메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 72-110

Applying Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theories to Children's Racial, Ethnic, National, and State Identifications and Attitudes

Author keywords

Common ancestry; Developmental psychology; Intergroup attitudes; Racist practices; Social identity theory and self categorization theory

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956128569     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118269930.ch5     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (45)

References (185)
  • 1
    • 0347192417 scopus 로고
    • Interest in ethnic information: A cross-cultural developmental study
    • Aboud, F. E. ( 1977 ). Interest in ethnic information: A cross-cultural developmental study.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 9, 134-146 .
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.9 , pp. 134-146
    • Aboud, F.E.1
  • 2
    • 84925923158 scopus 로고
    • A test of ethnocentrism with young children
    • Aboud, F. E. ( 1980 ). A test of ethnocentrism with young children.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 12, 195-209 .
    • (1980) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.12 , pp. 195-209
    • Aboud, F.E.1
  • 4
    • 84889397943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport Oxford, England : Blackwell
    • Aboud, F. E. ( 2005 ). The development of prejudice in childhood and adolescence.In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 310-326 ). Oxford, England : Blackwell .
    • (2005) The development of prejudice in childhood and adolescence , pp. 310-326
    • Aboud, F.E.1
  • 5
    • 0038763733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes Oxford, England : Blackwell
    • Aboud, F. E., & Amato, M. ( 2001 ). Developmental and socialization infl uences on intergroup bias.In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 65-85 ). Oxford, England : Blackwell .
    • (2001) Developmental and socialization infl uences on intergroup bias , pp. 65-85
    • Aboud, F.E.1    Amato, M.2
  • 6
    • 0030516977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does talk of race foster prejudice or tolerance in children
    • Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A. B. ( 1996 ). Does talk of race foster prejudice or tolerance in children? Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 161-170 .
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.28 , pp. 161-170
    • Aboud, F.E.1    Doyle, A.B.2
  • 7
    • 0001442154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring and evaluating school-based interventions to reduce prejudice in preadolescents
    • Aboud, F. E., & Fenwick, V. ( 1999 ). Exploring and evaluating school-based interventions to reduce prejudice in preadolescents.Journal of Social Issues, 55, 767-785 .
    • (1999) Journal of Social Issues , vol.55 , pp. 767-785
    • Aboud, F.E.1    Fenwick, V.2
  • 8
    • 4944260914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiplicity of ethnic identification during middle childhood: Conceptual and methodological considerations
    • Akiba, D., Szalacha, L. A., & Garcia Coll, C. T. ( 2004 ). Multiplicity of ethnic identification during middle childhood: Conceptual and methodological considerations.New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 104, 45-60 .
    • (2004) New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development , vol.104 , pp. 45-60
    • Akiba, D.1    Szalacha, L.A.2    Garcia Coll, C.T.3
  • 10
    • 0000590775 scopus 로고
    • Racial preference and social comparison processes
    • Asher, S. R., & Allen, V. L. ( 1969 ). Racial preference and social comparison processes.Journal of Social Issues, 25, 157-166 .
    • (1969) Journal of Social Issues , vol.25 , pp. 157-166
    • Asher, S.R.1    Allen, V.L.2
  • 11
    • 0001978842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of color and ethnicity in young children in Jamaica, Ghana, England and Canada
    • Bagley, C., & Young, L. ( 1998 ). Evaluation of color and ethnicity in young children in Jamaica, Ghana, England and Canada.International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 45-60 .
    • (1998) International Journal of Intercultural Relations , vol.12 , pp. 45-60
    • Bagley, C.1    Young, L.2
  • 13
    • 10244257419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 16-58 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS)
    • Barrett, M. ( 2001 ). The development of national identity: A conceptual analysis and some data from Western European studies.In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 16-58 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS) .
    • (2001) The development of national identity: A conceptual analysis and some data from Western European studies
    • Barrett, M.1
  • 14
    • 84905767385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In M. Barrett & E. Buchanan-Barrow (Eds.), Children's understanding of society Hove, England : Psychology Press
    • Barrett, M. ( 2005a ). Children's understanding of, and feelings about, countries and national groups.In M. Barrett & E. Buchanan-Barrow (Eds.), Children's understanding of society (pp. 251-285 ). Hove, England : Psychology Press .
    • (2005) Children's understanding of, and feelings about, countries and national groups , pp. 251-285
    • Barrett, M.1
  • 15
    • 36448936551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In S. Ding & K. Littleton (Eds.), Children's personal and social development (pp. 181-220 ). Milton Keynes, England : Open University/Blackwell Publishing
    • Barrett, M. ( 2005b ). National identities in children and young people.In S. Ding & K. Littleton (Eds.), Children's personal and social development (pp. 181-220 ). Milton Keynes, England : Open University/Blackwell Publishing .
    • (2005) National identities in children and young people
    • Barrett, M.1
  • 20
    • 21144479478 scopus 로고
    • Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children
    • Barrett, M., & Short, J. ( 1992 ). Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 339-363 .
    • (1992) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 339-363
    • Barrett, M.1    Short, J.2
  • 21
    • 21144479478 scopus 로고
    • Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children
    • Barrett, M., & Short, J. ( 1992 ). Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 339-363 .
