메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 101, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 515-553

A spatio-temporal modelling framework for assessing the fluctuations of avalanche occurrence resulting from climate change: Application to 60 years of data in the Northern French Alps

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABRUPT CHANGE; ANNUAL COMPONENT; BAYESIAN INFERENCE; CHANGE-POINTS; CLIMATIC FACTORS; CONDITIONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE; FRENCH ALPS; FUTURE RESPONSE; HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES; HIGH ACTIVITY; MODELLING FRAMEWORK; MONTE CARLO SIMULATION; PERIODIC CYCLES; RANDOM NOISE; RELATIVE RISKS; SCALE MODELS; SNOW AVALANCHE; SPATIAL EFFECT; SPATIO-TEMPORAL; SPATIO-TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS; SUBMODELS; TEMPORAL PATTERN; TEMPORAL TERMS; TIME SERIES MODELS; TIME TRENDS;

EID: 77955088505     PISSN: 01650009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10584-009-9718-8     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (111)
  • 1
    • 21144438166 scopus 로고
    • Likelihood of a model and information criteria
    • Akaike H (1981) Likelihood of a model and information criteria. J Econom 16: 3-14.
    • (1981) J Econom , vol.16 , pp. 3-14
    • Akaike, H.1
  • 2
    • 77955088383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical report. Available online at
    • Ancey C (2005) Impact du réchauffement climatique. Technical report. Available online at http://www. toraval. fr/rechauffement. php.
    • (2005) Impact du réchauffement climatique
    • Ancey, C.1
  • 4
    • 77955089139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bader S, Kunz P (2000) Climate risks-The challenge for Alpine Region - PNR31. Ed. by Zürich: vdf Hochschuverlag AG an der ETH. Zürich, 291 pp.
  • 5
    • 2942624268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical modeling and analysis for spatial data
    • Banerjee S, Carlin B, Gelfand AE (2003) Hierarchical modeling and analysis for spatial data. Chapman & Hall, 472 pp.
    • (2003) Chapman & Hall , pp. 472
    • Banerjee, S.1    Carlin, B.2    Gelfand, A.E.3
  • 6
    • 33646687970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for avalanche hazard mapping using a combination of statistical and deterministic models
    • Barbolini M, Keylock CJ (2002) A new method for avalanche hazard mapping using a combination of statistical and deterministic models. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 2: 239-245.
    • (2002) Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci , vol.2 , pp. 239-245
    • Barbolini, M.1    Keylock, C.J.2
  • 7
    • 0001185873 scopus 로고
    • Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances
    • 54:296-325
    • Bayes T (1763) Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 53: 370-418; 54: 296-325.
    • (1763) Philos Trans R Soc Lond , vol.53 , pp. 370-418
    • Bayes, T.1
  • 9
    • 0030841955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of snow depth and duration in the Swiss Alps over the last 50 years: Links to changes in large-scale climatic forcings
    • Beniston M (1997) Variations of snow depth and duration in the Swiss Alps over the last 50 years: links to changes in large-scale climatic forcings. Clim Change 36(3-4): 281-300.
    • (1997) Clim Change , vol.36 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 281-300
    • Beniston, M.1
  • 10
    • 16344363294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warm winter spells in the Swiss Alps: Strong heat waves in a cold season? A study focusing on climate obsrvations at the Saentis high mountain site
    • doi:10.1029/2004GL021478
    • Beniston M (2005) Warm winter spells in the Swiss Alps: strong heat waves in a cold season? A study focusing on climate obsrvations at the Saentis high mountain site. Geophys Res Lett 32: L01812. doi: 10. 1029/2004GL021478.
    • (2005) Geophys Res Lett , vol.32 , pp. 01812
    • Beniston, M.1
  • 11
    • 77955086036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berger JO (1985) Statistical decision theory and Bayesian analysis, 2nd edn. Springer, 617 pp.
  • 12
    • 33747541069 scopus 로고
    • Statistical detection of changes in geophysical series
    • Proc, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Deauville, France, June, May-4
    • Bernier J (1993) Statistical detection of changes in geophysical series. In: Engineering risk and reliability in a changing physical environment. Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute, Deauville, France, 24 May-4 June 1993.
    • (1993) In: Engineering risk and reliability in a changing physical environment
    • Bernier, J.1
  • 13
    • 28344449679 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics
    • Besag J, York J, Mollié A (1991) Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Inst Stat Math 43: 1-59 (with discussion).
