Human oocyte abnormalities: Basic analyses and clinical applications

Biennial Review of Infertility: Volume 1

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 193-214

  Rawe, Vanessa Y ^a   Combelles, Catherine M H ^a  

^a Centro de Estudios en Ginecologia y Reproduccion Buenos Aires   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Assisted reproduction techniques; Female gamete; In vitro fertilization; Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; Oocyte morphology; Oocyte quality

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955904119     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-392-3_13     Document Type: Chapter

References (184)

1. Sorensen RA, Wassarman PM. Relationship between growth and meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte. Dev Biol 1976;50(2):531-6.
2. Abbott AL, Ducibella T. Calcium and the control of mammalian cortical granule exocytosis. Front Biosci 2001;6:D792-806.
3. Schroeder AC, Eppig JJ. The developmental capacity of mouse oocytes that matured spontaneously in vitro is normal. Dev Biol 1984;102(2):493-7.
4. Coticchio G, Sereni E, Serrao L, Mazzone S, Iadarola I, Borini A. What criteria for the definition of oocyte quality? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1034:132-44. (Pubitemid 40362356)
5. Combelles CM, Racowsky C. Assessment and optimization of oocyte quality during assisted reproductive technology treatment. Semin Reprod Med 2005;23(3):277-84. (Pubitemid 41176929)
6. Patrizio P, Bianchi V, Lalioti MD, Gerasimova T, Sakkas D. High rate of biological loss in assisted reproduction: it is in the seed, not in the soil. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14(1):92-5. (Pubitemid 46156569)
7. Sugiura K, Pendola FL, Eppig JJ. Oocyte control of metabolic cooperativity between oocytes and companion granulosa cells: energy metabolism. Dev Biol 2005;279(1):20-30. (Pubitemid 40222166)
8. Hussein TS, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Oocyte-secreted factors enhance oocyte developmental competence. Dev Biol 2006;296(2):514-21. (Pubitemid 44189356)
9. Su YQ, Sugiura K, Wigglesworth K, et al. Oocyte regulation of metabolic cooperativity between mouse cumulus cells and oocytes: BMP15 and GDF9 control cholesterol biosynthesis in cumulus cells. Development 2008;135(1):111-21. (Pubitemid 351201485)
10. Matzuk MM, Burns KH, Viveiros MM, Eppig JJ. Intercellular communication in the mammalian ovary: oocytes carry the conversation. Science 2002;296(5576):2178-80. (Pubitemid 34680291)
11. Gilchrist RB, Lane M, Thompson JG. Oocyte-secreted factors: regulators of cumulus cell function and oocyte quality. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14(2):159-77. (Pubitemid 351321110)
12. Gilchrist RB, Ritter LJ, Armstrong DT. Oocyte-somatic cell interactions during follicle development in mammals. Anim Reprod Sci 2004;82-83:431-46. (Pubitemid 39027077)
13. Albertini DF, Combelles CM, Benecchi E, Carabatsos MJ. Cellular basis for paracrine regulation of ovarian follicle development. Reproduction 2001;121(5):647-53. (Pubitemid 32472050)
14. Kidder GM, Mhawi AA. Gap junctions and ovarian folliculogenesis. Reproduction 2002;123(5):613-20. (Pubitemid 34498335)
15. Simon AM, Goodenough DA, Li E, Paul DL. Female infertility in mice lacking connexin 37. Nature 1997;385(6616):525-9. (Pubitemid 27074669)
16. Knight PG, Glister C. TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development. Reproduction 2006;132(2):191-206. (Pubitemid 44274724)
17. Zhuo L, Kimata K. Cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix: its construction and regulation. Cell Struct Funct 2001;26(4):189-96. (Pubitemid 33048931)
18. Russell DL, Salustri A. Extracellular matrix of the cumulusoocyte complex. Semin Reprod Med 2006;24(4):217-27.
19. Gregory L, Booth AD, Wells C, Walker SM. A study of the cumulus-corona cell complex in in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer; a prognostic indicator of the failure of implantation. Hum Reprod 1994;9(7):1308-17. (Pubitemid 24224002)
20. Cecconi S, Rossi G, Gualtieri R, Talevi R. Presence of a 31-kD protein band in human cumulus-corona radiata-conditioned media and pregnancy outcome. Fertil Steril 2001;75(5):966-72. (Pubitemid 32401675)
21. Rattanachaiyanont M, Leader A, Leveille MC. Lack of correlation between oocyte-corona-cumulus complex morphology and nuclear maturity of oocytes collected in stimulated cycles for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1999;71(5):937-40. (Pubitemid 29206925)
22. Ng ST, Chang TH, Wu TC. Prediction of the rates of fertilization, cleavage, and pregnancy success by cumulus-coronal morphology in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril 1999;72(3):412-7. (Pubitemid 29414878)
23. De Vos A, Van de Velde H, Joris H, Van Steirteghem A. In-vitro matured metaphase-I oocytes have a lower fertilization rate but similar embryo quality as mature metaphase-II oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1999;14(7):1859-63. (Pubitemid 29358714)
24. Chen SU, Chen HF, Lien YR, Ho HN, Chang HC, Yang YS. Schedule to inject in vitro matured oocytes may increase pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Arch Androl 2000;44(3):197-205.