    • (1992) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 339-363
    • Barrett, M.1    Short, J.2
  • 22
    • 0038434493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of national in-group bias: English children's attributions of characteristics to English, American and German people
    • Barrett, M., Wilson, H., & Lyons, E. ( 2003 ). The development of national in-group bias: English children's attributions of characteristics to English, American and German people.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 193-220 .
    • (2003) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 193-220
    • Barrett, M.1    Wilson, H.2    Lyons, E.3
  • 23
    • 0030171061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of "the Arab" concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel
    • Bar-Tal, D. ( 1996 ). Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of "the Arab" concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel.International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 341-370 .
    • (1996) International Journal of Intercultural Relations , vol.20 , pp. 341-370
    • Bar-Tal, D.1
  • 24
    • 0029304103 scopus 로고
    • The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation
    • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. ( 1995 ). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529 .
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.117 , pp. 497-529
    • Baumeister, R.F.1    Leary, M.R.2
  • 26
    • 0032153295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's subjective identification with the group and ingroup favoritism
    • Bennett, M., Lyons, E., Sani, F., & Barrett, M. ( 1998 ). Children's subjective identification with the group and ingroup favoritism.Developmental Psychology, 34, 902-909 .
    • (1998) Developmental Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 902-909
    • Bennett, M.1    Lyons, E.2    Sani, F.3    Barrett, M.4
  • 27
    • 21344483870 scopus 로고
    • A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children
    • Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. ( 1993 ). A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children.Child Development, 64, 1507-1519 .
    • (1993) Child Development , vol.64 , pp. 1507-1519
    • Bigler, R.S.1    Liben, L.2
  • 28
    • 84984525561 scopus 로고
    • Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour
    • Billig, M. G., & Tajfel, H. ( 1973 ). Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour.European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 27-52 .
    • (1973) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 27-52
    • Billig, M.G.1    Tajfel, H.2
  • 29
    • 21344447219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between racial attitudes and socialcognitive development in children: An Australian study
    • Black-Gutman, D., & Hickson, F. ( 1996 ). The relationship between racial attitudes and socialcognitive development in children: An Australian study.Developmental Psychology, 32, 448-456 .
    • (1996) Developmental Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 448-456
    • Black-Gutman, D.1    Hickson, F.2
  • 30
    • 21144479478 scopus 로고
    • Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children
    • Barrett, M., & Short, J. ( 1992 ). Images of European people in a group of 5-10 year old English school children.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 339-363 .
    • (1992) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 339-363
    • Barrett, M.1    Short, J.2
  • 31
    • 84925923429 scopus 로고
    • Racial attitudes of Black preschoolers as related to parental civil rights activism
    • Branch, C. W., & Newcombe, N. ( 1980 ). Racial attitudes of Black preschoolers as related to parental civil rights activism.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26, 425-428 .
    • (1980) Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , vol.26 , pp. 425-428
    • Branch, C.W.1    Newcombe, N.2
  • 32
    • 84928442610 scopus 로고
    • Racial attitude development among young Black children as a function of parental attitudes: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study
    • Branch, C. W., & Newcombe, N. ( 1986 ). Racial attitude development among young Black children as a function of parental attitudes: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study.Child Development, 57, 712-721 .
    • (1986) Child Development , vol.57 , pp. 712-721
    • Branch, C.W.1    Newcombe, N.2
  • 34
    • 84984500575 scopus 로고
    • Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial
    • Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. ( 1994 ). Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial.European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 641-657 .
    • (1994) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 641-657
    • Branscombe, N.R.1    Wann, D.L.2
  • 37
    • 0011871115 scopus 로고
    • G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept London : Academic Press
    • Breakwell, G. M. ( 1992 ). Processes of self-evaluation: Efficacy and estrangement.In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 35-55 ). London : Academic Press .
    • (1992) Processes of self-evaluation: Efficacy and estrangement , pp. 35-55
    • Breakwell, G.M.1
  • 38
    • 79951844979 scopus 로고
    • M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological persepctives New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf
    • Brewer, M. B. ( 1993 ). The role of distinctiveness in social identity and group behaviour.In M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological persepctives (pp. 1-16 ). New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
    • (1993) The role of distinctiveness in social identity and group behaviour , pp. 1-16
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 39
    • 21144471085 scopus 로고
    • In-group identification as a function of depersonalization, distinctiveness and status
    • Brewer, M. B., Manzi, J. M., & Shaw, J. S. ( 1993 ). In-group identification as a function of depersonalization, distinctiveness and status.Psychological Science, 4, 88-92 .
    • (1993) Psychological Science , vol.4 , pp. 88-92
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Manzi, J.M.2    Shaw, J.S.3
  • 40
    • 0002644574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Brewer, M. B., & Pickett, C. L. ( 1999 ). Distinctiveness motives as a source of the social self.In T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 71-87 ). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
    • (1999) Distinctiveness motives as a source of the social self , pp. 71-87
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Pickett, C.L.2
  • 42
    • 0007165356 scopus 로고
    • The attribution of behavioural connotations to shaded and white figures by Caucasian children
    • Brown, G., & Johnson, S. P. ( 1971 ). The attribution of behavioural connotations to shaded and white figures by Caucasian children.British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 306-312 .
