Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: Diagnostic meta-analysis

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 341, Issue 7765, 2010, Pages 188-

  Van Rheenen, Patrick F ^a   Van De Vijver, Els ^a   Fidler, Vaclav ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALGRANULIN;

ARTICLE; BIVARIATE ANALYSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENDOSCOPY; ENTERITIS; FECES ANALYSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTESTINE BIOPSY; META ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHILD; ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; FECES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX; MIDDLE AGED; REFERENCE STANDARDS; UNNECESSARY PROCEDURES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77955116467     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c3369     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Benchimol EI, Guttmann A, Griffiths AM, Rabeneck L, Mack DR, Brill H, et al. Increasing incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Ontario, Canada: evidence from health administrative data. Gut 2009;58:1490-7.
2. Gismera CS, Aladren BS. Inflammatory bowel diseases: a disease(s) of modern times? Is incidence still increasing? World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:5491-8.
3. IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis - the Porto criteria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:1-7.
4. Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S, Beglinger C, Kupcinkas L, Geboes K, et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: definitions and diagnosis. Gut 2006;55(suppl 1):i1-15S.
5. Ristvedt SL, McFarland EG, Weinstock LB, Thyssen EP. Patient preferences for CT colonography, conventional colonoscopy, and bowel preparation. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:578-85.
6. Lasson A, Kilander A, Stotzer PO. Diagnostic yield of colonoscopy based on symptoms. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:356-62. (Pubitemid 351238357)
7. Roseth AG, Schmidt PN, Fagerhol MK. Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:50-4.
8. Roseth AG, Fagerhol MK, Aadland E, Schjonsby H. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:793-8.
9. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003;3:25.
10. Whiting P, Harbord R, Kleijnen J. No role for quality scores in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2005;5:19.
11. Harbord RM, Deeks JJ, Egger M, Whiting P, Sterne JA. A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Biostatistics 2007;8:239-51. (Pubitemid 46569586)
12. Chappell FM, Raab GM, Wardlaw JM. When are summary ROC curves appropriate for diagnostic meta-analyses? Stat Med 2009;28:2653-68.
13. Ashorn S, Honkanen T, Kolho KL, Ashorn M, Valineva T, Wei B, et al. Fecal calprotectin levels and serological responses to microbial antigens among children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:199-205.
14. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJ, Gray ES, Olson S, Golden BE. Fecal calprotectin: validation as a noninvasive measure of bowel inflammation in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:14-22. (Pubitemid 32706118)
15. Canani RB, de Horatio LT, Terrin G, Romano MT, Miele E, Staiano A, et al. Combined use of noninvasive tests is useful in the initial diagnostic approach to a child with suspected inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42:9-15.
16. Fagerberg UL, Loof L, Myrdal U, Hansson LO, Finkel Y. Colorectal inflammation is well predicted by fecal calprotectin in children with gastrointestinal symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40:450-5. (Pubitemid 40489572)
17. Kolho KL, Raivio T, Lindahl H, Savilahti E. Fecal calprotectin remains high during glucocorticoid therapy in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:720-5. (Pubitemid 43995015)
18. Limburg PJ, Ahlquist DA, Sandborn WJ, Mahoney DW, Devens ME, Harrington JJ, et al. Fecal calprotectin levels predict colorectal inflammation among patients with chronic diarrhea referred for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2831-7.
19. Otten CM, Kok L, Witteman BJ, Baumgarten R, Kampman E, Moons KG, et al. Diagnostic performance of rapid tests for detection of fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin and their ability to discriminate inflammatory from irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1275-80.
20. Perminow G, Brackmann S, Lyckander LG, Franke A, Borthne A, Rydning A, et al. A characterization in childhood inflammatory bowel disease, a new population-based inception cohort from south-eastern Norway, 2005-07, showing increased incidence in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:446-56.
21. Schoepfer AM, Trummler M, Seeholzer P, Criblez DH, Seibold F. Accuracy of four fecal assays in the diagnosis of colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:1697-706. (Pubitemid 47583348)
22. Schoepfer AM, Trummler M, Seeholzer P, Seibold-Schmid B, Seibold F. Discriminating IBD from IBS: comparison of the test performance of fecal markers, blood leukocytes, CRP, and IBD antibodies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:32-9. (Pubitemid 351196866)
23. Schroder O, Naumann M, Shastri Y, Povse N, Stein J. Prospective evaluation of faecal neutrophil-derived proteins in identifying intestinal inflammation: combination of parameters does not improve diagnostic accuracy of calprotectin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:1035-42. (Pubitemid 47416301)
24. Sidler MA, Leach ST, Day AS. Fecal S100A12 and fecal calprotectin as noninvasive markers for inflammatory bowel disease in children. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:359-66.
