Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Hawke, Fiona ^a   Burns, Joshua ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955588387     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17571146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-2-1     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Badlissi F, Dunn J, Link C, Keysor J, McKinlay J, Felson D. Foot musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and foot-related functional limitation in older persons. J Am Soc Geriatr Dent 2005, 53:1029-1033.
2. Hill C, Gill T, Menz H, Taylor A. Prevalence and correlates of foot pain in a population-based study: the North West Adelaide health study. J Foot Ankle Res 2008, 1(1):2. 18822153 , 2547889, 10.1186/1757-1146-1-2.
3. Menz HB, Lord SR. Foot pain impairs balance and functional ability in community-dwelling older people. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2001, 91:222-229.
4. Garrow AP, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ. The Chesire foot pain and disability survey: a population survey assessing prevalence and associations. Pain 2004, 110:378-384. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.04.019, 15275789.
5. Menz HB, Tiedemann A, Kwan MMS, Plumb K, Lord SR. Foot pain in community-dwelling older people: an evaluation of the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index. Rheumatology 2006, 45:863-867. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel002, 16449369.
6. Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR. Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study. J Gerontol 2006, 61A:866-870. 16912106 .
7. Menz HB, Lord SR. The contribution of foot problems to mobility impairment and falls in community-dwelling older people. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2001, 49:1651-1656.
8. Benvenuti F, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Gangemi S, Baroni A. Foot pain and disability in older persons: an epidemiologic survey. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995, 43:479-484.
9. Novak P, Burger H, Marincek C, Meh D. Influence of foot pain on walking ability of diabetic patients. J Rehabil Med 2004, 36:249-252. 10.1080/16501970410029816, 15841600.
10. Leveille SG, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Hirsch R, Simonsick EM, Hochberg MC. Foot pain and disability in older women. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 148:657-665.
11. Keysor JJ, Dunn JE, Link CL, Badlissi F, Felson DT. Are foot disorders associated with functional limitation and disability among community-dwelling older adults?. J Aging Health 2005, 17:734-752. 10.1177/0898264305280998, 16377770.
12. Buttke J. Stepping Up Foot Injury Diagnosis: Jones, Lisfranc, and Charcot. Nurse Pract 2005, 30:46-52. 10.1097/00006205-200512000-00008, 16344709.
13. Ertugrul M, Baktiroglu S, Salman S, Unal S, Aksoy M, Berberoglu K, Calangu S. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes: microbiological examination vs. magnetic resonance imaging and labelled leucocyte scanning. Diabet Med 2006, 23:649-653. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01887.x, 16759307.
14. Crawford F, Atkins D, Edwards J. Interventions for treating plantar heel pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, CD000416.
15. Hawke F, Burns J, Radford J, du Toit V. Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD006801.
16. Stern S. Ankle and foot pain. Prim Care 1988, 15:809-826.
17. Mann R. Pain in the foot. 1. Evaluation of foot pain and identification of associated problems. Postgrad Med 1987, 82:154-157. 2885818.
18. Mann R. Pain in the foot. 2. Causes of pain in the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. Postgrad Med 1987, 82:167-171. 3601834.
19. Wood B, Warfield C. Foot pain - from bad shoes to aberrant genes. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1987, 22:107-122.
20. Merskey H, Bogduk N, . (Eds) Classification of Chronic Pain. 1994, Seattle: IASP Press, Second, (Eds).
21. Bennet RM. Emerging concepts in the neurobiology of chronic pain: evidence of abnormal sensory processing in fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:385-398.
22. Kidd B, Urban L. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. Br J Anaesth 2001, 87:3-11. 10.1093/bja/87.1.3, 11460811.
23. Vanderah TW. Pathophysiology of Pain. Med Clin North Am 2007, 91:1-12. 10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.006, 17164100.
24. Maganaris CN, Narici MV, Almekinders LC, Maffulli N. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med 2004, 34:1005-1017. 10.2165/00007256-200434140-00005, 15571430.
25. McPoil T, Hunt G. Evaluation and management of foot and ankle disorders: present position and future directions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995, 21:381.
26. Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed "physical stress theory" to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Phys Ther 2002, 82:383-403.
27. Garrow A, Papageorgiou A, Silman A, Thomas E, Jayson M, Macfarlane G. The grading of Hallux Valgus: the Manchester scale. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001, 91:74-78.