    • (1971) British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 306-312
    • Brown, G.1    Johnson, S.P.2
  • 43
    • 0000700561 scopus 로고
    • H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 395-429 ). London : Academic Press
    • Brown, R. ( 1978 ). Divided we fall: an analysis of relations between sections of a factory work force.In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 395-429 ). London : Academic Press .
    • (1978) Divided we fall: an analysis of relations between sections of a factory work force
    • Brown, R.1
  • 45
    • 0004270217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford, England : Oxford University Press
    • Bulmer, M., & Solomos, J. (Eds.). ( 1999 ). Racism.Oxford, England : Oxford University Press .
    • (1999) Racism
    • Bulmer, M.1    Solomos, J.2
  • 48
  • 49
    • 0022038269 scopus 로고
    • The transmission of racial attitudes from fathers to sons: A study of Blacks and Whites
    • Carlson, J. M., & Iovini, J. ( 1985 ). The transmission of racial attitudes from fathers to sons: A study of Blacks and Whites.Adolescence, 20, 233-237 .
    • (1985) Adolescence , vol.20 , pp. 233-237
    • Carlson, J.M.1    Iovini, J.2
  • 50
    • 84937293163 scopus 로고
    • What makes a person British? Children's conceptions of their national culture and identity
    • Carrington, B., & Short, G. ( 1995 ). What makes a person British? Children's conceptions of their national culture and identity.Educational Studies, 21, 217-238 .
    • (1995) Educational Studies , vol.21 , pp. 217-238
    • Carrington, B.1    Short, G.2
  • 53
    • 0000220184 scopus 로고
    • The role of cognitive development in children's explanations and preferences for skin colour
    • Clark, A., Hocevar, D., & Dembo, M.H. ( 1980 ). The role of cognitive development in children's explanations and preferences for skin colour.Developmental Psychology, 16, 332-339 .
    • (1980) Developmental Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 332-339
    • Clark, A.1    Hocevar, D.2    Dembo, M.H.3
  • 54
    • 0041473467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The educational impact of Rechov Sumsum/Shara'a Simsim: A Sesame Street television series to promote respect and understanding among children living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza
    • Cole, C. F., Arafat, C., Tidhar, C., Tafesh, W. Z., Fox, N. A., Killen, M., et al. ( 2003 ). The educational impact of Rechov Sumsum/Shara'a Simsim: A Sesame Street television series to promote respect and understanding among children living in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 409-422 .
    • (2003) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.27 , pp. 409-422
    • Cole, C.F.1    Arafat, C.2    Tidhar, C.3    Tafesh, W.Z.4    Fox, N.A.5    Killen, M.6
  • 57
    • 21344490632 scopus 로고
    • Development of racial identity in minority and majority children: An affect discrepancy model
    • Corenblum, B., & Annis, R. C. ( 1993 ). Development of racial identity in minority and majority children: An affect discrepancy model.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 499-521 .
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.25 , pp. 499-521
    • Corenblum, B.1    Annis, R.C.2
  • 58
    • 84925974867 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic preference and identification among Canadian Indian and White children: Replication and extension
    • Corenblum, B., & Wilson, A.E. ( 1982 ). Ethnic preference and identification among Canadian Indian and White children: Replication and extension.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 14, 50-59 .
    • (1982) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.14 , pp. 50-59
    • Corenblum, B.1    Wilson, A.E.2
  • 63
    • 84886329143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Happy to be Italian? The construction of national and supranational identity in social representations of one's own country or the countries of others amongst children and adolescents. ] In M. L. Rouquette & C. Garnier (Eds.), La Genèse des Représentations Sociales (pp. 136-170 ). Montreal, Quebec, Canada : Editions Nouvelles
    • de Rosa, A. S., & Bombi, A. S. ( 1999 ). Se sentir heureux d'être Italiens? La construction de l'identité nationale et supranationale dans les représentations sociales de son propre pays ou du pays d'autrui chez des enfants et chez des adolescents. [Happy to be Italian? The construction of national and supranational identity in social representations of one's own country or the countries of others amongst children and adolescents. ] In M. L. Rouquette & C. Garnier (Eds.), La Genèse des Représentations Sociales (pp. 136-170 ). Montreal, Quebec, Canada : Editions Nouvelles .
    • (1999) Se sentir heureux d'être Italiens? La construction de l'identité nationale et supranationale dans les représentations sociales de son propre pays ou du pays d'autrui chez des enfants et chez des adolescents
    • de Rosa, A.S.1    Bombi, A.S.2
  • 64
    • 0002842206 scopus 로고
    • G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept London : Academic Press
    • Deaux, K. ( 1992 ). Personalizing identity and socializing self.In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 9-33 ). London : Academic Press .
    • (1992) Personalizing identity and socializing self , pp. 9-33
    • Deaux, K.1
  • 65
    • 0002249923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Capozza & R. J. Brown (Eds.), Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research (pp. 1-14 ). London : Sage
    • Deaux, K. ( 2000 ). Models, meanings and motivations.In D. Capozza & R. J. Brown (Eds.), Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research (pp. 1-14 ). London : Sage .
