of tobacco marketing restrictions. IARC Handbook on tobacco control (second) 2008, Vol. 12. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. R. Borland, M. Cummings, C. Dresler (Eds.).
70. Maddux J.E. Social cognitive models of health and exercise behaviour. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 1993, 5:116-140.
71. Mercken L., Candel M., Willems P., de Vries H. Disentangling social selection and social influence effects on adolescent smoking: the importance of reciprocity in friendships. Addiction 2007, 102:1483-1492.
72. Miller C.H., Burgoon M., Grandpre J.R., Alvaro E.M. Identifying principal risk factors for the initiation of adolescent smoking behaviors: the significance of psychological reactance. Health Communication 2006, 19:241-252.
73. Moodie C., MacKintosh A.M., Brown A., Hastings G. Tobacco marketing awareness on youth smoking susceptibility and perceived prevalence before and after an advertising ban. European Journal of Public Health 2008, 18:484-490.
74. Moodie, C., MacKintosh, A. M., & Hammond, D. Adolescents' response to text-only tobacco health warnings: results from the 2008 UK youth tobacco policy survey. European Journal of Public Health, in press.
75. Mowery P.D., Farrelly M.C., Haviland L.M., Gable J.M., Wells H.E. Progression to established smoking among US youths. American Journal of Public Health 2004, 94:331-337.
76. Neighbors C., Dillard A.J., Lewis M.A., Bergstrom R.L., Neil T.A. Normative misperceptions and temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006, 67:290-299.
77. Niederdeppe J., Farrelly M.C., Haviland L.M. Confirming "truth": more evidence of a successful tobacco countermarketing campaign in Florida. American Journal of Public Health 2004, 94:255-257.
78. Olds R.S., Thombs D.L. The relationship of adolescent perceptions of peer norms and parent involvement to cigarette and alcohol use. Journal of School Health 2001, 71:223-228.
79. Olds R.S., Thombs D.L., Tomasek J.R. Relations between normative beliefs and initiation intentions toward cigarette, alcohol and marijuana. Journal of Adolescent Health 2005, 37:75.
80. Oostveen T., Knibbe R., de Vries H. Social influence on young adults' alcohol consumption: norms, modelling, pressure, socializing, and conformity. Addictive Behaviors 1996, 21:187-197.
81. Park H.S., Smith S.W. Distinctiveness and influence of subjective norms, personal descriptive and injunctive norms, and societal descriptive and injunctive norms on behavioural intent: a case of two behaviours critical to organ donation. Human Communication Research 2007, 33:194-218.
82. Perkins W.H. The emergence and evolution of the social norms approach to substance abuse prevention. The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counsellors, and clinicians 2003, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. H.W. Perkins (Ed.).
83. Perkins W.H., Berkowitz A.D. Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: some research implication for campus alcohol education programming. International Journal of the Addictions 1986, 21:961-976.
84. Perkins W.H., Meilman P.W., Leichliter J.S., Cashin J.R., Presley C.A. Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. Journal of American College Health 1999, 47:253-258.
85. Pierce J.P., Choi W.S., Gilpin E.A., Farkas A.J., Berry C.C. Tobacco industry promotion of cigarettes and adolescent smoking. Journal of American Medical Association 1998, 279:511-515.
86. Pierce J.P., Gilpin E.A. News media coverage of smoking and health is associated with changes in population rates of smoking cessation but not initiation. Tobacco Control 2001, 10:145-153.
87. Pokorny S.B., Jason A., Schoeny E. Current smoking among young adolescents: assessing school based contextual norms. Tobacco Control 2004, 13:301-307.
88. Pollay R. Hacks, flacks, and counter-attacks: cigarette advertising, sponsored research, and controversies. Journal of Social Issues 1997, 53:53-74.
89. Powell L.M., Tauras J.A., Ross H. The importance of peer effects, cigarette prices and tobacco control policies for youth smoking behaviour. Journal of Health Economics 2005, 24:950-968.
90. Prentice A.D., Miller D.T. Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:243-256.
91. Rimal R.N., Real K. Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behaviours. Communication Theory 2003, 13:184-203.
92. Rimal R.N., Real K. How behaviors are affected by perceived norms: a test of the theory of normative social behaviour. Communication Research 2005, 32:389-414.
93. Schooler C., Feighery E., Flora J. Seventh graders' self-reported exposure to cigarette marketing and its relationship to their smoking behaviour. American Journal of Public Health 1996, 86:1216-1221.