28. McRae R. Clinical orthopaedic examination 1997, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
29. Myerson M, Shereff M. The pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes. J Bone Joint Surg 1989, 71:45-49.
30. Frey C, Thompson F, Smith J, Sanders M, Horstman H. American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society women's shoe survey. Foot Ankle 1993, 14:78-81.
31. Menz H, Morris M. Footwear characteristics and foot problems in older people. Gerontology 2005, 51:346-351. 10.1159/000086373, 16110238.
32. Dawson J, Thorogood M, Marks S, Juszczak E, Dodd C, Lavis G, Fitzpatrick R. The prevalence of foot problems in older women: a cause for concern. Journal of Public Health Medicine 2002, 24:77-84. 10.1093/pubmed/24.2.77, 12141589.
33. Cedraschi C, Nordin M, Nachemson A, Vischer T. Health care providers should use a common language in relation to low back pain patients. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1998, 12:1-8. 10.1016/S0950-3579(98)80003-4, 9668954.
34. Von Korff M, Miglioretti DL. A prognostic approach to defining chronic pain. Pain 2005, 117:304-313. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.06.017, 16153772.
35. Katz WA, Rothenberg R. Section 3: the nature of pain: pathophysiology. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 2005, 11:S11-S15. 10.1097/01.rhu.0000158686.43637.af, 16357723.
36. Besson JM. The neurobiology of pain. Lancet 1999, 353:1610-1615. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01313-6, 10334274.
37. Schaible HG, Richter F. Pathophysiology of pain. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2004, 389:237-243. 10.1007/s00423-004-0468-9, 15034717.
38. Fink WA. The pathophysiology of acute pain. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2005, 23:277-284.
39. Pasero C. Pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Pain Manag Nurs 2004, 5:3-8. 10.1016/j.pmn.2004.10.002, 15644854.
40. Donaldson GW, Chapmana CR, Nakamuraa Y, Bradshawa DH, Jacobsona RC, Chapmanb CN. Pain and the defense response: structural equation modeling reveals a coordinated psychophysiological response to increasing painful stimulation. Pain 2003, 102:97-108. 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00351-2, 12620601.
41. Schaible HG, Schmelz M, Tegeder I. Pathophysiology and treatment of pain in joint disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006, 58:323-342. 10.1016/j.addr.2006.01.011, 16626837.
42. Willis W, Westlund K. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997, 14:2-31. 10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002, 9013357.
43. Melzack R, Wall P. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science Wash CD 1965, 150:971-979.
44. Jensen TS, Gottrup H, Sindrup SH, Bach FW. The clinical picture of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2001, 429:1-11. 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01302-4, 11698022.
45. Koltzenburg M. Stability and plasticity of nociceptor function and their relationship to provoked and ongoing pain. Seminars in Neuroscience 1995, 7:199-210.
46. Bennett GA. Animal models of neuropathic pain. Progress in Pain Research and Management 1994, 2:495-510. Seattle: IASP Publications, Gebhart G, Hammond D, Jensen T.
47. Zimmermann M. Pathobiology of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2001, 429:23-37. 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01303-6, 11698024.
48. Waxman SG. The molecular pathophysiology of pain: abnormal expression of sodium channel genes and its contributions to hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons. Pain 1999, (Supplement 6):S133-S140.
49. Bogduk N. Complex regional pain syndrome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2001, 14:541-546. 10.1097/00001503-200110000-00013, 17019143.
50. Köck F, Borisch N, Koester B, Grifka J. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapy. Orthopade 2003, 32:418-431. 10.1007/s00132-003-0468-4, 12743694.
51. Scott A, Khan K, Cook J, Duronio V. What is 'inflammation'? Are we ready to move beyond celsus?. Br J Sports Med 2004, 38:248-249. 1724817, 15155418, 10.1136/bjsm.2003.011221.
52. Tracy R. The five cardinal signs of inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006, 61:1051-1052.
53. Loeser JD, Melzack R. Pain: an overview. Lancet 1999, 353:1607-1609. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01311-2, 10334273.
54. Dray A. Kinins and their receptors in hyperalgesia. Can J Pharmacol 1997, 75:704-712.
55. Schaible H, Grubb B. Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain. Pain 1993, 55:5-54. 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90183-P, 8278210.
56. Dunajcik L. Chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain: Clinical manual 1999, 467-521. Mosby: St. Louis, McCaffery M, Pasero C.