    • (2000) Models, meanings and motivations
    • Deaux, K.1
  • 67
    • 0002695085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 257-272 ). Oxford, England : Blackwell
    • Doosje, B. & Ellemers, N. ( 1997 ). Stereotyping under threat: The role of group identification.In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 257-272 ). Oxford, England : Blackwell .
    • (1997) Stereotyping under threat: The role of group identification
    • Doosje, B.1    Ellemers, N.2
  • 68
    • 21844487567 scopus 로고
    • Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification
    • Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. ( 1995 ). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436 .
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 410-436
    • Doosje, B.1    Ellemers, N.2    Spears, R.3
  • 69
    • 0032362938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgments and the evaluation of group characteristics
    • Doosje, B., Haslam, S. A., Spears, R., Oakes, P. J., & Koomen, W. ( 1998 ). The effect of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgments and the evaluation of group characteristics.European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 173-184 .
    • (1998) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 173-184
    • Doosje, B.1    Haslam, S.A.2    Spears, R.3    Oakes, P.J.4    Koomen, W.5
  • 72
    • 84937282870 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development
    • Doyle, A. B., & Aboud, F. E. ( 1995 ). A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209-228 .
    • (1995) Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , vol.41 , pp. 209-228
    • Doyle, A.B.1    Aboud, F.E.2
  • 73
    • 84973225164 scopus 로고
    • Developmental patterns in the fl exibility of children's ethnic attitudes
    • Doyle, A. B., Beaudet, J., & Aboud, F. E. ( 1988 ). Developmental patterns in the fl exibility of children's ethnic attitudes.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 3-18 .
    • (1988) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 3-18
    • Doyle, A.B.1    Beaudet, J.2    Aboud, F.E.3
  • 74
    • 33748992300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From American city to Japanese village: A crosscultural investigation of implicit race attitudes
    • Dunham, Y., Baron, A., & Banaji, M. R. ( 2006 ). From American city to Japanese village: A crosscultural investigation of implicit race attitudes.Child Development, 77, 1268-1281 .
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 1268-1281
    • Dunham, Y.1    Baron, A.2    Banaji, M.R.3
  • 75
    • 84951033820 scopus 로고
    • The infl uence of socio-structural variables on identity enhancement strategies
    • Ellemers, N. ( 1993 ). The infl uence of socio-structural variables on identity enhancement strategies.European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 27-57 .
    • (1993) European Review of Social Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 27-57
    • Ellemers, N.1
  • 77
    • 0031514581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identifi- cation as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility
    • Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. ( 1997 ). Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identifi- cation as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626 .
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 617-626
    • Ellemers, N.1    Spears, R.2    Doosje, B.3
  • 79
    • 0013107307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use
    • Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. ( 2003 ). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use.Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327 .
    • (2003) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 297-327
    • Fazio, R.H.1    Olson, M.A.2
  • 80
    • 0015808191 scopus 로고
    • Racial preference and identification of Black, American Chinese, and White children
    • Fox, D. J., & Jordan, V. D. ( 1973 ). Racial preference and identification of Black, American Chinese, and White children.Genetic Psychology Monographs, 88, 229-286 .
    • (1973) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.88 , pp. 229-286
    • Fox, D.J.1    Jordan, V.D.2
  • 82
    • 0002847079 scopus 로고
    • In J. Howard & P. Callero (Eds.), The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion and action (pp. 171-187 ). Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press
    • Gecas, V. ( 1991 ). The self-concept as a basis for a theory of motivation.In J. Howard & P. Callero (Eds.), The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion and action (pp. 171-187 ). Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .
    • (1991) The self-concept as a basis for a theory of motivation
    • Gecas, V.1
  • 88
    • 84925900653 scopus 로고
    • The role of educational television in changing the intergroup attitudes of children
    • Gorn, G. J., Goldberg, M.E., & Kanungo, R. N. ( 1976 ). The role of educational television in changing the intergroup attitudes of children.Child Development, 47, 277-280 .
    • (1976) Child Development , vol.47 , pp. 277-280
    • Gorn, G.J.1    Goldberg, M.E.2    Kanungo, R.N.3
  • 89
    • 21144463688 scopus 로고
    • Reactions to intergroup similarity: Examination of the similaritydifferentiation and similarity-attraction hypothesis
    • Grant, P. R. ( 1993 ). Reactions to intergroup similarity: Examination of the similaritydifferentiation and similarity-attraction hypothesis.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 28-44 .
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.25 , pp. 28-44
    • Grant, P.R.1
  • 90
    • 0007344914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference
    • Graves, S. B. ( 1999 ). Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 707-725 .
    • (1999) Journal of Social Issues , vol.55 , pp. 707-725
    • Graves, S.B.1
  • 91
    • 0029202423 scopus 로고
    • Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
    • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. ( 1995 ). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.Psychological Review, 102, 4-27 .
    • (1995) Psychological Review , vol.102 , pp. 4-27
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Banaji, M.R.2
  • 94
    • 84977301559 scopus 로고
    • Social categorization and group homogeneity: Changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness
    • Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C., & McGarty, C. ( 1995 ). Social categorization and group homogeneity: Changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness.British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 139-160 .