25. Tibble J, Teahon K, Thjodleifsson B, Roseth A, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, et al. A simple method for assessing intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease. Gut 2000;47:506-13.
26. Canani RB, Terrin G, Rapacciuolo L, Miele E, Siani MC, Puzone C, et al. Faecal calprotectin as reliable non-invasive marker to assess the severity of mucosal inflammation in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:547-53.
27. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Cottone M, Di Prima L, Cartabellotta F, Cavataio F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin assay in distinguishing organic causes of chronic diarrhea from irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study in adults and children. Clin Chem 2003;49:861-7.
28. Costa F, Mumolo MG, Bellini M, Romano MR, Ceccarelli L, Arpe P, et al. Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation. Dig Liver Dis 2003;35:642-7.
29. D'Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V, Ferronato A, Fries W, Vettorato MG, et al. Calprotectin and lactoferrin in the assessment of intestinal inflammation and organic disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007;22:429-37.
30. Damms A, Bischoff SC. Validation and clinical significance of a new calprotectin rapid test for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008;23:985-92.
31. Diamanti A, Colistro F, Basso MS, Papadatou B, Francalanci P, Bracci F, et al. Clinical role of calprotectin assay in determining histological relapses in children affected by inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1229-35.
32. Fagerberg UL, Loof L, Lindholm J, Hansson LO, Finkel Y. Fecal calprotectin: a quantitative marker of colonic inflammation in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45:414-20.
33. Jeffery J, Lewis SJ, Ayling RM. Fecal dimeric M2-pyruvate kinase (tumor M2-PK) in the differential diagnosis of functional and organic bowel disorders. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1630-4.
34. Jones J, Loftus EV Jr, Panaccione R, Chen LS, Peterson S, McConnell J, et al. Relationships between disease activity and serum and fecal biomarkers in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1218-24.
35. Kaiser T, Langhorst J, Wittkowski H, Becker K, Friedrich AW, Rueffer A, et al. Faecal S100A12 as a non-invasive marker distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease from irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007;56:1706-13.
36. Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Koelzer J, Rueffer A, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ. Noninvasive markers in the assessment of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases: performance of fecal lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase, CRP, and clinical indices. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:162-9.
37. Quail MA, Russell RK, Van Limbergen JE, Rogers P, Drummond HE, Wilson DC, et al. Fecal calprotectin complements routine laboratory investigations in diagnosing childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:756-9.
38. Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A, Trummler M, Renzulli P, Seibold F. Ulcerative colitis: correlation of the Rachmilewitz endoscopic activity index with fecal calprotectin, clinical activity, creactive protein, and blood leukocytes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1851-8.
39. Shitrit AB, Braverman D, Stankiewics H, Shitrit D, Peled N, Paz K. Fecal calprotectin as a predictor of abnormal colonic histology. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:2188-93.
40. Silberer H, Kuppers B, Mickisch O, Baniewicz W, Drescher M, Traber L, et al. Fecal leukocyte proteins in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Lab 2005;51:117-26. (Pubitemid 40520584)
41. Sipponen T, Karkkainen P, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, et al. Correlation of faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin with an endoscopic score for Crohn's disease and histological findings. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:1221-9.
42. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Karkkainen P, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, et al. Fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1392-8.
43. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Farkkila M. Crohn's disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: correlation with Crohn's disease activity index and endoscopic findings. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:40-6. (Pubitemid 351196867)
44. Summerton CB, Longlands MG, Wiener K, Shreeve DR. Faecal calprotectin: a marker of inflammation throughout the intestinal tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:841-5. (Pubitemid 34913581)
45. Wagner M, Peterson CG, Ridefelt P, Sangfelt P, Carlson M. Fecal markers of inflammation used as surrogate markers for treatment outcome in relapsing inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:5584-9.
46. Spiller R, Aziz Q, Creed F, Emmanuel A, Houghton L, Hungin P, et al. Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms and practical management. Gut 2007;56:1770-98.
47. Olafsdottir E, Aksnes L, Fluge G, Berstad A. Faecal calprotectin levels in infants with infantile colic, healthy infants, children with inflammatory bowel disease, children with recurrent abdominal pain and healthy children. Acta Paediatr 2002;91:45-50.
48. Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ 2008;336:1106-10.
49. Araghizadeh FY, Timmcke AE, Opelka FG, Hicks TC, Beck DE. Colonoscopic perforations. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:713-6.
50. Cobb WS, Heniford BT, Sigmon LB, Hasan R, Simms C, Kercher KW, et al. Colonoscopic perforations: incidence, management, and outcomes. Am Surg 2004;70:750-7.