25. Strassburger D, Friedler S, Raziel A, Kasterstein E, Schachter M, Ron-El R. The outcome of ICSI of immature MI oocytes and rescued in vitro matured MII oocytes. Hum Reprod 2004;19(7):1587-90. (Pubitemid 38997186)
26. Vanhoutte L, De Sutter P, Van der Elst J, Dhont M. Clinical benefit of metaphase I oocytes. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005;3:71.
27. Rankin T, Soyal S, Dean J. The mouse zona pellucida: folliculogenesis, fertility and pre-implantation development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000;163(1-2):21-5. (Pubitemid 30645580)
28. Rankin TL, O'Brien M, Lee E, Wigglesworth K, Eppig J, Dean J. Defective zonae pellucidae in Zp2-null mice disrupt folliculogenesis, fertility and development. Development 2001;128(7):1119-26. (Pubitemid 32401427)
29. Cohen J, Inge KL, Suzman M, Wiker SR, Wright G. Videocinematography of fresh and cryopreserved embryos: a retrospective analysis of embryonic morphology and implantation. Fertil Steril 1989;51(5):820-7. (Pubitemid 19127855)
30. Bertrand E, Van den Bergh M, Englert Y. Does zona pellucida thickness influence the fertilization rate? Hum Reprod 1995;10(5):1189-93.
31. Host E, Gabrielsen A, Lindenberg S, Smidt-Jensen S. Apoptosis in human cumulus cells in relation to zona pellucida thickness variation, maturation stage, and cleavage of the corresponding oocyte after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2002;77(3):511-5. (Pubitemid 34177205)
32. Gabrielsen A, Bhatnager PR, Petersen K, Lindenberg S. Influence of zona pellucida thickness of human embryos on clinical pregnancy outcome following in vitro fertilization treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2000;17(6):323-8.
33. Gabrielsen A, Lindenberg S, Petersen K. The impact of the zona pellucida thickness variation of human embryos on pregnancy outcome in relation to suboptimal embryo development. A prospective randomized controlled study. Hum Reprod 2001;16(10):2166-70. (Pubitemid 32951912)
34. Pelletier C, Keefe DL, Trimarchi JR. Noninvasive polarized light microscopy quantitatively distinguishes the multilaminar structure of the zona pellucida of living human eggs and embryos. Fertil Steril 2004;81 Suppl 1:850-6. (Pubitemid 38333070)
35. Shen Y, Stalf T, Mehnert C, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Tinneberg HR. High magnitude of light retardation by the zona pellucida is associated with conception cycles. Hum Reprod 2005;20(6):1596-606. (Pubitemid 40852254)
36. Rama Raju GA, Prakash GJ, Krishna KM, Madan K. Meiotic spindle and zona pellucida characteristics as predictors of embryonic development: a preliminary study using Polscope imaging. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14(2):166-74. (Pubitemid 46296499)
37. Bertrand E, Van den Bergh M, Englert Y. Clinical parameters influencing human zona pellucida thickness. Fertil Steril 1996;66(3):408-11. (Pubitemid 27009881)
38. Familiari G, Relucenti M, Heyn R, Micara G, Correr S. Three-dimensional structure of the zona pellucida at ovulation. Microsc Res Tech 2006;69(6):415-26. (Pubitemid 43878052)
39. Ebner T, Shebl O, Moser M, Sommergruber M, Tews G. Developmental fate of ovoid oocytes. Hum Reprod 2008;23(1):62-6. (Pubitemid 351767310)
40. Edi-Osagie E, Hooper L, Seif MW. The impact of assisted hatching on live birth rates and outcomes of assisted conception: a systematic review. Hum Reprod 2003;18(9):1828-35. (Pubitemid 37107554)
41. De Vos A, Van Steirteghem A. Zona hardening, zona drilling and assisted hatching: new achievements in assisted reproduction. Cells Tissues Organs 2000;166(2):220-7. (Pubitemid 30163557)
42. Germond M, Primi MP, Senn A. Hatching: how to select the clinical indications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1034:145-51. (Pubitemid 40362357)
43. Talbot P, Dandekar P. Perivitelline space: does it play a role in blocking polyspermy in mammals? Microsc Res Tech 2003;61(4):349-57. (Pubitemid 36702712)
44. Xia P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: correlation of oocyte grade based on polar body, perivitelline space and cytoplasmic inclusions with fertilization rate and embryo quality. Hum Reprod 1997;12(8):1750-5. (Pubitemid 27406092)
45. De Sutter P, Dozortsev D, Qian C, Dhont M. Oocyte morphology does not correlate with fertilization rate and embryo quality after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1996;11(3):595-7. (Pubitemid 26125266)
46. Balaban B, Urman B, Sertac A, Alatas C, Aksoy S, Mercan R. Oocyte morphology does not affect fertilization rate, embryo quality and implantation rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1998;13(12):3431-3. (Pubitemid 29002637)
47. Plachot M, Selva J, Wolf JP, Bastit P, de Mouzon J. [Consequences of oocyte dysmorphy on the fertilization rate and embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A prospective multicenter study]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2002;30(10):772-9. (Pubitemid 35364331)
48. Ten J, Mendiola J, Vioque J, de Juan J, Bernabeu R. Donor oocyte dysmorphisms and their influence on fertilization and embryo quality. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14(1):40-8. (Pubitemid 46156562)
49. Kapur RP, Johnson LV. Selective sequestration of an oviductal fluid glycoprotein in the perivitelline space of mouse oocytes and embryos. J Exp Zool 1986;238(2):249-60. (Pubitemid 16071822)
50. Dandekar P, Talbot P. Perivitelline space of mammalian oocytes: extracellular matrix of unfertilized oocytes and formation of a cortical granule envelope following fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 1992;31(2):135-43.