    • (1995) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 139-160
    • Haslam, S.A.1    Oakes, P.J.2    Turner, J.C.3    McGarty, C.4
  • 95
    • 84985810461 scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation
    • Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. ( 1992 ). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation.European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 251-277 .
    • (1992) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 251-277
    • Haslam, S.A.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 96
    • 84985829497 scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference
    • Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Hayes, B. K. ( 1992 ). Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping: The effects of intergroup relations as mediated by social change and frame of reference.European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 3-20 .
    • (1992) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 3-20
    • Haslam, S.A.1    Turner, J.C.2    Oakes, P.J.3    McGarty, C.4    Hayes, B.K.5
  • 98
    • 84905813483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Barrett & E. Buchanan- Barrow (Eds.), Children's understanding of society Hove, England : Psychology Press
    • Hirschfeld, L. A. ( 2005 ). Children's understanding of racial groups.In M. Barrett & E. Buchanan- Barrow (Eds.), Children's understanding of society (pp. 199-221 ). Hove, England : Psychology Press .
    • (2005) Children's understanding of racial groups , pp. 199-221
    • Hirschfeld, L.A.1
  • 100
    • 85004809854 scopus 로고
    • Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories
    • Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. ( 1987). Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories.British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325-340 .
    • (1987) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 325-340
    • Hogg, M.A.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 101
    • 23044518061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corked hats and Coronation Street: British and New Zealand children's imaginative geographies of the other
    • Holloway, S. L., & Valentine, G. ( 2000 ). Corked hats and Coronation Street: British and New Zealand children's imaginative geographies of the other.Childhood, 7, 335-357 .
    • (2000) Childhood , vol.7 , pp. 335-357
    • Holloway, S.L.1    Valentine, G.2
  • 102
    • 0035459550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group variability judgements: Investigating the contextdependence of stereotypicality and dispersal judgements
    • Hopkins, N., & Cable, I. ( 2001 ). Group variability judgements: Investigating the contextdependence of stereotypicality and dispersal judgements.British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 455-470 .
    • (2001) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 455-470
    • Hopkins, N.1    Cable, I.2
  • 103
    • 0033181440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the "other" in national identity: Exploring the context-dependence of the national in group stereotype
    • Hopkins, N., & Murdoch, N. ( 1999 ). The role of the "other" in national identity: Exploring the context-dependence of the national in group stereotype.Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 321-338 .
    • (1999) Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 321-338
    • Hopkins, N.1    Murdoch, N.2
  • 104
    • 0031316491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the context-dependence of national stereotypes: Some Scottish data
    • Hopkins, N., Regan, M., & Abell, J. ( 1997 ). On the context-dependence of national stereotypes: Some Scottish data.British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 553-563 .
    • (1997) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 553-563
    • Hopkins, N.1    Regan, M.2    Abell, J.3
  • 105
    • 0000576223 scopus 로고
    • Social categorization and memory for in-group and outgroup behavior
    • Howard, J. W., & Rothbart, M. ( 1980 ). Social categorization and memory for in-group and outgroup behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301-310 .
    • (1980) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 301-310
    • Howard, J.W.1    Rothbart, M.2
  • 106
    • 0014873623 scopus 로고
    • Black is beautiful: A re-examination of racial preference and identification
    • Hraba, J., & Grant, G. ( 1970 ). Black is beautiful: A re-examination of racial preference and identification.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402 .
    • (1970) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 398-402
    • Hraba, J.1    Grant, G.2
  • 107
    • 0006916071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In J. Hutchinson & A. D. Smith (Eds.), Ethnicity (pp. 1-14 ). Oxford, England : Oxford University Press
    • Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A.D. ( 1996 ). Introduction.In J. Hutchinson & A. D. Smith (Eds.), Ethnicity (pp. 1-14 ). Oxford, England : Oxford University Press .
    • (1996) Introduction
    • Hutchinson, J.1    Smith, A.D.2
  • 108
    • 0001910817 scopus 로고
    • Development of Scottish children's ideas and attitudes about other countries
    • Jahoda, G. ( 1962 ). Development of Scottish children's ideas and attitudes about other countries.Journal of Social Psychology, 58, 91-108 .
    • (1962) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 91-108
    • Jahoda, G.1
  • 109
    • 85055764139 scopus 로고
    • What do children learn from war comics
    • Johnson, N. ( 1966 ). What do children learn from war comics? New Society, 8, 7-12 .
    • (1966) New Society , vol.8 , pp. 7-12
    • Johnson, N.1
  • 110
    • 0015866443 scopus 로고
    • Development of English children's concept of Germany
    • Johnson, N. ( 1973 ). Development of English children's concept of Germany.Journal of Social Psychology, 90, 259-267 .
    • (1973) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 259-267
    • Johnson, N.1
  • 111
    • 84886342704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 59-83 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS)
    • Karakozov, R., & Kadirova, R. ( 2001 ). Socio-cultural and cognitive factors in Azeri children and adolescents' identity formation.In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 59-83 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS) .