51. Damore LJ, Rantis PC, Vernava AM III, Longo WE. Colonoscopic perforations. Etiology, diagnosis, and management. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:1308-14.
52. Ali S, Tamboli CP. Advances in epidemiology and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008;10:576-84.
53. Angriman I, Scarpa M, D'Inca R, Basso D, Ruffolo C, Polese L, et al. Enzymes in feces: useful markers of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007;381:63-8. (Pubitemid 46719135)
54. Arnott ID, Watts D, Ghosh S. Review article: is clinical remission the optimum therapeutic goal in the treatment of Crohn's disease? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:857-67.
55. Desai D, Faubion WA, Sandborn WJ. Review article: biological activity markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:247-55. (Pubitemid 46115394)
56. Foell D, Wittkowski H, Roth J. Monitoring disease activity by stool analyses: from occult blood to molecular markers of intestinal inflammation and damage. Gut 2009;58:859-68.
57. Gearry R, Barclay M, Florkowski C, George P, Walmsley T. Faecal calprotectin: the case for a novel non-invasive way of assessing intestinal inflammation. NZ Med J 2005;118:U1444.
58. Gisbert JP, McNicholl AG. Questions and answers on the role of faecal calprotectin as a biological marker in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:56-66.
59. Gisbert JP, McNicholl AG, Gomollon F. Questions and answers on the role of fecal lactoferrin as a biological marker in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1746-54.
60. Hanauer SB, Present DH, Rubin DT. Emerging issues in ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: individualizing treatment tomaximize outcomes. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;5:1-16.
61. Kerkhoff C. The S100A8 and S100A9 proteins are attractive targets to modulate inflammation. Antiinflamm Anti-Allergy Agents 2007;6:244-51.
62. Konikoff MR, Denson LA. Role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:524-34.
63. Loftus EV Jr. Clinical perspectives in Crohn's disease. Objective measures of disease activity: alternatives to symptom indices. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2007;7(suppl 2):8-16S.
64. Lundberg JO, Hellstrom PM, Fagerhol MK, Weitzberg E, Roseth AG. Technology insight: calprotectin, lactoferrin and nitric oxide as novel markers of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;2:96-102. (Pubitemid 40790156)
65. Marteau P, Daniel F, Seksik P, Jian R. Inflammatory bowel disease: what is new? Endoscopy 2004;36:130-6.
66. Minderhoud IM, Samsom M, Oldenburg B. What predicts mucosal inflammation in Crohn's disease patients? Inflammatory Bowel Dis 2007;13:1567-72.
67. Pallone F. Updates on diagnosis: new tools? How can we measure activity? Dig Liver Dis Suppl 2008;2:5-6.
68. Pardi DS, Sandborn WJ. Predicting relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: what is the role of biomarkers? Gut 2005;54:321-2.
69. Sostegni R, Daperno M, Scaglione N, Lavagna A, Rocca R, Pera A. Review article: Crohn's disease: monitoring disease activity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(suppl 2):11-7S.
70. Sutherland AD, Gearry RB, Frizelle FA. Review of fecal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:1283-91.
71. Tibble JA, Bjarnason I. Non-invasive investigation of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2001;7:460-5.
72. Tibble JA, Bjarnason I. Fecal calprotectin as an index of intestinal inflammation. Drugs Today 2001;37:85-96. (Pubitemid 32290286)
73. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Laboratory markers in IBD: useful, magic, or unnecessary toys? Gut 2006;55:426-31.
74. Von Roon AC, Karamountzos L, Purkayastha S, Reese GE, Darzi AW, Teare JP, et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:803-13.
75. Knottnerus JA, Buntinx FE. The evidence base of clinical diagnosis. 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2009.
76. Bremner A, Roked S, Robinson R, Phillips I, Beattie M. Faecal calprotectin in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Acta Paediatr 2005;94:1855-8.
77. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJ, Golden BE. Fecal calprotectin as a measure of disease activity in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;32:171-7.
78. Canani RB, Rapacciuolo L, Romano MT, Tanturri de Horatio L, Terrin G, Manguso F, et al. Diagnostic value of faecal calprotectin in paediatric gastroenterology clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:467-70. (Pubitemid 41115450)
79. Casellas F, Borruel N, Torrejon A, Varela E, Antolin M, Guarner F, et al. Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:1061-7. (Pubitemid 46587689)
80. Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ceccarelli L, Bellini M, Romano MR, Sterpi C, et al. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. Gut 2005;54:364-8. (Pubitemid 40299092)
81. D'Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V, Benazzato L, Martinato M, Lamboglia F, et al. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2007-14.