51. Buhi WC. Characterization and biological roles of oviductspecific, oestrogen-dependent glycoprotein. Reproduction 2002;123(3):355-62. (Pubitemid 34223881)
52. Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Schmiady H, Kentenich H, Soewarto D. Recurrent failure in polar body formation and premature chromosome condensation in oocytes from a human patient: indicators of asynchrony in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Hum Reprod 1995;10(9):2343-9.
53. Ebner T, Moser M, Sommergruber M, Yaman C, Pfleger U, Tews G. First polar body morphology and blastocyst formation rate in ICSI patients. Hum Reprod 2002;17(9):2415-8. (Pubitemid 35021467)
54. Ebner T, Moser M, Yaman C, Feichtinger O, Hartl J, Tews G. Elective transfer of embryos selected on the basis of first polar body morphology is associated with increased rates of implantation and pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1999;72(4):599-603. (Pubitemid 29475114)
55. Ebner T, Yaman C, Moser M, Sommergruber M, Feichtinger O, Tews G. Prognostic value of first polar body morphology on fertilization rate and embryo quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 2000;15(2):427-30. (Pubitemid 30076725)
56. Ciotti PM, Notarangelo L, Morselli-Labate AM, Felletti V, Porcu E, Venturoli S. First polar body morphology before ICSI is not related to embryo quality or pregnancy rate. Hum Reprod 2004;19(10):2334-9. (Pubitemid 39406697)
57. De Santis L, Cino I, Rabellotti E, et al. Polar body morphology and spindle imaging as predictors of oocyte quality. Reprod Biomed Online 2005;11(1):36-42. (Pubitemid 40960144)
58. Verlinsky Y, Lerner S, Illkevitch N, et al. Is there any predictive value of first polar body morphology for embryo genotype or developmental potential? Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7(3):336-41. (Pubitemid 37259289)
59. Gitlin SA, Gibbons WE, Gosden RG. Oocyte biology and genetics revelations from polar bodies. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;6(4):403-9. (Pubitemid 36849796)
60. Munne S. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of structural abnormalities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001;183 Suppl 1:S55-8.
61. Eppig JJ. Coordination of nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation in eutherian mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8(4):485-9. (Pubitemid 26288024)
62. Hu Y, Betzendahl I, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Effects of low O2 and ageing on spindles and chromosomes in mouse oocytes from pre-antral follicle culture. Hum Reprod 2001;16(4):737-48. (Pubitemid 32293804)
63. Van Blerkom J, Antczak M, Schrader R. The developmental potential of the human oocyte is related to the dissolved oxygen content of follicular fluid: association with vascular endothelial growth factor levels and perifollicular blood flow characteristics. Hum Reprod 1997;12(5):1047-55. (Pubitemid 27271769)
64. Van Blerkom J, Henry G. Oocyte dysmorphism and aneuploidy in meiotically mature human oocytes after ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod 1992;7(3):379-90.
65. Kahraman S, Yakin K, Donmez E, et al. Relationship between granular cytoplasm of oocytes and pregnancy outcome following intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 2000;15(11):2390-3.
66. Ebner T, Moser M, Sommergruber M, Tews G. Selection based on morphological assessment of oocytes and embryos at different stages of preimplantation development: a review. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9(3):251-62. (Pubitemid 36827062)
67. Van Blerkom J. Occurrence and developmental consequences of aberrant cellular organization in meiotically mature human oocytes after exogenous ovarian hyperstimulation. J Electron Microsc Tech 1990;16(4):324-46.
68. El Shafie M, Sousa M, Windt ML, Kruger TF. Ultrastructure of human oocytes: a transmission electron microscopic view. In: El Shafie M, Sousa M, Windt ML, Kruger TF, eds. An Atlas of the Ultrastructure of Human Oocytes: A Guide for Assisted Reproduction. New York, London: Parthenon; 2000:151-71.
