Nature of the refractive errors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with experimentally induced ametropias

Vision Research

Volumn 50, Issue 18, 2010, Pages 1867-1881

  Qiao Grider, Ying ^a,b   Hung, Li Fang ^a,b   Kee, Chea su ^a   Ramamirtham, Ramkumar ^a   Smith, Earl L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^b VISION COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anisometropia; Emmetropization; Hyperopia; Myopia

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER DEPTH; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA; DISEASE MODEL; LENS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFRACTION ERROR; RHESUS MONKEY; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; VITREOUS BODY;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ANTERIOR CHAMBER; BIOMETRY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; LENS, CRYSTALLINE; MACACA MULATTA; REFRACTIVE ERRORS; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 77955553996     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Andison M.E., Sivak J.G., Bird D.M. The refractive development of the eye of the American kestrel (Falco sparverius): A new avian model. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural and Behavioral Physiology 1992, 170(5):565-574.
2. Atchison D.A., Jones C.E., Schmid K.L., Pritchard N., Pope J.M., Strugnell W.E., et al. Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2004, 45(10):3380-3386.
3. Atchison D.A., Pritchard N., Schmid K.L., Scott D.H., Jones C.E., Pope J.M. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2005, 46(8):2698-2707.
4. Bagnoli P., Porciatti V., Francesconi W. Retinal and tectal responses to alternating gratings are unaffected by monocular deprivation in pigeons. Brain Research 1985, 338(2):341-345.
5. Bito L.Z., DeRousseau C.J., Kaufman P.L., Bito J.W. Age-dependent loss of accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys: An animal model for presbyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1982, 23(1):23-31.
6. Boothe R.G., Williams R.A., Kiorpes L., Teller D.Y. Development of contrast sensitivity in infant Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Science 1980, 208(4449):1290-1292.
7. Bradley D.V., Fernandes A., Lynn M., Tigges M., Boothe R.G. Emmetropization in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): Birth to young adulthood. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1999, 40(1):214-229.
8. Bullimore M.A., Gilmartin B., Royston J.M. Steady-state accommodation and ocular biometry in late-onset myopia. Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology 1992, 80(2):143-155.
9. Carroll J.P. Regression curves for the optical parameters of the eye. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1981, 58(4):314-323.
10. Carroll J.P. Component and correlation ametropia. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1982, 59(1):28-33.
11. Cheng H.M., Singh O.S., Kwong K.K., Xiong J., Woods B.T., Brady T.J. Shape of the myopic eye as seen with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Optometry and Vision Science 1992, 69(9):698-701.
12. Duke-Elder E. Anomalies of refraction. System of ophthalmology 1970, 274-292. C.V. Mosby Company, London. E. Duke-Elder (Ed.).
13. Fledelius H.C. Ophthalmic changes from age of 10 to 18 years. A longitudinal study of sequels to low birth weight. IV. Ultrasound oculometry of vitreous and axial length. Acta Ophthalmologica 1982, 60(3):403-411.
14. Fledelius H.C. Corneal curvature radius. Oculometric considerations with reference to age and refractive change. Acta Ophthalmologica 1988, 185(Suppl.):74-77.
15. Fledelius H.C. Adult onset myopia-oculometric features. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 1995, 73(5):397-401.
16. Fulk G.W., Cyert L.A., Parker D.A. Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation. Optometry and Vision Science 2002, 79(1):46-51.
17. Fulk G.W., Cyert L.A., Parker D.E., West R.W. The effect of changing from glasses to soft contact lenses on myopia progression in adolescents. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 2003, 23(1):71-77.
18. Fulton A.B., Hansen R.M., Petersen R.A. The relation of myopia and astigmatism in developing eyes. Ophthalmology 1982, 89(4):298-302.
19. Gao Q., Liu Q., Ma P., Zhong X., Wu J., Ge J. Effects of direct intravitreal dopamine injections on the development of lid-suture induced myopia in rabbits. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2006, 244(10):1329-1335.
20. Garner L.F., Stewart A.W., Kinnear R.F., Frith M.J. The Nepal longitudinal study: Predicting myopia from the rate of increase in vitreous chamber depth. Optometry and Vision Science 2004, 81(1):44-48.