82. Dolwani S, Metzner M, Wassell JJ, Yong A, Hawthorne AB. Diagnostic accuracy of faecal calprotectin estimation in prediction of abnormal small bowel radiology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:615-21. (Pubitemid 39279049)
83. Eder P, Stawczyk-Eder K, Krela-Kazmierczak I, Linke K. Clinical utility of the assessment of fecal calprotectin in Lesniowski-Crohn's disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2008;118:622-6.
84. Gaya DR, Lyon TD, Duncan A, Neilly JB, Han S, Howell J, et al. Faecal calprotectin in the assessment of Crohn's disease activity. Q J Med 2005;98:435-41.
85. Gisbert JP, Bermejo F, Perez-Calle JL, Taxonera C, Vera I, McNicholl AG, et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin for the prediction of inflammatory bowel disease relapse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1190-8.
86. Ho GT, Lee HM, Brydon G, Ting T, Hare N, Drummond H, et al. Fecal calprotectin predicts the clinical course of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:673-8.
87. Joishy M, Davies I, Ahmed M, Wassel J, Davies K, Sayers A, et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin as noninvasive markers of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:48-54.
88. Kallel L, Ayadi I, Matri S, Fekih M, Mahmoud NB, Feki M, et al. Fecal calprotectin is a predictive marker of relapse in Crohn's disease involving the colon: a prospective study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:340-5.
89. Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Mueller T, Rueffer A, Spahn G, Michalsen A, et al. Comparison of 4 neutrophil-derived proteins in feces as indicators of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:1085-91.
90. Reinders CA, Jonkers D, Janson EA, Stockbrugger RW, Stobberingh EE, Hellstrom PM, et al. Rectal nitric oxide and fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:1151-7.
91. Rugtveit J, Fagerhol MK. Age-dependent variations in fecal calprotectin concentrations in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:323-4.
92. Scarpa M, D'Inca R, Basso D, Ruffolo C, Polese L, Bertin E, et al. Fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin after ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:861-9.
93. Shastri YM, Bergis D, Povse N, Schafer V, Shastri S, Weindel M, et al. Prospective multicenter study evaluating fecal calprotectin in adult acute bacterial diarrhea. Am J Med 2008;121:1099-106.
94. Shastri YM, Povse N, Stein J. A prospective comparative study for new rapid bedside fecal calprotectin test with an established ELISA to assess intestinal inflammation. Clin Lab 2009;55:53-5.
95. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Fagerhol MK, Bjarnason I. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:15-22.
96. Walkiewicz D, Werlin SL, Fish D, Scanlon M, Hanaway P, Kugathasan S. Fecal calprotectin is useful in predicting disease relapse in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:669-73.
97. Wassell J, Dolwani S, Metzner M, Losty H, Hawthorne A. Faecal calprotectin: a new marker for Crohn's disease? Ann Clin Biochem 2004;41:230-2.
98. Xiang JY, Ouyang Q, Li GD, Xiao NP. Clinical value of fecal calprotectin in determining disease activity of ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:53-7.
99. Kapel N, Roman C, Caldari D, Sieprath F, Canioni D, Khalfoun Y, et al. Fecal tumor necrosis factor-alpha and calprotectin as differential diagnostic markers for severe diarrhea of small infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:396-400.
100. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Foster R, Forgacs I, Bjarnason I. Use of surrogate markers of inflammation and Rome criteria to distinguish organic from nonorganic intestinal disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:450-60.
101. Canani RB, Passaro M, Puzone C. Diagnostic value of faecal calprotectin in paediatric age. Medico e Bambino 2009;28:239-42.
102. Aadland E, Fagerhol MK. Faecal calprotectin: a marker of inflammation throughout the intestinal tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:823-5.
103. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Foster R, Scott D, Fagerhol MK, Roseth A, et al. High prevalence of NSAID enteropathy as shown by a simple faecal test. Gut 1999;45:362-6.
104. Poullis A, Foster R, Mendall MA, Shreeve D, Wiener K. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with elevation of faecal calprotectin and may affect specificity. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:573-4.
105. Bruzzese E, Raia V, Gaudiello G, Polito G, Buccigrossi V, Formicola V, et al. Intestinal inflammation is a frequent feature of cystic fibrosis and is reduced by probiotic administration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:813-9.
106. Wildt S, Nordgaard-Lassen I, Bendtsen F, Rumessen JJ. Metabolic and inflammatory faecal markers in collagenous colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;19:567-74.
107. Yagmur E, Schnyder B, Scholten D, Schirin-Sokhan R, Koch A, Winograd R, et al. [Elevated concentrations of fecal calprotectin in patients with liver cirrhosis.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006;131:1930-4.
108. Nissen AC, van Gils CE, Menheere PP, Van den Neucker AM, van der Hoeven MA, Forget PP. Fecal calprotectin in healthy term and preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38:107-8.
109. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ, et al. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ 2008;336:995-8.