    • (1991) Ann Inst Stat Math , vol.43 , pp. 1-59
    • Besag, J.1    York, J.2    Mollié, A.3
  • 14
    • 12744255376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of Bayesian spatial models for disease mapping
    • Best N, Richardson S, Thomson A (2004) A comparison of Bayesian spatial models for disease mapping. Stat Methods Med Res 14(1): 35-59.
    • (2004) Stat Methods Med Res , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-59
    • Best, N.1    Richardson, S.2    Thomson, A.3
  • 15
    • 0001895030 scopus 로고
    • Trends in global temperature
    • Bloomfield P (1992) Trends in global temperature. Clim Change 21(1): 1-16.
    • (1992) Clim Change , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-16
    • Bloomfield, P.1
  • 16
    • 33750962139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional snow depth frequency curves for avalanche hazard mapping in central Italian Alps
    • Bocchiola D, Medagliani M, Rosso R (2006) Regional snow depth frequency curves for avalanche hazard mapping in central Italian Alps. Cold Reg Sci Technol 46(3): 204-222.
    • (2006) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 204-222
    • Bocchiola, D.1    Medagliani, M.2    Rosso, R.3
  • 17
    • 0002381152 scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian approach to retrospective identification of change-points
    • Booth NB, Smith AFM (1982) A Bayesian approach to retrospective identification of change-points. J Econom 19(1): 7-22.
    • (1982) J Econom , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-22
    • Booth, N.B.1    Smith, A.F.M.2
  • 18
    • 0005191320 scopus 로고
    • Time series analysis: Forecasting and control. Holden-Day series in time series analysis
    • Box GEP, Jenkins GM (1976) Time series analysis: forecasting and control. Holden-Day series in time series analysis. San Francisco, 575 pp.
    • (1976) San Francisco , pp. 575
    • Box, G.E.P.1    Jenkins, G.M.2
  • 19
    • 0346205399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method and its application
    • Brooks SP (1998) Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method and its application. Statistician 47(1): 69-100.
    • (1998) Statistician , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-100
    • Brooks, S.P.1
  • 20
    • 0032273615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations
    • Brooks SP, Gelman A (1998) General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat 7(4): 434-455.
    • (1998) J Comput Graph Stat , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 434-455
    • Brooks, S.P.1    Gelman, A.2
  • 22
    • 0000506629 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian model choice via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods
    • Carlin JB, Chib S (1995) Bayesian model choice via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. J R Stat Soc Ser B 57: 473-484.
    • (1995) J R Stat Soc Ser B , vol.57 , pp. 473-484
    • Carlin, J.B.1    Chib, S.2
  • 23
    • 0001611076 scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of changepoint problems
    • Carlin BP, Gelfand AE, Smith AFM (1992) Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of changepoint problems. Appl Stat 41(2): 389-405.
    • (1992) Appl Stat , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 389-405
    • Carlin, B.P.1    Gelfand, A.E.2    Smith, A.F.M.3
  • 24
    • 77955089560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commune de Chamonix Mont Blanc, projet de Centre de secours principal près des Pélerins
    • Rapport d'expertise: F. Rapin coord
    • Cemagref ETNA (2000) Commune de Chamonix Mont Blanc, projet de Centre de secours principal près des Pélerins, étude du risque d'avalanche. Rapport d'expertise, F. Rapin coord.
    • (2000) Étude Du Risque D'avalanche
    • Cemagref, E.T.N.A.1
  • 26
    • 12944287801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why environmental scientists are becoming bayesians
    • Clark JS (2005) Why environmental scientists are becoming bayesians. Ecol Lett 8: 2-14.
    • (2005) Ecol Lett , vol.8 , pp. 2-14
    • Clark, J.S.1
  • 27
    • 77955091445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational statistics: Hierarchical Bayes and MCMC methods in the environmental
    • Clark JS, Gelfand A (2006) Computational statistics: hierarchical Bayes and MCMC methods in the environmental. Oxford University Press, 205 pp.
    • (2006) Oxford University Press , pp. 205
    • Clark, J.S.1    Gelfand, A.2
  • 28
    • 77955087660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regards croisés sur l'épisode neigeux de janvier 2004 dans les Hautes Alpes
    • Cosse JM, Vauterin P, Belanger L, Garcia S (2005) Regards croisés sur l'épisode neigeux de janvier 2004 dans les Hautes Alpes. Neige et Avalanches 109.