69. Nayudu PL, Lopata A, Jones GM, et al. An analysis of human oocytes and follicles from stimulated cycles: oocyte morphology and associated follicular fluid characteristics. Hum Reprod 1989;4(5):558-67. (Pubitemid 19177269)
70. Alikani M, Palermo G, Adler A, Bertoli M, Blake M, Cohen J. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in dysmorphic human oocytes. Zygote 1995;3(4):283-8.
71. Loutradis D, Drakakis P, Kallianidis K, Milingos S, Dendrinos S, Michalas S. Oocyte morphology correlates with embryo quality and pregnancy rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1999;72(2):240-4. (Pubitemid 29364616)
72. Otsuki J, Okada A, Morimoto K, Nagai Y, Kubo H. The relationship between pregnancy outcome and smooth endoplasmic reticulum clusters in MII human oocytes. Hum Reprod 2004;19(7):1591-7. (Pubitemid 38997187)
73. Van der Auwera I, D'Hooghe T. Superovulation of female mice delays embryonic and fetal development. Hum Reprod 2001;16(6):1237-43. (Pubitemid 32544697)
74. Kuliev A, Cieslak J, Verlinsky Y. Frequency and distribution of chromosome abnormalities in human oocytes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005;111(3-4):193-8. (Pubitemid 41414468)
75. Rosenbusch BE, Schneider M. Cytogenetic analysis of human oocytes remaining unfertilized after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2006;85(2):302-7. (Pubitemid 43170900)
76. Pacchierotti F, Adler ID, Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Mailhes JB. Gender effects on the incidence of aneuploidy in mammalian germ cells. Environ Res 2007;104(1):46-69. (Pubitemid 46560496)
77. Munne S. Chromosome abnormalities and their relationship to morphology and development of human embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2006;12(2):234-53. (Pubitemid 43263338)
78. Hassold T, Jacobs PA, Leppert M, Sheldon M. Cytogenetic and molecular studies of trisomy 13. J Med Genet 1987;24(12):725-32. (Pubitemid 18002274)
79. Angell R. First-meiotic-division nondisjunction in human oocytes. Am J Hum Genet 1997;61(1):23-32. (Pubitemid 27323320)
80. Dailey T, Dale B, Cohen J, Munne S. Association between nondisjunction and maternal age in meiosis-II human oocytes. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59(1):176-84. (Pubitemid 26189744)
81. Battaglia DE, Goodwin P, Klein NA, Soules MR. Influence of maternal age on meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes from naturally cycling women. Hum Reprod 1996;11(10):2217-22. (Pubitemid 26392017)
82. Gardner RD, Burke DJ. The spindle checkpoint: two transitions, two pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2000;10(4):154-8. (Pubitemid 30171310)
83. Hodges CA, Ilagan A, Jennings D, Keri R, Nilson J, Hunt PA. Experimental evidence that changes in oocyte growth influence meiotic chromosome segregation. Hum Reprod 2002;17(5):1171-80. (Pubitemid 34537346)
84. Jones KT. Meiosis in oocytes: predisposition to aneuploidy and its increased incidence with age. Hum Reprod Update 2008;14(2):143-58. (Pubitemid 351321109)
85. Yin H, Baart E, Betzendahl I, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Diazepam induces meiotic delay, aneuploidy and predivision of homologues and chromatids in mammalian oocytes. Mutagenesis 1998;13(6):567-80. (Pubitemid 28523819)
86. Yin H, Cukurcam S, Betzendahl I, Adler ID, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Trichlorfon exposure, spindle aberrations and nondisjunction in mammalian oocytes. Chromosoma 1998;107(6-7):514-22. (Pubitemid 29057546)
87. Wang WH, Meng L, Hackett RJ, Keefe DL. Developmental ability of human oocytes with or without birefringent spindles imaged by Polscope before insemination. Hum Reprod 2001;16(7):1464-8. (Pubitemid 32640324)
88. Moon JH, Hyun CS, Lee SW, Son WY, Yoon SH, Lim JH. Visualization of the metaphase II meiotic spindle in living human oocytes using the Polscope enables the prediction of embryonic developmental competence after ICSI. Hum Reprod 2003;18(4):817-20.
89. Rienzi L, Ubaldi F, Martinez F, et al. Relationship between meiotic spindle location with regard to the polar body position and oocyte developmental potential after ICSI. Hum Reprod 2003;18(6):1289-93. (Pubitemid 36740579)
90. Navarro PA, Liu L, Trimarchi JR, Ferriani RA, Keefe DL. Noninvasive imaging of spindle dynamics during mammalian oocyte activation. Fertil Steril 2005;83 Suppl 1:1197-205. (Pubitemid 40543504)
91. Keefe D, Liu L, Wang W, Silva C. Imaging meiotic spindles by polarization light microscopy: principles and applications to IVF. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7(1):24-9. (Pubitemid 36874402)
92. Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Shen Y, Tinneberg HR. Manipulation of the oocyte: possible damage to the spindle apparatus. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;5(2):117-24.
