Lymphatic lipid transport: Sewer or subway?

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 480-487

  Dixon, J Brandon ^a,b  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHYLOMICRON; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRIC OXIDE;

BLOOD VESSEL; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; CIRCULATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID TRANSPORT; LYMPH VESSEL; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHEDEMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER;

ANIMALS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID METABOLISM DISORDERS; LYMPH; LYMPHATIC DISEASES; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHATIC VESSELS;

EID: 77955271961     PISSN: 10432760     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.04.003     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Dongaonkar R.M., et al. Balance point characterization of interstitial fluid volume regulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009, 297:R6-16.
2. Miteva D.O., et al. Transmural flow modulates cell and fluid transport functions of lymphatic endothelium. Circ. Res. 2010, 106:920-931.
3. Iqbal J., Hussain M.M. Intestinal lipid absorption. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 296:E1183-E1194.
4. Trzewik J., et al. Evidence for a second valve system in lymphatics: endothelial microvalves. FASEB J. 2001, 15:1711-1717.
5. Baluk P., et al. Functionally specialized junctions between endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 204:2349-2362.
6. Muthuchamy M., et al. Molecular and functional analyses of the contractile apparatus in lymphatic muscle. FASEB J. 2003, 17:920-922.
7. von der Weid P.Y., Zawieja D.C. Lymphatic smooth muscle: the motor unit of lymph drainage. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 36:1147-1153.
8. Bazigou E., et al. Integrin-alpha9 is required for fibronectin matrix assembly during lymphatic valve morphogenesis. Dev. Cell 2009, 17:175-186.
9. Dixon J.B., et al. Lymph flow, shear stress, and lymphocyte velocity in rat mesenteric prenodal lymphatics. Microcirculation 2006, 13:597-610.
10. Tammela T., Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and future promise. Cell 2010, 140:460-476.
11. Yaniv K., et al. Live imaging of lymphatic development in the zebrafish. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:711-716.
12. Jeltsch M., et al. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 1997, 276:1423-1425.
13. Goldman J., et al. Regulation of lymphatic capillary regeneration by interstitial flow in skin. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292. PMID: 17189348, H2176-H2183.
14. Helm C.L., et al. Synergy between interstitial flow and VEGF directs capillary morphogenesis in vitro through a gradient amplification mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:15779-15784.
15. Kim K.E., et al. Lymphatic development in mouse small intestine. Dev. Dyn. 2007, 236:2020-2025.
16. Norrmen C., et al. Liprin {beta}1 is highly expressed in lymphatic vasculature and is important for lymphatic vessel integrity. Blood 2010, 115:906-909.
17. Backhed F., et al. Postnatal lymphatic partitioning from the blood vasculature in the small intestine requires fasting-induced adipose factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:606-611.
18. Wigle J.T., Oliver G. Prox1 function is required for the development of the murine lymphatic system. Cell 1999, 98:769-778.
19. Harvey N.L., et al. Lymphatic vascular defects promoted by Prox1 haploinsufficiency cause adult-onset obesity. Nat. Genet. 2005, 37:1072-1081.
20. Fu J., et al. Endothelial cell O-glycan deficiency causes blood/lymphatic misconnections and consequent fatty liver disease in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118:3725-3737.
21. Schacht V., et al. T1 alpha/podoplanin deficiency disrupts normal lymphatic vasculature formation and causes lymphedema. EMBO J. 2003, 22:3546-3556.
22. Collan Y., Kalima T.V. The lymphatic pump of the intestinal villus of the rat. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1970, 5:187-196.
23. Palay S.L., Karlin L.J. An electron microscopic study of the intestinal villus. II. The pathway of fat absorption. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cyt. 1959, 5:373-384. PMID: 13664677.
24. Casley-Smith J.R. Identification of chylomicra and lipoproteins in tissue sections and their passage into jejunal lacteals. J. Cell Biol. 1962, 15:259-277.