94. Sheeran P. Intention-behaviour relations: a conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology 2002, 12:1-36.
95. Sheeran P., Abraham C. Mediator of moderators: temporal stability of intention and the intention-behavior relation. Society for Personaility and Social Psychology 2003, 29:205-215.
96. Siegel M., Biener L. The impact of an antismoking media campaign on progression to established smoking: results of a longitudinal youth study. American Journal Public Health 2000, 90:380-386.
97. Simons-Morton B.G. Prospective analysis of peer and parents influence on smoking initiation among early adolescents. Prevention Science 2002, 3:275-283.
98. Skinner M.L., Haggerty K.P., Catalano R.F. Parental and peer influences on teen smoking: are white and black families different?. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2009, 11:558-563.
99. Sly D.F., Heald G.R., Ray S. The Florida truth anti-tobacco media evaluation: design, first year results, and implications for planning future state media evaluations. Tobacco Control 2001, 10:9-15.
100. Sly D.F., Hopkins R.S., Trapido E., Ray S. Influence of a counteradvertising media campaign on initiation of smoking: the Florida "truth" campaign. American Journal of Public Health 2001, 91:233-238.
101. Sniehotta F.F., Scholz U., Schwarzer R. Bridging the intention-behaviour gap: planning, self-efficacy, and action-control in the adoption of maintenance of physical exercise. Psychology and Health 2005, 20:143-160.
102. Sorbom D., Joreskog K. LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language 1993, Scientific Software International, Chicago.
103. Stanton W.R., Barnett A.G., Silva P.A. Adolescents' intentions to smoke as a predictor of smoking. Preventive Medicine 2005, 40:221-226.
104. Staub E. Instigation to goodness: the role of social norms and interpersonal influence. Journal of Social Issues 1972, 28:131-150.
105. Sussman S., Dent C.W., Flay B.R., Hansen W.B., Johnson C.A. Psychosocial predictors of cigarette smoking onset by White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents in southern California. Morbidity and Mortality, Weekly Reports 1987, 36:11S-16S.
106. Sussman S., Dent C.W., Mestel-Rauch J., Johnson C.A., Hansen W.B., Flay B.R. Adolescent non-smokers, tiers and regular smokers' estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence: when do overestimations occur and by whom?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1988, 18:537-551.
107. ® campaign. Tobacco Control 2004, 13:283-288.
108. Tilleczek K.C., Hine D.W. The meaning of smoking as health and social risk in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence 2006, 29:273-287.
109. Turner J.C., Hogg M.A., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., Wethereli M.S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory 1987, Blackwell, New York.
110. U.S Department of Health and Human Services Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress, a report of the US Surgeon General 1989, Centers for Disease Control, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health, Rockville, MD.
111. U.S Department of Health and Human Services Reducing tobacco use: A report of the Surgeon General 2000, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
112. Viscusi W.K. Smoking: Making the risky decision 1992, Oxford University Press, New York.
113. Vitaro F., Wanner B., Brendgen M., Gosselin C., Gendreau P.L. Differential contribution of parents and friends to smoking trajectories during adolescence. Addictive Behaviors 2004, 29:831-835.
114. Vitoria P.D., Kremers S.P.J., Mudde A.N., Pais-Clemente M., de Vries H. Psychosocial factors related with smoking behaviour in Portuguese adolescents. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2006, 15:531-540.
115. Voight J. The consumer rebellion: are marketers alienating the people they spend billions to reach?. Adweek 2000, 41:46-50.
116. de Vries H., Backbier E., Kok G., Dijkstra M. The impact of social influences in the context of attitude, self-efficacy, intention, and previous behavior as predictors of smoking onset. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1995, 25:237-257.
117. Wakefield M., Klosa D.D., O'Malley P.M., Johnston L.D., Chaloupka F., Pierce J., et al. The role of smoking intentions in predicting future smoking among youth: findings from monitoring the future data. Addiction 2004, 99:914-922.
118. Warner K.E., Ernster V.L., Holbrook J.H., Lewit E.M., Pertschuk M., Steinfeld J.L., et al. Promotion of tobacco products: issues and policy options. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1986, 11:367-392.
119. Wechsler H., Nelson T.F., Lee J.E., Seibring M., Lewis C., Keeling R.P. Perception and reality: a national evaluation of social norms marketing interventions to reduce college students' heavy alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003, 64:484-494.
120. World Health Organisation WHO framework convention on tobacco control 2005, World Health Organisation, Geneva.