93. Bavister BD, Squirrell JM. Mitochondrial distribution and function in oocytes and early embryos. Hum Reprod 2000;15 Suppl 2:189-98.
94. Sun QY, Wu GM, Lai L, et al. Translocation of active mitochondria during pig oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryo development in vitro. Reproduction 2001;122(1):155-63. (Pubitemid 32677159)
95. Brevini TA, Vassena R, Francisci C, Gandolfi F. Role of adenosine triphosphate, active mitochondria, and microtubules in the acquisition of developmental competence of parthenogenetically activated pig oocytes. Biol Reprod 2005;72(5):1218-23. (Pubitemid 40547986)
96. Au HK, Yeh TS, Kao SH, Tzeng CR, Hsieh RH. Abnormal mitochondrial structure in human unfertilized oocytes and arrested embryos. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1042:177-85.
97. Santos TA, El Shourbagy S, St John JC. Mitochondrial content reflects oocyte variability and fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril 2006;85(3):584-91. (Pubitemid 43261547)
98. Hsieh RH, Tsai NM, Au HK, Chang SJ, Wei YH, Tzeng CR. Multiple rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA in unfertilized human oocytes. Fertil Steril 2002;77(5):1012-7.
99. Gibson TC, Kubisch HM, Brenner CA. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in rhesus macaque oocytes and embryos. Mol Hum Reprod 2005;11(11):785-9. (Pubitemid 43205486)
100. Slotte H, Gustafson O, Nylund L, Pousette A. ATP and ADP in human pre-embryos. Hum Reprod 1990;5(3):319-22. (Pubitemid 20253452)
101. Van Blerkom J, Davis PW, Lee J. ATP content of human oocytes and developmental potential and outcome after invitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1995;10(2):415-24.
102. Wilding M, Dale B, Marino M, et al. Mitochondrial aggregation patterns and activity in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod 2001;16(5):909-17. (Pubitemid 32451826)
103. Zeng HT, Ren Z, Yeung WS, et al. Low mitochondrial DNA and ATP contents contribute to the absence of birefringent spindle imaged with Polscope in in vitro matured human oocytes. Hum Reprod 2007;22(6):1681-6. (Pubitemid 47055160)
104. Rawe VY, Chemes HE. Exploring the cytoskeleton after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in humans. Methods Mol Biol 2009;518:1-18.
105. Navara CS, Wu GJ, Simerly C, Schatten G. Mammalian model systems for exploring cytoskeletal dynamics during fertilization. Curr Top Dev Biol 1995;31:321-42.
106. Szollosi D, Calarco P, Donahue RP. Absence of centrioles in the first and second meiotic spindles of mouse oocytes. J Cell Sci 1972;11(2):521-41.
107. Maro B, Howlett SK, Webb M. Non-spindle microtubule organizing centers in metaphase II-arrested mouse oocytes. J Cell Biol 1985;101(5 Pt 1):1665-72. (Pubitemid 16192137)
108. Kim NH, Funahashi H, Prather RS, Schatten G, Day BN. Microtubule and microfilament dynamics in porcine oocytes during meiotic maturation. Mol Reprod Dev 1996;43(2):248-55. (Pubitemid 26049801)
109. Le Guen P, Crozet N. Microtubule and centrosome distribution during sheep fertilization. Eur J Cell Biol 1989;48(2):239-49. (Pubitemid 19127289)
110. Long CR, Pinto-Correia C, Duby RT, et al. Chromatin and microtubule morphology during the first cell cycle in bovine zygotes. Mol Reprod Dev 1993;36(1):23-32. (Pubitemid 23254742)
111. Merdes A, Cleveland DW. Pathways of spindle pole formation: different mechanisms; conserved components. J Cell Biol 1997;138(5):953-6. (Pubitemid 27386446)
112. Barton NR, Goldstein LS. Going mobile: microtubule motors and chromosome segregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93(5):1735-42. (Pubitemid 26079826)
113. Simerly C, Dominko T, Navara C, et al. Molecular correlates of primate nuclear transfer failures. Science 2003;300(5617):297. (Pubitemid 36433715)
114. Simerly C, Navara C, Hyun SH, et al. Embryogenesis and blastocyst development after somatic cell nuclear transfer in nonhuman primates: overcoming defects caused by meiotic spindle extraction. Dev Biol 2004;276(2):237-52. (Pubitemid 39592391)
115. Hall VJ, Compton D, Stojkovic P, et al. Developmental competence of human in vitro aged oocytes as host cells for nuclear transfer. Hum Reprod 2007;22(1):52-62. (Pubitemid 44942666)
116. Rawe VY, Espanol AJ, Nodar F, Brugo-Olmedo S. Mammalian oocyte maturation and microtubule-associated proteins dynamics. Fert Ster Suppl 2005;84 Suppl 1:S143.
117. Blake D, Proctor M, Johnson N, Olive D. Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted conception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (4): CD002118.