25. Dobbins W.O., Rollins E.L. Intestinal mucosal lymphatic permeability: an electron microscopic study of endothelial vesicles and cell junctions. J. Ultrastr. Res. 1970, 33:29-59. PMID: 5487209.
26. Dobbins W.O. Intestinal mucosal lacteal in transport of macromolecules and chylomicrons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1971, 24:77-90.
27. Azzali G. The ultrastructural basis of lipid transport in the absorbing lymphatic vessel. J. Submicr. Cyt. 1982, 14:45-54. PMID: 7108997.
28. Lynch P.M., et al. The primary valves in the initial lymphatics during inflammation. Lymphat. Res. Biol. 2007, 5:3-10.
29. Dixon J.B., et al. A tissue-engineered model of the intestinal lacteal for evaluating lipid transport by lymphatics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009, 103:1224-1235.
30. Van Dyck F., et al. Loss of the PlagL2 transcription factor affects lacteal uptake of chylomicrons. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:406-413.
31. Habold C., et al. Morphological changes of the rat intestinal lining in relation to body stores depletion during fasting and after refeeding. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2007, 455:323-332. PMID: 17638014.
32. Tso P., et al. Role of lymph flow in intestinal chylomicron transport. Am. J. Physiol. 1985, 249:G21-G28.
33. Gashev A.A., et al. Methods for lymphatic vessel culture and gene transfection. Microcirculation 2009, 16:615-628. PMID: 19626551.
34. Dixon J.B., et al. Measuring microlymphatic flow using fast video microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2005, 10:064016.
35. Dixon J.B., et al. Image correlation algorithm for measuring lymphocyte velocity and diameter changes in contracting microlymphatics. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2007, 35:387-396.
36. Sharma R., et al. Quantitative imaging of lymph function. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292:H3109-H3118.
37. Miura S., et al. Increased lymphocyte transport by lipid absorption in rat mesenteric lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol. 1987, 253:G596-600.
38. Gashev A.A., et al. Inhibition of the active lymph pump by flow in rat mesenteric lymphatics and thoracic duct. J. Phys. 2002, 540:1023-1037. PMID: 11986387.
39. Buga G.M., et al. Shear-stress induced release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells grown on beads. Hypertension 1991, 17:187-193.
40. Dimmeler S., et al. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Nature 1999, 399:601-605.
41. Quick C.M., et al. Lymphatic pump-conduit duality: contraction of postnodal lymphatic vessels inhibits passive flow. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 296:H662-668.
42. Gashev A.A., et al. Regional variations of contractile activity in isolated rat lymphatics. Microcirculation 2004, 11:477-492.
43. Bohlen H.G., et al. Phasic contractions of rat mesenteric lymphatics increase basal and phasic nitric oxide generation in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 297:H1319-1328.
44. Mineo C., et al. Endothelial and antithrombotic actions of HDL. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:1352-1364.
45. Reichl D. Extravascular circulation of lipoproteins - their role in reverse transport of cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1994, 105:117-129.
46. Nanjee M.N., et al. Lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in prenodal leg lymph of fasted humans: associations with plasma concentrations in normal subjects, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, and LCAT deficiency. J. Lipid Res. 2000, 41:1317-1327.
47. Nanjee M.N., et al. Composition and ultrastructure of size subclasses of normal human peripheral lymph lipoproteins: quantification of cholesterol uptake by HDL in tissue fluids. J. Lipid Res. 2001, 42:639-648.
48. Cooke C.J., et al. Variations in lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in human leg lymph: effects of posture and physical exercise. Atherosclerosis 2004, 173:39-45.
49. Hovorka R., et al. Mass kinetics of apolipoprotein A-I in interstitial fluid after administration of intravenous apolipoprotein A-I/lecithin discs in humans. J. Lipid Res. 2006, 47:975-981.
50. Lim H.Y., et al. Hypercholesterolemic mice exhibit lymphatic vessel dysfunction and degeneration. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 175:1328-1337.
51. Angeli V., et al. Dyslipidemia associated with atherosclerotic disease systemically alters dendritic cell mobilization. Immunity 2004, 21:561-574.