    • (2001) Socio-cultural and cognitive factors in Azeri children and adolescents' identity formation
    • Karakozov, R.1    Kadirova, R.2
  • 112
    • 0016651832 scopus 로고
    • Perceptual concomitants of racial attitudes in urban grade-school children
    • Katz, P. A., Sohn, M., & Zalk, S. R. ( 1975 ). Perceptual concomitants of racial attitudes in urban grade-school children.Developmental Psychology, 11, 135-144 .
    • (1975) Developmental Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 135-144
    • Katz, P.A.1    Sohn, M.2    Zalk, S.R.3
  • 113
    • 85004829922 scopus 로고
    • Intergroup differentiation in a political context
    • Kelly, C. ( 1988 ). Intergroup differentiation in a political context.British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 321-327 .
    • (1988) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 321-327
    • Kelly, C.1
  • 114
    • 84958356114 scopus 로고
    • Group identification, intergroup perceptions and collective action
    • Kelly, C. ( 1993 ). Group identification, intergroup perceptions and collective action.European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 59-83 .
    • (1993) European Review of Social Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 59-83
    • Kelly, C.1
  • 115
    • 0031313488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of ethnic self-identification and social context
    • Kinket, B., & Verkuyten, M. ( 1997 ). Levels of ethnic self-identification and social context.Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 338-354 .
    • (1997) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.60 , pp. 338-354
    • Kinket, B.1    Verkuyten, M.2
  • 116
    • 0033095856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup evaluations and social context: A multilevel approach
    • Kinket, B., & Verkuyten, M. ( 1999 ). Intergroup evaluations and social context: A multilevel approach.European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 219-237 .
    • (1999) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 219-237
    • Kinket, B.1    Verkuyten, M.2
  • 117
    • 84886337011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 84-104 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS).Kumar, K. ( 2003 ). The making of English national identity.Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press
    • Kipiani, G. ( 2001 ). Ethnic identification in the structure of personal identifications and sociocultural conditions of development.In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 84-104 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS).Kumar, K. ( 2003 ). The making of English national identity.Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .
    • (2001) Ethnic identification in the structure of personal identifications and sociocultural conditions of development
    • Kipiani, G.1
  • 119
    • 0000622405 scopus 로고
    • Genetic differences within and between populations of the major human subgroups
    • Latter, B. D. H. ( 1980 ). Genetic differences within and between populations of the major human subgroups.American naturalist, 116, 220-237 .
    • (1980) American naturalist , vol.116 , pp. 220-237
    • Latter, B.D.H.1
  • 122
    • 0000553917 scopus 로고
    • A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity
    • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. ( 1992 ). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318 .
    • (1992) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 302-318
    • Luhtanen, R.1    Crocker, J.2
  • 125
    • 33748999272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup attitudes of European American children attending ethnically homogeneous schools
    • McGlothlin, H., & Killen, M. ( 2006 ). Intergroup attitudes of European American children attending ethnically homogeneous schools.Child Development, 77, 1375-1386 .
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 1375-1386
    • McGlothlin, H.1    Killen, M.2
  • 127
    • 0002129503 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of role-playing and antiracist teaching in reducing student prejudice
    • McGregor, J. ( 1993 ). Effectiveness of role-playing and antiracist teaching in reducing student prejudice.Journal of Educational Research, 86, 215-226 .
    • (1993) Journal of Educational Research , vol.86 , pp. 215-226
    • McGregor, J.1
  • 128
    • 84935530681 scopus 로고
    • London : Routledge
    • Miles, R. ( 1989 ). Racism.London : Routledge .
    • (1989) Racism
    • Miles, R.1
  • 129
    • 0038072368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press
    • Mills, C. W. ( 1998 ). Blackness visible.Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
    • (1998) Blackness visible
    • Mills, C.W.1
  • 130
    • 0000822985 scopus 로고
    • Racial identification and preference in Black British children
    • Milner, D. ( 1973 ). Racial identification and preference in Black British children.European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 281-295 .
    • (1973) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 281-295
    • Milner, D.1
  • 131
    • 0030550035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Being different or being better? National stereotypes and identifications of Polish and Dutch students
    • Mlicki, P. P., & Ellemers, N. ( 1996 ). Being different or being better? National stereotypes and identifications of Polish and Dutch students.European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 97-114 .
    • (1996) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 97-114
    • Mlicki, P.P.1    Ellemers, N.2
  • 133
    • 0002032372 scopus 로고
    • Genetic relationship and evolution of the human races
    • Nei, M., & Roychoudhury, A. K. ( 1982 ). Genetic relationship and evolution of the human races.Evolutionary Biology, 14, 1-59 .
    • (1982) Evolutionary Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1-59
    • Nei, M.1    Roychoudhury, A.K.2
  • 134
    • 0002032372 scopus 로고
    • Genetic relationship and evolution of the human races
    • Nei, M., & Roychoudhury, A. K. ( 1982 ). Genetic relationship and evolution of the human races.Evolutionary Biology, 14, 1-59 .
    • (1982) Evolutionary Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1-59
    • Nei, M.1    Roychoudhury, A.K.2
  • 135
    • 84906141013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self Hove, England : Psychology Press
    • Nesdale, D. ( 2004 ). Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice.In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 219-245 ). Hove, England : Psychology Press .