57. Gibson S, Helme R. Age-related differences in pain perception and report. Clin Geriatr Med 2001, 17:433-456. 10.1016/S0749-0690(05)70079-3, 11459714.
58. Gagliese L, Katz J, Melzack R. Pain in the elderly. Textbook of Pain 1999, New York: Churchill Livingstone, Wall P, Melzack R.
59. Gibson S, Helme R. Age-related differences in pain perception and report. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 2001, 17:433-456. 10.1016/S0749-0690(05)70079-3, 11459714.
60. Lautenbacher S, Strian F. Similarities in age differences in heat pain perception and thermal sensitivity. Funct Neurol 1991, 6(2):129-135. 1916455.
61. Jensen R, Rasmussen B, Pedersen B, Lous I, Olesen J. Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population. Pain 1992, 48:197. 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90059-K, 1589238.
62. Chakour M, Gibson S, Helme R. The effect of age on A delta and C fibre thermal pain perception. Pain 1996, 64.
63. Farrar JT, Portenoy RK, Berlin JA, Kinman JL, Strom BL. Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures. Pain 2000, 88:287-294. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00339-0, 11068116.
64. Turner JA, Franklin G, Heagerty PJ, Wu R, Egan K, Fulton-Kehoe D, Gluck JV, Wickizer TM. The association between pain and disability. Pain 2004, 112:307-314. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.010, 15561386.
65. Landorf K, Burns J. Chapter 10: Health Outcome Assessment. Merriman's assessment of the lower limb 2008, 3. London: Churchill Livingstone, Yates B, 3.
66. Budiman-Mak E, Conrad K, Roach K. The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. J Clin Epidemiol 1991, 44:561-570. 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90220-4, 2037861.
67. Bennett P, C P, Wearing S, Baglioni A. Development and validation of a questionnaire designed to measure foot health status. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1998, 88:419-428.
68. Abetz L, Sutton M, Brady L, McNulty P, Gagnon D. The Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS): a quality of life instrument for use in clinical trials. Practical Diabetes International 2002, 19:167-175.
69. Garrow A, Papageorgiou A, Silman A, Thomas E, Jayson M, Macfarlane G. Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess disabling foot pain. Pain 2000, 85:107-113. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00263-8, 10692609.
70. Rowan K. The development and validation of a multi-dimensional measure of chronic foot pain: the ROwan Foot Pain Assessment Questionnaire (ROFPAQ). Foot Ankle Int 2001, 22:795-809.
71. Johanson N, Liang M, Daltroy L, Rudicel S, Richmond J. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Lower Limb Outcomes Assessment Instruments. Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. J Bone Joint Surg 2004, 86:902-909.
72. Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Stoven H, Schgwarzenberger J, Schumucker P. Pain among children and adolescents: restrictions in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics 2005, 115:e152-162. 10.1542/peds.2004-0682, 15687423.
73. Reyes-Gibby CC, Aday L, Cleelandm C. Impact of pain on self-rated health on the community dwelling older adults. Pain 2002, 95:75-82. 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00375-X, 11790469.
74. Strassels S, Cynn D, Carr DB. Health status and chronic pain in managed care: Instruments and assessment. Managed Care and Pain 2000, 141-171. American Pain Society, Lande SD, Kulich RJ.
75. Hunfeld J, Perquin C, Hazebroek-Kampschreur, Passchier J, van Suijlekom-Smit L, Wouden V. Physically unexplained chronic pain and its impact on children and their families: The mother's perception. Psychol Psychother 2002, 75:251-260. 10.1348/147608302320365172, 12396752.
76. Roelofs, et al. Fear of movement and (re)injury in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2007, 17317011.
77. Palermo T, Kiska R. Subjective sleep disturbances in adolescents with chronic pain: relationship to daily functioning and quality of life. J Pain 2005, 6:201-207. 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.12.005, 15772914.
78. Hunfeld J, Perquin C, Bertina W, Hazebroek-Kampschreur A, van Suijlekom-Smit L, Koes B, Wouden J, Passchier J. Stability of pain parameters and pain-related quality of life in adolescents with persistent pain: a three-year follow-up. Clin J Pain 2002, 18:99-106. 10.1097/00002508-200203000-00005, 11882773.