21. Garner L.F., Stewart A.W., Owens H., Kinnear R.F., Frith M.J. The Nepal longitudinal study: Biometric characteristics of developing eyes. Optometry and Vision Science 2006, 83(5):274-280.
22. Garner L.F., Yap M., Scott R. Crystalline lens power in myopia. Optometry and Vision Science 1992, 69(11):863-865.
23. Gollender M., Thorn F., Erickson P. Development of axial ocular dimensions following eyelid suture in the cat. Vision Research 1979, 19(2):221-223.
24. Goss D.A., Cox V.D., Herrin-Lawson G.A., Nielsen E.D., Dolton W.A. Refractive error, axial length, and height as a function of age in young myopes. Optometry and Vision Science 1990, 67(5):332-338.
25. Goss D.A., Erickson P. Meridional corneal components of myopia progression in young adults and children. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1987, 64(7):475-481.
26. Graham B., Judge S.J. The effects of spectacle wear in infancy on eye growth and refractive error in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Research 1999, 39(2):189-206.
27. Greene P.R. Optical constants and dimensions for the myopic, hyperopic and normal rhesus eye. Experimental Eye Research 1990, 51(4):351-359.
28. Grosvenor T., Scott R. Comparison of refractive components in youth-onset and early adult-onset myopia. Optometry and Vision Science 1991, 68(3):204-209.
29. Grosvenor T., Scott R. Three-year changes in refraction and its components in youth-onset and early adult-onset myopia. Optometry and Vision Science 1993, 70(8):677-683.
30. Gwiazda J., Hyman L., Hussein M., Everett D., Norton T.T., Kurtz D., et al. A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2003, 44(4):1492-1500.
31. Harman A.M., Hoskins R., Beazley L.D. Experimental eye enlargement in mature animals changes the retinal pigment epithelium. Visual Neuroscience 1999, 16(4):619-628.
32. Harris W.F. Algebra of sphero-cylinders and refractive errors, and their means, variance, and standard deviation. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1988, 65(10):794-802.
33. Haugen O.H., Hovding G., Eide G.E. Biometric measurements of the eyes in teenagers and young adults with Down syndrome. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2001, 79(6):616-625.
34. Hirsch H.E. Cytological phenomena and sex in Hypomyces Solani F. Cucurbitae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1947, 33(9):268-270.
35. Hirsch M.J., Weymouth F.W. Notes on ametropia-a further analysis of Stenstrom's data. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1947, 24:601-608.
36. Hodos W., Fitzke F.W., Hayes B.P., Holden A.L. Experimental myopia in chicks: Ocular refraction by electroretinography. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1985, 26(10):1423-1430.
37. Hodos W., Kuenzel W.J. Retinal-image degradation produces ocular enlargement in chicks. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1984, 25(6):652-659.
38. Hofstetter H.W. Emmetropization-biological process or mathematical artifact?. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1969, 46(6):447-450.
39. Howlett M.H., McFadden S.A. Form-deprivation myopia in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Vision Research 2006, 46(1-2):267-283.
40. Huang J., Hung L.F., Ramamirtham R., Blasdel T.L., Humbird T.L., Bockhorst K.H., et al. Effects of form deprivation on peripheral refractions and ocular shape in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2009, 50(9):4033-4044.
41. Hung L.F., Crawford M.L., Smith E.L. Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and the refractive status of young monkeys. Nature Medicine 1995, 1(8):761-765.
42. Hung, L. F., Ramamirtham, R., Huang, J., Qiao-Grider, Y., & Smith, E. L. (2008). Peripheral refraction in normal infant rhesus monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science.
43. Hung, L. F., Huang, J., Qiao-Grider, Y., Blasdel, T. L., Humbird, T. L., Bockhorst, K. H., et al. (2009). Optical defocus regulates refractive development in primates via local retinal mechanisms. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science, 50 (E-Abstract 3934).
44. Hung L.F., Smith E.L. Extended-wear, soft, contact lenses produce hyperopia in young monkeys. Optometry and Vision Science 1996, 73(9):579-584.