    • (2004) Social identity processes and children's ethnic prejudice , pp. 219-245
    • Nesdale, D.1
  • 136
    • 0039732889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. Kirsner, C. Speelman, M., Mayberry, A. O'Brien-Malone, M. Anderson & C. MacLeod (Eds.), Implicit and explicit mental processes (pp. 219-232 ). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Nesdale, D., & Durkin, K. ( 1998 ). Stereotypes and attitudes: Implicit and explicit processes.In K. Kirsner, C. Speelman, M., Mayberry, A. O'Brien-Malone, M. Anderson & C. MacLeod (Eds.), Implicit and explicit mental processes (pp. 219-232 ). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
    • (1998) Stereotypes and attitudes: Implicit and explicit processes
    • Nesdale, D.1    Durkin, K.2
  • 138
    • 85004775166 scopus 로고
    • Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations
    • Oakes P. J., Turner, J. C., & Haslam, S. A. ( 1991 ). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations.British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 125-144 .
    • (1991) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 125-144
    • Oakes, P.J.1    Turner, J.C.2    Haslam, S.A.3
  • 139
    • 0346443371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of cognitive abilities and social identities in children: The case of ethnic identity
    • Ocampo, K. A., Knight, G. P., & Bernal, M. E. ( 1997 ). The development of cognitive abilities and social identities in children: The case of ethnic identity.International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 479-500 .
    • (1997) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.21 , pp. 479-500
    • Ocampo, K.A.1    Knight, G.P.2    Bernal, M.E.3
  • 140
    • 0008809459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Parker & M. Song (Eds.), Rethinking mixed race London : Pluto Press
    • Parker, D., & Song, M. ( 2001 ). Introduction: Rethinking mixed race.In D. Parker & M. Song (Eds.), Rethinking mixed race (pp. 1-22 ). London : Pluto Press .
    • (2001) Introduction: Rethinking mixed race , pp. 1-22
    • Parker, D.1    Song, M.2
  • 141
    • 84886355956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 105-131 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS)
    • Pavlenko, V., Kryazh, I., Ivanova, O., & Barrett, M. ( 2001 ). Age characteristics of social identifi- cations and ethno-national beliefs in Ukraine.In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 105-131 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS) .
    • (2001) Age characteristics of social identifi- cations and ethno-national beliefs in Ukraine
    • Pavlenko, V.1    Kryazh, I.2    Ivanova, O.3    Barrett, M.4
  • 143
    • 10244274221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National identifications and attitudes to national in-groups and out-groups amongst children living in the Basque Country
    • Reizábal, L., Valencia, J., & Barrett, M. ( 2004 ). National identifications and attitudes to national in-groups and out-groups amongst children living in the Basque Country.Infant and Child Development, 13, 1-20 .
    • (2004) Infant and Child Development , vol.13 , pp. 1-20
    • Reizábal, L.1    Valencia, J.2    Barrett, M.3
  • 144
    • 0033630763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When are we better than them and they worse than us? A closer look at social discrimination in positive and negative domains
    • Reynolds, K.J., Turner, J. C., & Haslam, S. A. ( 2000 ). When are we better than them and they worse than us? A closer look at social discrimination in positive and negative domains.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 64-80 .
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 64-80
    • Reynolds, K.J.1    Turner, J.C.2    Haslam, S.A.3
  • 145
    • 84876404698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 164-196 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS)
    • Riazanova, T., Sergienko, E., Grenkova-Dikevitch, L., Gorodetschnaia, N., & Barrett, M. ( 2001 ). Cognitive aspects of ethno-national identity development in Russian children and adolescents.In M. Barrett, T. Riazanova, & M. Volovikova (Eds.), Development of national, ethnolinguistic and religious identities in children and adolescents (pp. 164-196 ). Moscow : Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRAS) .
    • (2001) Cognitive aspects of ethno-national identity development in Russian children and adolescents
    • Riazanova, T.1    Sergienko, E.2    Grenkova-Dikevitch, L.3    Gorodetschnaia, N.4    Barrett, M.5
  • 146
    • 0003137688 scopus 로고
    • Person perception, self-identity, and ethnic group preference in Anglo, Black, and Chicano preschool and third-grade children
    • Rice, A. S., Ruiz, R. A., & Padilla, A. M. ( 1974 ). Person perception, self-identity, and ethnic group preference in Anglo, Black, and Chicano preschool and third-grade children.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 100-108 .
    • (1974) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 100-108
    • Rice, A.S.1    Ruiz, R.A.2    Padilla, A.M.3
  • 149
    • 0002200721 scopus 로고
    • The development of racial evaluation and preference: A cognitive approach
    • Semaj, L. ( 1980 ). The development of racial evaluation and preference: A cognitive approach.Journal of Black Psychology, 6, 59-79 .
    • (1980) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 59-79
    • Semaj, L.1
  • 150
    • 0004074684 scopus 로고
    • Harmondsworth, England : Penguin
    • Smith, A. D. ( 1991 ). National identity.Harmondsworth, England : Penguin .
