"I'm Not Prejudiced, but...": Compensatory Egalitarianism in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary

Political Psychology

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 543-561

  Moss Racusin, Corinne ^a   Phelan, Julie ^a   Rudman, Laurie ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Compensatory Egalitarianism; Implicit Attitudes; Implicit Prejudice; Voting Intentions and Behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955154440     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00773.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Amodio D M, Harmon-Jones E, Devine P G, Curtin J J, Hartley S L, Covert A E. Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias. Psychological Science 2004, 15:88-93.
2. Arcuri L, Castelli L, Galdi S, Zogmaister C, Amadori A. Predicting the vote: Implicit attitudes as predictors of the future behavior of decided and undecided voters. Political Psychology 2008, 29:369-387.
3. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, 2nd, ed., Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum
4. Conrey F R, Sherman J W, Gawronski B, Hugenberg K, Groom C J. Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad-Model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:469-487.
5. Czopp A M, Monteith M J. Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:532-544.
6. DeArmond M. GOP mailing depicts Obama on food stamp: The Press Enterprise. October 16, 2008, http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_S_buck16.3d67d4a.html, Retrieved on October 19, 2008, from
7. Devine P G. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989, 56:5-18.
8. Devine P G, Monteith M J, Zuwerink J R, Elliot A J. Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60:817-830.
9. Dovidio J F, Gaertner S L. Aversive racism. Advances in experimental social psychology 2004, 1-52. Zanna M P, ., San Diego, Elsevier Academic Press
10. Dovidio J F, Kawakami K, Gaertner S L. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:62-28.
11. Dovidio J F, Kawakami K, Johnson C, Johnson B, Howard A. On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 1997, 33:510-540.
12. Frankovic K. Race, gender and bias in the electorate. March 17, 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/17/opinion/pollpositions/main3945103.shtml, Retrieved May 9, 2008, from
13. Fiske S T. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. The handbook of social psychology 1998, 357-412. Gilbert D TFiske S TLindzey G., New York, McGraw-Hill
14. Gaertner S L, Dovidio J F. The aversive form of racism. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism 1986, 61-89. Dovidio J F, Gaertner S L., San Diego, Academic Press
15. Gaertner S L, Dovidio J F. Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model. Journal of Social Issues 2005, 61:615-639.
16. Galdi S, Arcuri L, Gawronski B. Automatic mental associations predict future choices of undecided decision-makers. Science 2008, 321:1100-1102.
17. Glaser J, Knowles E D. Implicit motivation to control prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:164-172.
18. Goff P A, Steele C M, Davies P G. The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:91-107.
19. Greenwald A G, Nosek B A, Banaji M R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:197-216.
20. Greenwald A G, McGhee D, Schwartz J. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1464-1480.
21. Greenwald A G, Poehlman T A, Uhlmann E L, Banaji M R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 97:17-41.
22. Hertzberg H. Exhillaration: The New Yorker. June 23, 2008, http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/06/23/080623taco_talk_hertzberg, Retrieved on November 10, 2008, from
23. Huddy L, Terkildsen N. Gender stereotypes and the perceptions of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science 1993, 37:119-147.
24. Inman M L, Baron R S. Influence of prototypes on perceptions of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:727-739.
25. Jost J T, Rudman L A, Blair I V, Carney D R, Dasgupta N, Glaser J, Hardin C D. The existence of implicit bias is beyond reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore. Research in organizational behavior 2010, Brief A, Staw B M, In, Eds., New York, Elsevier
26. Joyner J. Black president more likely than Mormon or Atheist. February 2, 2008, http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/black_president_more_likely_than_mormon_or_atheist_/, Retrieved on May 9, 2008, from
27. Kaye R. Some voters say sexism less offensive than racism. February 15, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/02/15/kaye.ohioracegender/index.html, Retrieved on August 13, 2009, from
28. Kovel J. White racism: A psychohistory 1970, New York, Pantheon
29. Lane K A, Banaji M R, Nosek B A, Greenwald A G. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV: What we know (so far) about the method. Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies 2007, 59-102. Wittenbrink B, Schwarz N, ., New York, Guilford Press
30. McConahay J B. Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. Prejudice, discrimination, and racism 1986, 91-125. Dovidio J FGaertner S L., New York, Academic Press
31. McConahay J B, Hardee B B, Batts V. Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution 1981, 25:563-579.
32. Moskowitz G B, Gollwitzer P M, Wasel W, Schaal B. Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77:167-184.
33. Monteith M J, Ashburn-Nardo L, Voils C I, Czopp A M. Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:1029-1050.
34. Moss-Racusin C A, Rudman L A, Phelan J E, Dovidio J F. The egalitarian's dilemma: A model of implicit compensation and explicit defense. 2010, Manuscript in preparation
35. Nosek B A, Banaji M R, Greenwald A G. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 2002, 6:101-115.
36. Nosek B A, Greenwald A G, Banaji M R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31:166-180.
37. Parks G S, Rachlinski J J. A better metric: Unconscious race and gender bias in the 2008 presidential election. 2010, Manuscript submitted for publication
38. Note to Hillary: I'm not sexist, I just don't like you: Pensito Review. May 20, 2008, http://www.pensitoreview.com/2008/05/20/note-to-hillary-im-not-sexist-i-just-dont-like-you/, Pensito Review, Retrieved on October 19, 2008, from
39. Polman D. Barack Obama's race seems to be a second-tier issue in '08 election: The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 23, 2007, http://www.highbeam.com/The+Philadelphia+Inquirer+(Philadelphia,+PA)/publications.aspx?date=200701&pageNumber=7, Retrieved on August 17, 2009, from
40. Democrats split in support for Clinton, Obama. May 4, 2008, http://uk.reuters.com/article/usPoliticsNews/idUKN0429720120080504, Reuters, Retrieved October 19, 2008, from
41. Rudman L A, Dohn M C, Fairchild K. Implicit self-esteem compensation: Automatic threat defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:798-813.
42. Rudman L A, Ashmore R D. Discrimination and the Implicit Association Test. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2007, 10:359-372.
43. Rudman L A, Goodwin S A. Gender differences in automatic ingroup bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:494-509.
44. Rudman L A, Glick P. Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues 2001, 57:743-762.
45. Scripps B. Will women vote for a woman? Desert News. January 27, 2007, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_/ai_n17159268, Retrieved on October 19, 2008, from
46. Steinem G. Women are never front-runners: The New York Times. September 22, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/opinion/08steinem.html?_r=1, Retrieved on October 19, 2008, from
47. Swim J, Aikin K, Hall W, Hunter B. Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:199-214.
48. Williams P. House of cards: The Nation. March 6, 2008, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080324/williams, Retrieved on October 19, 2008, from
49. Sexism sells, but we're not buying it. May 23, 2008, http://www.womensmediacenter.com/sexism_sells.html, Women's Media Center, Video retrieved on June 14, 2008, from