45. Hung L.F., Wallman J., Smith E.L. Vision-dependent changes in the choroidal thickness of macaque monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2000, 41(6):1259-1269.
46. Irving E.L., Callender M.G., Sivak J.G. Inducing ametropias in hatchling chicks by defocus-aperture effects and cylindrical lenses. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1165-1174.
47. Jensen H. Myopia progression in young school children. A prospective study of myopia progression and the effect of a trial with bifocal lenses and beta blocker eye drops. Acta Ophthalmologica 1991, 200(Suppl.):1-79.
48. Jiang L., Schaeffel F., Zhou X., Zhang S., Jin X., Pan M., et al. Spontaneous axial myopia and emmetropization in a strain of wild-type guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2009, 50(3):1013-1019.
49. Jones L.A., Mitchell G.L., Mutti D.O., Hayes J.R., Moeschberger M.L., Zadnik K. Comparison of ocular component growth curves among refractive error groups in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2005, 46(7):2317-2327.
50. Jorge J., Almeida J.B., Parafita M.A. Refractive, biometric and topographic changes among Portuguese university science students: A 3-year longitudinal study. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 2007, 27(3):287-294.
51. Kaye S.B., Patterson A. Association between total astigmatism and myopia. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 1997, 23(10):1496-1502.
52. Keating M.P. The Gauss system. Geometric, physical, and visual optics 2002, 295-322. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
53. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao Y., Habib A., Smith E.L. Prevalence of astigmatism in infant monkeys. Vision Research 2002, 42(11):1349-1359.
54. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao Y., Smith E.L. Astigmatism in infant monkeys reared with cylindrical lenses. Vision Research 2003, 43(26):2721-2739.
55. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Ramamirtham R., Smith E.L. Astigmatism in monkeys with experimentally induced myopia or hyperopia. Optometry and Vision Science 2005, 82(4):248-260.
56. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Ramamirtham R., Winawer J., Wallman J., et al. Temporal constraints on experimental emmetropization in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2007, 48(3):957-962.
57. Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Roorda A., Smith E.L. Effects of optically imposed astigmatism on emmetropization in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2004, 45(6):1647-1659.
58. Kee C.S., Marzani D., Wallman J. Differences in time course and visual requirements of ocular responses to lenses and diffusers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2001, 42(3):575-583.
59. Kiely P., Crewther S., Nathan J., Brennan N., Efron N., Madigan M. A comparison of ocular development of the cynomolgus monkey and man. Clinical Vision Sciences 1987, 1:269-280.
60. Kirby A.W., Sutton L., Weiss H. Elongation of cat eyes following neonatal lid suture. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1982, 22(2):274-277.
61. Knudsen E.I. Fused binocular vision is required for development of proper eye alignment in barn owls. Visual Neuroscience 1989, 2(1):35-40.
62. Koretz J.F., Rogot A., Kaufman P.L. Physiological strategies for emmetropia. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 1995, 93:105-118. (Discussion 118-122).
63. Kronfeld P., Devney C. The frequency of astigmatism. Archives of Ophthalmology 1930, 4:873-884.
64. Larsen J.S. The sagittal growth of the eye. 1. Ultrasonic measurement of the depth of the anterior chamber from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmologica 1971, 49(2):239-262.
65. Larsen J.S. The sagittal growth of the eye. 3. Ultrasonic measurement of the posterior segment (axial length of the vitreous) from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmologica 1971, 49(3):441-453.
66. Larsen J.S. The sagittal growth of the eye. II. Ultrasonic measurement of the axial diameter of the lens and the anterior segment from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmologica 1971, 49(3):427-440.
67. Larsen J.S. The sagittal growth of the eye. IV. Ultrasonic measurement of the axial length of the eye from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmologica 1971, 49(6):873-886.
68. Lauber J.K. Light-induced avian glaucoma as an animal model for human primary glaucoma. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology 1987, 3(1):77-100.
69. Lauber J.K., McGinnis J. Eye lesions in domestic fowl reared under continuous light. Vision Research 1966, 6(12):619-626.