79. Scudds R, Robertson J. Pain factors associated with physical disability in a sample of community-dwelling senior citizens. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000, 55(7):M393-M399. 10898256.
80. American Pain Society Chronic pain in America: Roadblocks to relief. 1999, American Pain Society., http://www.ampainsoc.org/links/roadblocks/
81. Strine T, Hootman J, Chapman D, Okoro C, Balluz L. Health-related quality of life, health risk behaviors, and disability among adults with pain-related activity difficulty. Am J Public Health 2005, 95:2042-2048. 1449481, 16195508, 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066225.
82. Von Korff M, Simon G. The relationship between pain and depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1996, 30:101-108.
83. Asghari A, Ghaderi N, Ashory A. The prevalence of pain among residents of nursing homes and the impact of pain on their mood and quality of life. Arch Iran Med 2006, 9:368-373.
84. Williams D, Robinson M, Geisser M. Pain beliefs: assessment and utility. Pain 1994, 59:71-78. 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90049-3, 7854805.
85. Thomas E, Colleen M, Renier B, Jeanette A, Palcher B. Chronic pain, depression, and quality of life: correlations and predictive value of the SF-36. Pain Med 2003, 4:331-339. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2003.03040.x, 14750909.
86. Skevington S. Investigating the relationship between pain and discomfort and quality of life, using the WHOQOL. Pain 1998, 76:395-406. 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00072-4, 9718258.
87. Ribu L, Rustoen T, Birkeland K, Hanestad B, Paul S, Miaskowski C. The prevalence and occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer pain and its impact on health-related quality of life. J Pain 2006, 7:290-299. 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.12.002, 16618473.
88. Dysvik E, Lindstrøm TC, Eikeland O-J, Natvig GK. Health-related quality of life and pain beliefs among people suffering from chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs 2004, 5:66-74. 10.1016/j.pmn.2003.11.003, 15297953.
89. Turk D, Okifuji A, Scharff L. Chronic pain and depression: role of perceived impact and perceived control in different age cohorts. Pain 1995, 61:93-101. 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00167-D, 7644253.
90. Sawyer P, Bodner E, Ritchie C, Allman R. Pain and pain medication use in community-dwelling older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006, 4:316-324. 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.12.005, 17296537.
91. Simon G, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J. An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:1329-1335. 10.1056/NEJM199910283411801, 10536124.
92. Tugwell P, Shea B, Boers M, Brooks P, Simon L, Strand V, Wells G, . (editors) Evidence-based Rheumatology 2004, London: BMJ books, (editors).
93. Keeley R, Smith M, Miller J. Somatoform symptoms and treatment nonadherence in depressed family medicine outpatients. Arch Fam Med 2000, 9:46-54. 10.1001/archfami.9.1.46, 10664642.
94. Chen J, Devine A, Dick IM, Dhaliwal S, Prince RL. Prevalence of lower extremity pain and its association with functionality and quality of life in elderly women in Australia. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:2689-2693.
95. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 health survey manual & interpretation guide 2000, Lincoln: QualityMetric Incorporated.
96. Gerstle D, All A, Wallace D. Quality of life and chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain Manag Nurs 2001, 2.
97. Katz N. The impact of pain management on quality of life. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002, 24:S38-S47. 12204486 , 10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00411-6.
98. Schlenk E, Erlen JA, Dunbar-Jacob J, McDowell J, Engberg S, Sereika S, al E. Health-related quality of life in chronic disorders: A comparison across studies using the MOS SF-36. Qual Life Res 1998, 7:57-65. 10.1023/A:1008836922089, 9481151.
99. Burns J, Crosbie J, Ouvrier R, Hunt A. Effective orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot. A randomised controlled trial. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2006, 96:205-211.
100. Roos E, Engström M, Söderberg B. Foot orthoses for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int 2006, 27:606-611.
101. Torkki M, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S, Hoikka V, Laippala P, Paavolainen P. Surgery vs orthosis vs watchful waiting for hallux valgus: a randomised controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2001, 285:2474-2480.
102. Gatchel RJ. Perspectives on pain: A historical overview. Psychosocial Factors in Pain Critical Perspectives 1999, 3-17. New York: Guilford Press, Gatchel RJ, Turk DC.
103. Turk D, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002, 70:678-690. 10.1037/0022-006X.70.3.678, 12090376.
104. Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ, Jorm LR, Williamson M, Cousins M. Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study. Pain 2001, 89:127-134. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00355-9, 11166468.