    • (1991) National identity
    • Smith, A.D.1
  • 152
    • 0042071434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, England : Polity Press
    • Smith, A. D. ( 2001 ). Nationalism.Cambridge, England : Polity Press .
    • (2001) Nationalism
    • Smith, A.D.1
  • 154
    • 0002437609 scopus 로고
    • Personal and group identity of Black children: An alternative synthesis
    • Spencer, M. B. ( 1982 ). Personal and group identity of Black children: An alternative synthesis.Genetic Psychology Monographs, 106, 59-84 .
    • (1982) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.106 , pp. 59-84
    • Spencer, M.B.1
  • 155
    • 0001449397 scopus 로고
    • Children's cultural values and parental rearing strategies
    • Spencer, M. B. ( 1983 ). Children's cultural values and parental rearing strategies.Developmental Review, 3, 351-370 .
    • (1983) Developmental Review , vol.3 , pp. 351-370
    • Spencer, M.B.1
  • 156
    • 0021226299 scopus 로고
    • Black children's race awareness, racial attitudes and self-concept: A reinterpretation
    • Spencer, M. B. ( 1984 ). Black children's race awareness, racial attitudes and self-concept: A reinterpretation.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 433-441 .
    • (1984) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 433-441
    • Spencer, M.B.1
  • 157
    • 0002717428 scopus 로고
    • M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children (pp. 215-230 ). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Spencer, M. B. ( 1985 ). Cultural cognition and social cognition as identity factors in black children's personal-social growth.In M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of Black children (pp. 215-230 ). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
    • (1985) Cultural cognition and social cognition as identity factors in black children's personal-social growth
    • Spencer, M.B.1
  • 159
    • 0040502664 scopus 로고
    • H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 61-76 ). London : Academic Press
    • Tajfel, H. ( 1978 ). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison.In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 61-76 ). London : Academic Press .
    • (1978) Social categorization, social identity and social comparison
    • Tajfel, H.1
  • 163
    • 0001868677 scopus 로고
    • W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole
    • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. ( 1979 ). An integrative theory of intergroup behaviour.In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48 ). Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
    • (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup behaviour , pp. 33-48
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 164
    • 0001868677 scopus 로고
    • S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations, 2nd edition Chicago : Nelson-Hall
    • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. ( 1986 ). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour.In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations, 2nd edition (pp. 7-24 ). Chicago : Nelson-Hall .
    • (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour , pp. 7-24
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 165
  • 166
    • 84993763110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status, legitimacy, and ingroup bias in the context of an organizational merger
    • Terry, D. J., & O'Brien, A. T. ( 2001 ). Status, legitimacy, and ingroup bias in the context of an organizational merger.Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 271-289 .
    • (2001) Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , vol.4 , pp. 271-289
    • Terry, D.J.1    O'Brien, A.T.2
  • 170
    • 0002443580 scopus 로고
    • In Tajfel, H. (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations.London : Academic Press
    • Turner, J. C. & Brown, R. J. ( 1978 ). Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations.In Tajfel, H. (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations.London : Academic Press .
    • (1978) Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations
    • Turner, J.C.1    Brown, R.J.2
  • 172
    • 0001132940 scopus 로고
    • The development of ethnic attitudes in New Zealand school children
    • Vaughan, G. M. ( 1964 ). The development of ethnic attitudes in New Zealand school children.Genetic Psychology Monographs, 70, 135-175 .
    • (1964) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.70 , pp. 135-175
    • Vaughan, G.M.1
  • 173
    • 84984444598 scopus 로고
    • Social change and intergroup preferences in New Zealand
    • Vaughan, G. M. ( 1978 ). Social change and intergroup preferences in New Zealand.E uropean Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 297-314 .
    • (1978) E uropean Journal of Social Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 297-314
    • Vaughan, G.M.1
  • 174
    • 0035541151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National identification and intergroup evaluations in Dutch children
    • Verkuyten, M. ( 2001 ). National identification and intergroup evaluations in Dutch children.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 559-571 .
    • (2001) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 559-571
    • Verkuyten, M.1
  • 175
    • 0036406095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic attitudes among minority and majority children: The role of ethnic identification, peer group victimization and parents
    • Verkuyten, M. ( 2002 ). Ethnic attitudes among minority and majority children: The role of ethnic identification, peer group victimization and parents.Social Development, 11, 558-570 .
    • (2002) Social Development , vol.11 , pp. 558-570
    • Verkuyten, M.1
  • 178
    • 0142051427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating models of identity motivation: Self-esteem is not the whole story
    • Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. ( 2002 ). Evaluating models of identity motivation: Self-esteem is not the whole story.Self and Identity, 1, 201-218 .
    • (2002) Self and Identity , vol.1 , pp. 201-218
    • Vignoles, V.L.1    Chryssochoou, X.2    Breakwell, G.M.3
  • 183
    • 0001377323 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of children's racial attitudes in the early school years
    • Williams, J. E., Best, D. L., & Boswell, D. A. ( 1975 ). The measurement of children's racial attitudes in the early school years.Child Development, 46, 494-500 .
    • (1975) Child Development , vol.46 , pp. 494-500
    • Williams, J.E.1    Best, D.L.2    Boswell, D.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.