118. Veeck LL, Wortham JW, Jr., Witmyer J, et al. Maturation and fertilization of morphologically immature human oocytes in a program of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1983;39(5):594-602. (Pubitemid 13088039)
119. Nagy ZP, Cecile J, Liu J, Loccufier A, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. Pregnancy and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of in vitro matured germinal-vesicle stage oocytes: case report. Fertil Steril 1996;65(5):1047-50. (Pubitemid 26126843)
120. Combelles CM, Cekleniak NA, Racowsky C, Albertini DF. Assessment of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in in-vitro matured human oocytes. Hum Reprod 2002;17(4):1006-16. (Pubitemid 34411138)
121. Bergere M, Lombroso R, Gombault M, Wainer R, Selva J. An idiopathic infertility with oocytes metaphase I maturation block: case report. Hum Reprod 2001;16(10):2136-8. (Pubitemid 32951907)
122. Levran D, Farhi J, Nahum H, Glezerman M, Weissman A. Maturation arrest of human oocytes as a cause of infertility: case report. Hum Reprod 2002;17(6):1604-9.
123. Neal MS, Cowan L, Louis JP, Hughes E, King WA, Basrur PK. Cytogenetic evaluation of human oocytes that failed to complete meiotic maturation in vitro. Fertil Steril 2002;77(4):844-5. (Pubitemid 34275374)
124. Schmiady H, Neitzel H. Arrest of human oocytes during meiosis I in two sisters of consanguineous parents: first evidence for an autosomal recessive trait in human infertility: case report. Hum Reprod 2002;17(10):2556-9. (Pubitemid 35174103)
125. Combelles CM, Albertini DF, Racowsky C. Distinct microtubule and chromatin characteristics of human oocytes after failed in-vivo and in-vitro meiotic maturation. Hum Reprod 2003;18(10):2124-30. (Pubitemid 37265078)
126. Lincoln AJ, Wickramasinghe D, Stein P, et al. Cdc25b phosphatase is required for resumption of meiosis during oocyte maturation. Nat Genet 2002;30(4):446-9.
127. Mrazek M, Fulka Jr J, Jr. Failure of oocyte maturation: possible mechanisms for oocyte maturation arrest. Hum Reprod 2003;18(11):2249-52. (Pubitemid 37441178)
128. Ben-Yosef D, Shalgi R. Oocyte activation: lessons from human infertility. Trends Mol Med 2001;7(4):163-9.
129. Ducibella T, Fissore R. The roles of Ca2+, downstream protein kinases, and oscillatory signaling in regulating fertilization and the activation of development. Dev Biol 2008;315(2):257-79.
130. Cheung A, Swann K, Carroll J. The ability to generate normal Ca (2+) transients in response to spermatozoa develops during the final stages of oocyte growth and maturation. Hum Reprod 2000;15(6):1389-95. (Pubitemid 30335970)
131. Martins OG, Pesty A, Gouveia-Oliveira A, Cidadao AJ, Plancha CE, Lefevre B. Oocyte Ca2+ spike acquisition during in vitro development of early preantral follicles: influence of age and hormonal supplementation. Zygote 2002;10(1):59-64. (Pubitemid 135713538)
132. Ducibella T, Schultz RM, Ozil JP. Role of calcium signals in early development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006;17(2):324-32. (Pubitemid 44069640)
133. Ducibella T. The cortical reaction and development of activation competence in mammalian oocytes. Hum Reprod Update 1996;2(1):29-42. (Pubitemid 26135090)
134. Ducibella T, Matson S. Secretory mechanisms and ca (2+) signaling in gametes: similarities to regulated neuroendocrine secretion in somatic cells and involvement in emerging pathologies. Endocr Pathol 2007;18(4):191-203. (Pubitemid 351378057)
135. Ducibella T, Dubey A, Gross V, et al. A zona biochemical change and spontaneous cortical granule loss in eggs that fail to fertilize in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1995;64(6):1154-61.
136. Abbott AL, Xu Z, Kopf GS, Ducibella T, Schultz RM. In vitro culture retards spontaneous activation of cell cycle progression and cortical granule exocytosis that normally occur in in vivo unfertilized mouse eggs. Biol Reprod 1998;59(6):1515-21. (Pubitemid 28549871)
137. Miyara F, Aubriot FX, Glissant A, et al. Multiparameter analysis of human oocytes at metaphase II stage after IVF failure in non-male infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18(7):1494-503. (Pubitemid 36840960)
138. Sun QY, Schatten H. Regulation of dynamic events by microfilaments during oocyte maturation and fertilization. Reproduction 2006;131(2):193-205. (Pubitemid 43273680)
139. Lee ST, Han HJ, Oh SJ, Lee EJ, Han JY, Lim JM. Influence of ovarian hyperstimulation and ovulation induction on the cytoskeletal dynamics and developmental competence of oocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2006;73(8):1022-33. (Pubitemid 43993541)
140. Abbott AL, Fissore RA, Ducibella T. Incompetence of preovulatory mouse oocytes to undergo cortical granule exocytosis following induced calcium oscillations. Dev Biol 1999;207(1):38-48. (Pubitemid 29117799)
141. Abbott AL, Fissore RA, Ducibella T. Identification of a translocation deficiency in cortical granule secretion in preovulatory mouse oocytes. Biol Reprod 2001;65(6):1640-7. (Pubitemid 33081651)