70. Li T., Troilo D., Glasser A., Howland H.C. Constant light produces severe corneal flattening and hyperopia in chickens. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1203-1209.
71. Logan N.S., Gilmartin B., Wildsoet C.F., Dunne M.C. Posterior retinal contour in adult human anisomyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2004, 45(7):2152-2162.
72. Mallen E.A., Gammoh Y., Al-Bdour M., Sayegh F.N. Refractive error and ocular biometry in Jordanian adults. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 2005, 25(4):302-309.
73. Marsh-Tootle W.L., Norton T.T. Refractive and structural measures of lid-suture myopia in tree shrew. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1989, 30(10):2245-2257.
74. Mayer D.L., Hansen R.M., Moore B.D., Kim S., Fulton A.B. Cycloplegic refractions in healthy children aged 1 through 48 months. Archives of Ophthalmology 2001, 119(11):1625-1628.
75. McBrien N.A., Adams D.W. A longitudinal investigation of adult-onset and adult-progression of myopia in an occupational group. Refractive and biometric findings. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1997, 38(2):321-333.
76. McBrien N.A., Millodot M. A biometric investigation of late onset myopic eyes. Acta Ophthalmologica 1987, 65(4):461-468.
77. McBrien N.A., Moghaddam H.O., New R., Williams L.R. Experimental myopia in a diurnal mammal (Sciurus carolinensis) with no accommodative ability. The Journal of Physiology 1993, 469:427-441.
78. McBrien N.A., Norton T.T. The development of experimental myopia and ocular component dimensions in monocularly lid-sutured tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri). Vision Research 1992, 32(5):843-852.
79. Moore D., McCabe G. Analysis of variance. Introduction to the practice of statistics 1993, 712-789. WH Freeman and Company, New York.
80. Moore D., McCabe G. Inference for distributions. Introduction to the practice of statistics 1993, 498-573. WH Freeman and Company, New York.
81. Moore D., McCabe G. Inference for regression. Introduction to the practice of statistics 1993, 636-711. WH Freeman and Company, New York.
82. Mutti D.O., Hayes J.R., Mitchell G.L., Jones L.A., Moeschberger M.L., Cotter S.A., et al. Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2007, 48(6):2510-2519.
83. Mutti D.O., Mitchell G.L., Jones L.A., Friedman N.E., Frane S.L., Lin W.K., et al. Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2005, 46(9):3074-3080.
84. Mutti D.O., Sholtz R.I., Friedman N.E., Zadnik K. Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2000, 41(5):1022-1030.
85. Mutti D.O., Zadnik K., Adams A.J. A video technique for phakometry of the human crystalline lens. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1992, 33(5):1771-1782.
86. Mutti D.O., Zadnik K., Fusaro R.E., Friedman N.E., Sholtz R.I., Adams A.J. Optical and structural development of the crystalline lens in childhood. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1998, 39(1):120-133.
87. Norton T.T., Siegwart J.T. Animal models of emmetropization: Matching axial length to the focal plane. Journal of the American Optometry Association 1995, 66(7):405-414.
88. Norton T.T., Siegwart J.T., Amedo A.O. Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2006, 47(11):4687-4699.
89. Papastergiou G.I., Schmid G.F., Laties A.M., Pendrak K., Lin T., Stone R.A. Induction of axial eye elongation and myopic refractive shift in one- year-old chickens. Vision Research 1998, 38(12):1883-1888.
90. Parssinen T.O. Corneal refraction and topography in school myopia. The Clao Journal 1993, 19(1):69-72.
91. Priolo S., Sivak J.G., Kuszak J.R., Irving E.L. Effects of experimentally induced ametropia on the morphology and optical quality of the avian crystalline lens. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2000, 41(11):3516-3522.
92. Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Ramamirtham R., Smith E.L. Recovery from form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2004, 45(10):3361-3372.
93. Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Ramamirtham R., Smith E.L. A comparison of refractive development between two subspecies of infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Vision Research 2007, 47(12):1668-1681.
94. Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Ramamirtham R., Smith E.L. Normal ocular development in young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Vision Research 2007, 47(11):1424-1444.