    • (2005) Neige Et Avalanches , pp. 109
    • Cosse, J.M.1    Vauterin, P.2    Belanger, L.3    Garcia, S.4
  • 29
    • 0003954698 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian detection of a change of scale parameter in sequences of independent gamma random variables
    • Diaz J (1982) Bayesian detection of a change of scale parameter in sequences of independent gamma random variables. J Econom 19(1): 23-29.
    • (1982) J Econom , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-29
    • Diaz, J.1
  • 31
    • 1842534564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: Relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invisibility
    • Dullinger S, Dirnböck T, Grabherr G (2004) Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invisibility. J Ecol 92(2): 241-252.
    • (2004) J Ecol , vol.92 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-252
    • Dullinger, S.1    Dirnböck, T.2    Grabherr, G.3
  • 32
    • 77955087108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilan 2005/06 de l'Enquête Permanente sur les Avalanches
    • Eckert N, Garcia S, Bélanger L (2006) Bilan 2005/06 de l'Enquête Permanente sur les Avalanches. Neiges et Avalanches 116: 6-9.
    • (2006) Neiges Et Avalanches , vol.116 , pp. 6-9
    • Eckert, N.1    Garcia, S.2    Bélanger, L.3
  • 33
    • 34548718792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical modelling for spatial analysis of the number of avalanche occurrences at the scale of the township
    • Eckert N, Parent E, Belanger L et al (2007a) Hierarchical modelling for spatial analysis of the number of avalanche occurrences at the scale of the township. Cold Reg Sci Technol 50: 97-112.
    • (2007) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.50 , pp. 97-112
    • Eckert, N.1    Parent, E.2    Belanger, L.3
  • 34
    • 34249066241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting statistical-topographical methods for avalanche predetermination: Bayesian modelling for runout distance predictive distribution
    • Eckert N, Parent E, Richard D (2007b) Revisiting statistical-topographical methods for avalanche predetermination: Bayesian modelling for runout distance predictive distribution. Cold Reg Sci Technol 49: 88-107.
    • (2007) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.49 , pp. 88-107
    • Eckert, N.1    Parent, E.2    Richard, D.3
  • 35
    • 37449021779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian stochastic modelling for avalanche predetermination: From a general system framework to return period computations
    • Eckert N, Parent E, Naaim M, Richard D (2008a) Bayesian stochastic modelling for avalanche predetermination: from a general system framework to return period computations. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 22: 185-206.
    • (2008) Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess , vol.22 , pp. 185-206
    • Eckert, N.1    Parent, E.2    Naaim, M.3    Richard, D.4
  • 36
    • 54449092111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal design under uncertainty of a passive defense structure against snow avalanches: From a general Bayesian framework to a simple analytical model
    • Eckert N, Parent E, Faug T, Naaim M (2008b) Optimal design under uncertainty of a passive defense structure against snow avalanches: from a general Bayesian framework to a simple analytical model. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8: 1067-1081.
    • (2008) Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci , vol.8 , pp. 1067-1081
    • Eckert, N.1    Parent, E.2    Faug, T.3    Naaim, M.4
  • 38
    • 0036323578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps
    • Elsasser H, Buerki R (2002) Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps. Clim Res 20: 253-257.
    • (2002) Clim Res , vol.20 , pp. 253-257
    • Elsasser, H.1    Buerki, R.2
  • 40
    • 3242723155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective analysis and forecasting of streamflows using a shifting level model
    • Fortin V, Perreault L, Salas JD (2004) Retrospective analysis and forecasting of streamflows using a shifting level model. J Hydrol 296: 135-163.
    • (2004) J Hydrol , vol.296 , pp. 135-163
    • Fortin, V.1    Perreault, L.2    Salas, J.D.3
  • 43
    • 34249910158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nearest neighbour models for local and regional avalanche forecasting
    • Gassner M, Brabec B (2002) Nearest neighbour models for local and regional avalanche forecasting. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 2: 247-253.
    • (2002) Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci , vol.2 , pp. 247-253
    • Gassner, M.1    Brabec, B.2
  • 44
    • 44749088196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of a process-based tree-growth model: Comparison of optimization, MCMC and particle filtering algorithms
    • Gaucherel C, Campillo F, Misson L, Guiot G, Boreux JJ (2008) Parameterization of a process-based tree-growth model: comparison of optimization, MCMC and particle filtering algorithms. Environ Model Softw 23(10-11): 1280-1288.