142. Tanaka K. Molecular biology of proteasomes. Mol Biol Rep 1995;21(1):21-6.
143. Tanaka K, Yoshimura T, Ichihara A, Kameyama K, Takagi T. A high molecular weight protease in the cytosol of rat liver. II. Properties of the purified enzyme. J Biol Chem 1986;261(32):15204-7. (Pubitemid 17218098)
144. Wojcik C, Benchaib M, Lornage J, Czyba JC, Guerin JF. Proteasomes in human spermatozoa. Int J Androl 2000;23(3):169-77. (Pubitemid 30319183)
145. Sutovsky P, Manandhar G, McCauley TC, et al. Proteasomal interference prevents zona pellucida penetration and fertilization in mammals. Biol Reprod 2004;71(5):1625-37. (Pubitemid 39403259)
146. Sutovsky P, McCauley TC, Sutovsky M, Day BN. Early degradation of paternal mitochondria in domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is prevented by selective proteasomal inhibitors lactacystin and MG132. Biol Reprod 2003;68(5):1793-800. (Pubitemid 36519787)
147. Rawe VY, Diaz ES, Abdelmassih R, et al. The role of sperm proteasomes during sperm aster formation and early zygote development: implications for fertilization failure in humans. Hum Reprod 2008;23(3):573-80. (Pubitemid 351651202)
148. Branzini C, Perez Tito L, Maggiotto G, Abdelmassih R, Wojcik C, Rawe VY. Proteasome dynamics during maturation and fertilization of human oocytes. Fert Ster Suppl 2007; Suppl 1:S297.
149. Etcheverry M, Wojcik C, Branzini MC, Abdelmassih S, Reis A, Rawe VY. Oocyte quality control and proteasomes in human oocytes, fertilization, and early embryo development. Fert Ster Suppl 2006; Suppl 2:S39.
150. Hanash S. Disease proteomics. Nature 2003;422(6928):226-32. (Pubitemid 36362760)
151. Mendoza C, Ruiz-Requena E, Ortega E, et al. Follicular fluid markers of oocyte developmental potential. Hum Reprod 2002;17(4):1017-22. (Pubitemid 34411139)
152. Xia P, Younglai EV. Relationship between steroid concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid and oocyte morphology in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. J Reprod Fertil 2000;118(2):229-33. (Pubitemid 30190002)
153. Wu YT, Tang L, Cai J, et al. High bone morphogenetic protein-15 level in follicular fluid is associated with high quality oocyte and subsequent embryonic development. Hum Reprod 2007;22(6):1526-31. (Pubitemid 47055138)
154. Thomas N, Goodacre R, Timmins EM, Gaudoin M, Fleming R. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of follicular fluids from large and small antral follicles. Hum Reprod 2000;15(8):1667-71. (Pubitemid 30636050)
155. Kim YS, Kim MS, Lee SH, et al. Proteomic analysis of recurrent spontaneous abortion: identification of an inadequately expressed set of proteins in human follicular fluid. Proteomics 2006;6(11):3445-54.
156. Schweigert FJ, Gericke B, Wolfram W, Kaisers U, Dudenhausen JW. Peptide and protein profiles in serum and follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod 2006;21(11):2960-8. (Pubitemid 44567013)
157. Hanrieder J, Nyakas A, Naessen T, Bergquist J. Proteomic analysis of human follicular fluid using an alternative bottomup approach. J Proteome Res 2008;7(1):443-9. (Pubitemid 351171158)
158. Oosterhuis GJ, Michgelsen HW, Lambalk CB, Schoemaker J, Vermes I. Apoptotic cell death in human granulosalutein cells: a possible indicator of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril 1998;70(4):747-9. (Pubitemid 28478196)
159. Murphy BD. Models of luteinization. Biol Reprod 2000;63(1):2-11. (Pubitemid 30429378)
160. Lee KS, Joo BS, Na YJ, Yoon MS, Choi OH, Kim WW. Cumulus cells apoptosis as an indicator to predict the quality of oocytes and the outcome of IVF-ET. J Assist Reprod Genet 2001;18(9):490-8. (Pubitemid 32954934)
161. Moffatt O, Drury S, Tomlinson M, Afnan M, Sakkas D. The apoptotic profile of human cumulus cells changes with patient age and after exposure to sperm but not in relation to oocyte maturity. Fertil Steril 2002;77(5):1006-11. (Pubitemid 34497171)
162. Hussein TS, Froiland DA, Amato F, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Oocytes prevent cumulus cell apoptosis by maintaining a morphogenic paracrine gradient of bone morphogenetic proteins. J Cell Sci 2005;118(Pt 22):5257-68. (Pubitemid 41819588)
163. Katz-Jaffe MG, Gardner DK. Embryology in the era of proteomics. Theriogenology 2007;68 Suppl 1:S125-30. (Pubitemid 47094938)
164. Katz-Jaffe MG, Schoolcraft WB, Gardner DK. Analysis of protein expression (secretome) by human and mouse preimplantation embryos. Fertil Steril 2006;86(3):678-85. (Pubitemid 44307038)
165. Combelles CM, Racowsky C. Protein expression profiles of early embryos-an important step in the right direction: just not quite ready for prime time. Fertil Steril 2006;86(2):493; author reply.