95. Ramamirtham R., Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Huang J., Roorda A., et al. Wave aberrations in rhesus monkeys with vision-induced ametropias. Vision Research 2007, 47(21):2751-2766.
96. Ramamirtham R., Kee C.S., Hung L.F., Qiao-Grider Y., Roorda A., Smith E.L. Monochromatic ocular wave aberrations in young monkeys. Vision Research 2006, 46(21):3616-3633.
97. Saw S.M., Carkeet A., Chia K.S., Stone R.A., Tan D.T. Component dependent risk factors for ocular parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Ophthalmology 2002, 109(11):2065-2071.
98. Saw S.M., Chua W.H., Gazzard G., Koh D., Tan D.T., Stone R.A. Eye growth changes in myopic children in Singapore. The British Journal of Ophthalmology 2005, 89(11):1489-1494.
99. Saw S.M., Tong L., Chua W.H., Chia K.S., Koh D., Tan D.T., et al. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2005, 46(1):51-57.
100. Schaeffel F., Glasser A., Howland H.C. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Research 1988, 28(5):639-657.
101. Schmid G.F. Variability of retinal steepness at the posterior pole in children 7-15 years of age. Current Eye Research 2003, 27(1):61-68.
102. Scott R., Grosvenor T. Structural model for emmetropic and myopic eyes. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 1993, 13(1):41-47.
103. Sherman S.M., Norton T.T., Casagrande V.A. Myopia in the lid-sutured tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Brain Research 1977, 124(1):154-157.
104. Siegwart J.T., Norton T.T. The susceptible period for deprivation-induced myopia in tree shrew. Vision Research 1998, 38(22):3505-3515.
105. Smith E.L. Environmentally induced refractive errors in animals. Myopia and nearwork 1998, 57-90. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. M. Rosenfield, B. Gilmartin (Eds.).
106. Smith E.L. Spectacle lenses and emmetropization: the role of optical defocus in regulating ocular development. Optometry and Vision Science 1998, 75(6):388-398.
107. Smith E.L., Bradley D.V., Fernandes A., Boothe R.G. Form deprivation myopia in adolescent monkeys. Optometry and Vision Science 1999, 76(6):428-432.
108. Smith E.L., Bradley D.V., Fernandes A., Hung L.F., Boothe R.G. Continuous ambient lighting and eye growth in primates. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2001, 42(6):1146-1152.
109. Smith, E. L., Huang, J., Hung, L. F., Blasdel, T. L., Humbird, T. L., & Bockhorst, K. H. (2009b). Hemi-retinal form deprivation: Evidence for local control of eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science.
110. Smith E.L., Harwerth R.S. Behavioral measurements of accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys. Vision Research 1984, 24(12):1821-1827.
111. Smith E.L., Harwerth R.S., Crawford M.L., von Noorden G.K. Observations on the effects of form deprivation on the refractive status of the monkey. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1987, 28(8):1236-1245.
112. Smith E.L., Hung L.F. The role of optical defocus in regulating refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Research 1999, 39(8):1415-1435.
113. Smith E.L., Hung L.F. Form-deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon. Vision Research 2000, 40(4):371-381.
114. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Harwerth R.S. Effects of optically induced blur on the refractive status of young monkeys. Vision Research 1994, 34(3):293-301.
115. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Harwerth R.S. Developmental visual system anomalies and the limits of emmetropization. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 1999, 19(2):90-102.
116. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Harwerth R.S. The degree of image degradation and the depth of amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2000, 41(12):3775-3781.
117. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Huang J. Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Research 2009, 49(19):2386-2392.
118. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Qiao Y. Effects of brief periods of unrestricted vision on the development of form-deprivation myopia in monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2002, 43(2):291-299.
119. Smith E.L., Hung L.F., Kee C.S., Qiao-Grider Y., Ramamirtham R. Continuous ambient lighting and lens compensation in infant monkeys. Optometry and Vision Science 2003, 80(5):374-382.
120. Smith E.L., Kee C.S., Ramamirtham R., Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F. Peripheral vision can influence eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2005, 46(11):3965-3972.