    • (2008) Environ Model Softw , vol.23 , Issue.10-11 , pp. 1280-1288
    • Gaucherel, C.1    Campillo, F.2    Misson, L.3    Guiot, G.4    Boreux, J.J.5
  • 46
    • 0021518209 scopus 로고
    • Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs Distribution and the Bayesian Restoration of Images
    • Geman S, Geman D (1984) Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs Distribution and the Bayesian Restoration of Images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell Pami-6(6): 721-741.
    • (1984) IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell Pami , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 721-741
    • Geman, S.1    Geman, D.2
  • 47
    • 58149390520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow avalanche regime and climatic conditions in the Chic-Choc Range, eastern Canada
    • doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9439-4
    • Germain D, Filion L, Hétu B (2009) Snow avalanche regime and climatic conditions in the Chic-Choc Range, eastern Canada. Clim Change 91(1-2): 141-167. doi: 10. 1007/s10584-008-9439-4.
    • (2009) Clim Change , vol.91 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 141-167
    • Germain, D.1    Filion, L.2    Hétu, B.3
  • 48
    • 14844294785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STARTER: A statistical GIS-based model for the prediction of snow avalanche susceptibility using terrain features-application to Alta Val Badia, Italian Dolomites
    • Ghinoi A, Chang CJ (2005) STARTER: a statistical GIS-based model for the prediction of snow avalanche susceptibility using terrain features-application to Alta Val Badia, Italian Dolomites. Geomorphology 66: 305-325.
    • (2005) Geomorphology , vol.66 , pp. 305-325
    • Ghinoi, A.1    Chang, C.J.2
  • 50
    • 18144452032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avalanche characteristics of a transitional snow climate-Columbia Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
    • Hägeli P, McClung D (2003) Avalanche characteristics of a transitional snow climate-Columbia Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. Cold Reg Sci Technol 37(3): 255-276.
    • (2003) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-276
    • Hägeli, P.1    McClung, D.2
  • 51
    • 37549070343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding the snow-climate classification with avalanche-relevant information: Initial description of avalanche winter regimes for southwestern Canada
    • Hägeli P, McClung D (2007) Expanding the snow-climate classification with avalanche-relevant information: initial description of avalanche winter regimes for southwestern Canada. J Glaciol 53(181): 266-276.
    • (2007) J Glaciol , vol.53 , Issue.181 , pp. 266-276
    • Hägeli, P.1    McClung, D.2
  • 52
    • 0142218339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historic climate factors associated with major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau, Utah
    • Hebertson EG, Jenkins MJ (2003) Historic climate factors associated with major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Cold Reg Sci Technol 37(3): 315-332.
    • (2003) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-332
    • Hebertson, E.G.1    Jenkins, M.J.2
  • 53
    • 27744588269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avalanche activity in an extreme maritime climate: The application of classification trees for forecasting
    • Hendrikx J, Owens I, Carran W, Carran A (2005) Avalanche activity in an extreme maritime climate: the application of classification trees for forecasting. Cold Reg Sci Technol 43(1-2): 104-116.
    • (2005) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.43 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 104-116
    • Hendrikx, J.1    Owens, I.2    Carran, W.3    Carran, A.4
  • 54
    • 0029479274 scopus 로고
    • Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation
    • Hurrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 4 269(5224): 676-679.
    • (1995) Science , vol.4-269 , Issue.5224 , pp. 676-679
    • Hurrell, J.W.1
  • 55
    • 0030878288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Hurrell JW, van Loon H (1997) Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Clim Change 36(3-4): 301-326.
    • (1997) Clim Change , vol.36 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 301-326
    • Hurrell, J.W.1    van Loon, H.2
  • 56
    • 33845390436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate database for avalanche consulting and warning in Norway
    • Jaedicke C, Bakkehoi S (2007) Climate database for avalanche consulting and warning in Norway. Cold Reg Sci Technol 47(1-2): 171-179.
    • (2007) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.47 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 171-179
    • Jaedicke, C.1    Bakkehoi, S.2
  • 58
    • 2442691354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the little ice age on avalanche boulder tongues in the French Alps (Massif des Ecrins)
    • Jomelli V, Pech P (2004) Effects of the little ice age on avalanche boulder tongues in the French Alps (Massif des Ecrins). Earth Surf Process Landf 29: 553-564.
    • (2004) Earth Surf Process Landf , vol.29 , pp. 553-564
    • Jomelli, V.1    Pech, P.2
  • 59
    • 3342907989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphic variations of debris flows and recent climatic change in the French Alps
    • Jomelli V, Pech P, Chochillon C, Brunstein D (2004) Geomorphic variations of debris flows and recent climatic change in the French Alps. Clim Change 64(1-2): 77-102.