166. Sargent I, Swales A, Ledee N, Kozma N, Tabiasco J, Le Bouteiller P. sHLA-G production by human IVF embryos: can it be measured reliably? J Reprod Immunol 2007;75(2):128-32. (Pubitemid 47384861)
167. Vanderhyden BC, Caron PJ, Buccione R, Eppig JJ. Developmental pattern of the secretion of cumulus expansionenabling factor by mouse oocytes and the role of oocytes in promoting granulosa cell differentiation. Dev Biol 1990;140(2):307-17. (Pubitemid 20222469)
168. Sturmey RG, Leese HJ. Energy metabolism in pig oocytes and early embryos. Reproduction 2003;126(2):197-204. (Pubitemid 36987165)
169. Houghton FD, Leese HJ. Metabolism and developmental competence of the preimplantation embryo. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;115 Suppl 1:S92-6. (Pubitemid 38757861)
170. Leese HJ, Sturmey RG, Baumann CG, McEvoy TG. Embryo viability and metabolism: obeying the quiet rules. Hum Reprod 2007;22(12):3047-50. (Pubitemid 351696765)
171. Lopes AS, Greve T, Callesen H. Quantification of embryo quality by respirometry. Theriogenology 2007;67(1):21-31. (Pubitemid 44854147)
172. Singh R, Sinclair KD. Metabolomics: approaches to assessing oocyte and embryo quality. Theriogenology 2007;68 Suppl 1:S56-62. (Pubitemid 47096840)
173. Jones GM, Cram DS, Song B, et al. Gene expression profiling of human oocytes following in vivo or in vitro maturation. Hum Reprod 2008;23(5):1138-44. (Pubitemid 351757345)
174. Wells D, Patrizio P. Gene expression profiling of human oocytes at different maturational stages and after in vitro maturation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198(4):455 e1-9; discussion e9-11.
175. Yao J, Ren X, Ireland JJ, Coussens PM, Smith TP, Smith GW. Generation of a bovine oocyte cDNA library and microarray: resources for identification of genes important for follicular development and early embryogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2004;19(1):84-92. (Pubitemid 40044790)
176. Gasca S, Pellestor F, Assou S, et al. Identifying new human oocyte marker genes: a microarray approach. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14(2):175-83. (Pubitemid 46296500)
177. Steuerwald NM, Bermudez MG, Wells D, Munne S, Cohen J. Maternal age-related differential global expression profiles observed in human oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 2007;14(6):700-8. (Pubitemid 46951703)
178. Zhang X, Jafari N, Barnes RB, Confino E, Milad M, Kazer RR. Studies of gene expression in human cumulus cells indicate pentraxin 3 as a possible marker for oocyte quality. Fertil Steril 2005;83 Suppl 1:1169-79. (Pubitemid 40543501)
179. Cillo F, Brevini TA, Antonini S, Paffoni A, Ragni G, Gandolfi F. Association between human oocyte developmental competence and expression levels of some cumulus genes. Reproduction 2007;134(5):645-50. (Pubitemid 350143147)
180. Assidi M, Dufort I, Ali A, et al. Identification of potential markers of oocyte competence expressed in bovine cumulus cells matured with follicle-stimulating hormone and/or phorbol myristate acetate in vitro. Biol Reprod 2008;79(2):209-22.
181. van Montfoort AP, Geraedts JP, Dumoulin JC, Stassen AP, Evers JL, Ayoubi TA. Differential gene expression in cumulus cells as a prognostic indicator of embryo viability: a microarray analysis. Mol Hum Reprod 2008;14(3):157-68. (Pubitemid 351404889)
182. Hamel M, Dufort I, Robert C, et al. Identification of differentially expressed markers in human follicular cells associated with competent oocytes. Hum Reprod 2008;23(5):1118-27. (Pubitemid 351757316)
183. McKenzie LJ, Pangas SA, Carson SA, et al. Human cumulus granulosa cell gene expression: a predictor of fertilization and embryo selection in women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod 2004;19(12):2869-74. (Pubitemid 40028960)
184. Memili E, Peddinti D, Shack LA, et al. Bovine germinal vesicle oocyte and cumulus cell proteomics. Reproduction 2007;133(6):1107-20. (Pubitemid 47201725)