105. Morris DB. Sociocultural and religious meanings of pain. Psychosocial factors in pain Critical perspectives 1999, 118-131. New York: Guilford Press, Gatchel RJ, Turk DC.
106. Williams DA, Thorn BE. An empirical assessment of pain beliefs. Pain 1989, 36:351-358. 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90095-X, 2710564.
107. Hoogendoorn W, van Poppel M, Bongers P, Koes B, Bouter L. Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as risk factors for back pain. Spine 2000, 25:2114-2125. 10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017, 10954644.
108. Bongers P, Kremer A, ter Laak J. Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist?: a review of the epidemiological literature. Am J Ind Med 2002, 41:315-342. 10.1002/ajim.10050, 12071487.
109. Herda C, Siegeris K, Basler H. The pain beliefs and perceptions inventory: Further evidence for a 4-factor structure. Pain 1994, 57.
110. Turner J, Jensen M, Romano J. Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain?. Pain 2000, 85.
111. Stroud M, Thorn B, Jensen M, Boothby J, Rohay J, Bernier M. The relation between pain beliefs, negative thoughts, and psychosocial functioning in chronic-pain patients. Pain 2000, 84:347-352. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00226-2, 10666540.
112. Nahit E, Hunt I, Lunt M, Dunn G, Silman A, Macfarlane G. Effects of psychosocial and individual psychological factors on the onset of musculoskeletal pain: common and site-specific effects. Ann Rheum Dis 2003, 2:755-760.
113. Hartvigsen J, Lings S, Leboeuf-Yde C, Bakketeig L. Psychosocial factors at work in relation to low back pain and consequences of low back pain; a systematic, critical review of prospective cohort studies. Occup Environ Med 2004, 61:e2. 1757801, 14691283.
114. Chesterton L, Barlas P, Foster N, Baxter G, Wright C. Gender differences in pressure pain threshold in healthy humans. Pain 2003, 101:259-266. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00330-5, 12583868.
115. Wise E, Price D, Myers C, Heft M, Robinson M. Gender role expectations of pain: relationship to experimental pain perception. Pain 2002, 96:335-342. 2535906, 11973007, 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00473-0.
116. Ramos J. Placebo effect and pain: brain bases. Neurologia 2007, 22:99-105.
117. Benedetti F, Mayberg H, Wager T, Stohler C, Zubieta J. Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect. J Neurosci 2005, 25:10390-10402. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005, 16280578.
118. Kuehn BM. Pain studies illuminate the placebo effect. JAMA 2005, 294(14):1750-1701. 16219873, 10.1001/jama.294.14.1750.
119. Haour F. Mechanisms of placebo effect and of conditioning: neurobiological data in human and animals. Med Sci (Paris) 2005, 21:315-319.
120. Boussageon R, Gueyffier F, Moreau A, Boussageon V. The difficulty of measurement of placebo effect. Therapie 2006, 61:185-190.
121. McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P. The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007, 7. 1936999, 17608932.
122. Hunsley J, Westmacott R. Interpreting the magnitude of the placebo effect: mountain or Molehill?. J Clin Psychol 2007, 63:391-399. 10.1002/jclp.20352, 17279525.
123. Oh V. The placebo effect: can we use it better?. BMJ 1994, 309(6947):69-70. 7802773, 2540535.
124. de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Stoessl A. The biochemical bases of the placebo effect. Sci Eng Ethics 2004, 10:143-150. 10.1007/s11948-004-0071-z, 14986780.
125. Tiller WA. Human psychophysiology, macroscopic information entanglement, and the placebo effect. J Altern Complement Med 2006, 12:1015-1027. 10.1089/acm.2006.12.1015, 17212574.
126. Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche P. Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database of Sys Rev 2004, CD003974. 15266510 .
127. Crosbie J, Burns J. Predicting outcomes in the orthotic management of painful, idiopathic pes cavus. Clin J Sport Med 2007, 17:337-342.
128. Landorf K, Keenan A, Herbert R. Effectiveness of foot orthoses to treat plantar fasciitis: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006, 166:1305-1310. 10.1001/archinte.166.12.1305, 16801514.
129. Colloca L, Benedetti F. Placebos and painkillers: is mind as real as matter?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2005, 6:545-552. 10.1038/nrn1705, 15995725.