52. Horra A., et al. Prox-1 and FOXC2 gene expression in adipose tissue: A potential contributory role of the lymphatic system to familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 2009, 206:343-345.
53. Rutkowski J.M., et al. Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: the macro- and microcirculation of adipose tissue. FEBS J. 2009, 276:5738-5746.
54. Voros G., et al. Modulation of angiogenesis during adipose tissue development in murine models of obesity. Endocrinology 2005, 146:4545-4554.
55. Lijnen H.R., et al. Deficiency of vascular endothelial growth factor-D does not affect murine adipose tissue development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 378:255-258.
56. Silha J.V., et al. Angiogenic factors are elevated in overweight and obese individuals. Int. J. Obes. 2005, 29:1308-1314. PMID: 15953938.
57. Rutkowski J.M., et al. Secondary lymphedema in the mouse tail: Lymphatic hyperplasia, VEGF-C upregulation, and the protective role of MMP-9. Microvasc. Res 2006, 72:161-171.
58. Petrek J.A., et al. Lymphedema in a cohort of breast carcinoma survivors 20 years after diagnosis. Cancer 2001, 92:1368-1377.
59. Meeske K.A., et al. Risk factors for arm lymphedema following breast cancer diagnosis in black women and white women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009, 113:383-391.
60. Helyer L.K., et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing postoperative lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Breast J. 2010, 16:48-54. PMID: 19889169.
61. Rockson S.G. Lymphedema. Am. J. Med. 2001, 110:288-295.
62. Moseley A.L., et al. A systematic review of common conservative therapies for arm lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer treatment. Ann. Oncol. 2007, 18:639-646.
63. Brorson H. Liposuction in arm lymphedema treatment. Scand. J. Surg. 2003, 92:287-295.
64. Damstra R.J., et al. Circumferential suction-assisted lipectomy for lymphoedema after surgery for breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2009, 96:859-864.
65. Rutkowski J.M., et al. Dermal collagen and lipid deposition correlate with tissue swelling and hydraulic conductivity in murine primary lymphedema. Am. J. Pathol. 2010, 176:1122-1129.
66. Stanton A.W.B., et al. Recent advances in breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm: lymphatic pump failure and predisposing factors. Lymphat. Res. Biol. 2009, 7:29-45.
67. Servelle M. Congenital malformation of the lymphatics of the small intestine. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1991, 32:159-165. PMID: 2019616.
68. Vignes S., Bellanger J. Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease). Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2008, 3:1-8.
69. Van Kruiningen H.J., Colombel J.F. The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn's disease. Gut 2008, 57:1-4.
70. Wu T.F., et al. Contractile activity of lymphatic vessels is altered in the TNBS model of guinea pig ileitis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2006, 291:G566-G574.
71. Trevaskis N.L., et al. Intestinal lymphatic transport enhances the post-prandial oral bioavailability of a novel cannabinoid receptor agonist via avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Pharm. Res. 2009, 26:1486-1495.
72. Moriguchi P., et al. Lymphatic system changes in diabetes mellitus: role of insulin and hyperglycemia. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2005, 21:150-157.
73. D'Alessio D., et al. Fasting and postprandial concentrations of GLP-1 in intestinal lymph and portal plasma: evidence for selective release of GLP-1 in the lymph system. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 293:R2163-2169.
74. Lautenschläger I., et al. A model of the isolated perfused rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2010, 298:G304-313.
75. Galanzha E.I., et al. In vivo multispectral, multiparameter, photoacoustic lymph flow cytometry with natural cell focusing, label-free detection and multicolor nanoparticle probes. Cytometry A 2008, 73:884-894.
76. Humphrey J.D. Vascular adaptation and mechanical homeostasis at tissue, cellular, and sub-cellular levels. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 50:53-78.
77. Davis M.J., et al. Rate-sensitive contractile responses of lymphatic vessels to circumferential stretch. J. Physiol. 2009, 587:165-182.
78. Turner J.D., et al. Wolbachia lipoprotein stimulates innate and adaptive immunity through Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce disease manifestations of filariasis. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:22364-22378.