121. Smith E.L., Ramamirtham R., Qiao-Grider Y., Hung L.F., Huang J., Kee C.S., et al. Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2007, 48(9):3914-3922.
122. Smith E.L., Zhong X., Nie H., Ge J. Compensation for hyperopic anisometropia in adolescent monkeys. Optometry and Vision Science 2002, 79(Suppl.):196.
123. Sorsby A., Benjamin B., Davey J., Sheridan M., Tanner J. Emmetropia and its aberrations. Special Report Series (Medical Research Council (Great Britain)) 1957, 11(293):1-69.
124. Sorsby A., Benjamin B., Sheridan M., Stone J., Leary G.A. Refraction and its components during the growth of the eye from the age of three. Medical Research Council Memorandum 1961, 301(Special):1-67.
125. Sorsby A., Leary G.A., Fraser G.R. Family studies on ocular refraction and its components. Journal of Medical Genetics 1966, 3(4):269-273.
126. Stenstrom S. Investigation of the variation and the correlation of the optical elements of human eyes. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1948, 25(10):496-504.
127. Tejedor J., de la Villa P. Refractive changes induced by form deprivation in the mouse eye. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2003, 44(1):32-36.
128. Teller D.Y., Regal D.M., Videen T.O., Pulos E. Development of visual acuity in infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) during the early postnatal weeks. Vision Research 1978, 18(5):561-566.
129. Tigges M., Tigges J., Fernandes A., Eggers H.M., Gammon J.A. Postnatal axial eye elongation in normal and visually deprived rhesus monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1990, 31(6):1035-1046.
130. Torczynski E. Survey of changes in the eye. Aging in nonhuman primates 1979, 143-157. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. D.M. Bowden (Ed.).
131. Troilo D., Judge S.J. Ocular development and visual deprivation myopia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Research 1993, 33(10):1311-1324.
132. Troilo D., Li T., Glasser A., Howland H.C. Differences in eye growth and the response to visual deprivation in different strains of chicken. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1211-1216.
133. Troilo D., Nickla D.L., Wildsoet C.F. Form deprivation myopia in mature common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2000, 41(8):2043-2049.
134. van Alphen G. On emmetropia and ametropia. Optica Acta 1961, 142(Suppl.):1-92.
135. Wallman J., Adams J.I. Developmental aspects of experimental myopia in chicks: Susceptibility, recovery and relation to emmetropization. Vision Research 1987, 27(7):1139-1163.
136. Wallman J., Turkel J., Trachtman J. Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience. Science 1978, 201(4362):1249-1251.
137. Wang F.R., Zhou X.D., Zhou S.Z. A CT study of the relation between ocular axial biometry and refraction. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 1994, 30(1):39-40.
138. Wiesel T.N., Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1977, 266(5597):66-68.
139. Wildsoet C.F. Active emmetropization-evidence for its existence and ramifications for clinical practice. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 1997, 17(4):279-290.
140. Wildsoet C. Structural correlates of myopia. Myopia and nearwork 1998, 31-56. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. M. Rosenfield, B. Gilmartin (Eds.).
141. Wildsoet C., Wallman J. Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks. Vision Research 1995, 35(9):1175-1194.
142. Yinon U., Koslowe K.C., Rassin M.I. The optical effects of eyelid closure on the eyes of kittens reared in light and dark. Current Eye Research 1984, 3(3):431-439.
143. Yinon U., Rose L., Shapiro A. Myopia in the eye of developing chicks following monocular and binocular lid closure. Vision Research 1980, 20(2):137-141.
144. Zadnik K., Manny R.E., Yu J.A., Mitchell G.L., Cotter S.A., Quiralte J.C., et al. Ocular component data in schoolchildren as a function of age and gender. Optometry and Vision Science 2003, 80(3):226-236.
145. Zadnik K., Mutti D.O., Fusaro R.E., Adams A.J. Longitudinal evidence of crystalline lens thinning in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 1995, 36(8):1581-1587.
146. Zhong X., Ge J., Nie H., Smith E.L. Compensation for experimentally induced hyperopic anisometropia in adolescent monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science 2004, 45(10):3373-3379.