    • (2004) Clim Change , vol.64 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 77-102
    • Jomelli, V.1    Pech, P.2    Chochillon, C.3    Brunstein, D.4
  • 60
    • 33845512781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic analysis of recent snow avalanche activity and climate in the French Alps
    • Jomelli V, Delval C, Grancher D et al (2007) Probabilistic analysis of recent snow avalanche activity and climate in the French Alps. Cold Reg Sci Technol 47: 180-192.
    • (2007) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.47 , pp. 180-192
    • Jomelli, V.1    Delval, C.2    Grancher, D.3
  • 62
    • 27644526457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis of snow cover to climate change scenarios and their impact on plant habitats in alpine terrain
    • Keller F, Goyette S, Beniston M (2005) Sensitivity analysis of snow cover to climate change scenarios and their impact on plant habitats in alpine terrain. Clim Change 72(3): 299-319.
    • (2005) Clim Change , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-319
    • Keller, F.1    Goyette, S.2    Beniston, M.3
  • 63
    • 0042200297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North Atlantic Oscillation and snow avalanching in Iceland
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016272
    • Keylock CJ (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation and snow avalanching in Iceland. Geophys Res Lett 30(5): 1254. doi: 10. 1029/2002GL016272.
    • (2003) Geophys Res Lett , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 1254
    • Keylock, C.J.1
  • 64
    • 0032710484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avalanche risk mapping by simulation
    • Keylock CJ, McClung D, Magnusson M (1999) Avalanche risk mapping by simulation. J Glaciol 45(150): 303-314.
    • (1999) J Glaciol , vol.45 , Issue.150 , pp. 303-314
    • Keylock, C.J.1    McClung, D.2    Magnusson, M.3
  • 66
    • 0036837715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trend and spatial distribution of avalanche activity during the last 50 years in Switzerland
    • Laternser M, Schneebeli M (2002) Temporal trend and spatial distribution of avalanche activity during the last 50 years in Switzerland. Nat Hazards 27: 201-230.
    • (2002) Nat Hazards , vol.27 , pp. 201-230
    • Laternser, M.1    Schneebeli, M.2
  • 67
    • 38349112666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change in western ski areas: Potential changes in the timing of wet avalanches and snow quality for the Aspen ski area in the years 2030 and 2100
    • Lazar B, Williams M (2008) Climate change in western ski areas: potential changes in the timing of wet avalanches and snow quality for the Aspen ski area in the years 2030 and 2100. Cold Reg Sci Technol 51(2-3): 219-228.
    • (2008) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.51 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 219-228
    • Lazar, B.1    Williams, M.2
  • 69
    • 0142156040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of topographic parameters on avalanche release and frequency
    • Maggioni M, Gruber U (2003) The influence of topographic parameters on avalanche release and frequency. Cold Reg Sci Technol 37: 407-419.
    • (2003) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.37 , pp. 407-419
    • Maggioni, M.1    Gruber, U.2
  • 72
    • 50849090318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shift of snow days in Switzerland
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL033998
    • Marty C (2008) Regime shift of snow days in Switzerland. Geophys Res Lett 35: L12501. doi: 10. 1029/2008GL033998.
    • (2008) Geophys Res Lett , vol.35 , pp. 12501
    • Marty, C.1
  • 73
    • 0028551396 scopus 로고
    • Numerical avalanche prediction: Kootenay Pass, British Columbia, Canada
    • McClung D, Tweedy J (1994) Numerical avalanche prediction: Kootenay Pass, British Columbia, Canada. J Glaciol 40(135): 350-358.
    • (1994) J Glaciol , vol.40 , Issue.135 , pp. 350-358
    • McClung, D.1    Tweedy, J.2
  • 74
    • 0142249312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring multi-scale spatial patterns in historical avalanche data, Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Wyoming
    • McCollister C, Birkeland K, Hansen K et al (2003) Exploring multi-scale spatial patterns in historical avalanche data, Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Wyoming. Cold Reg Sci Technol 37: 299-313.
    • (2003) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.37 , pp. 299-313
    • McCollister, C.1    Birkeland, K.2    Hansen, K.3
  • 75
    • 0030616924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mean and variance change in climate scenarios: Methods, agricultural applications, and measures of uncertainty
    • Mearns L, Rosenzweig C, Goldberg R (1997) Mean and variance change in climate scenarios: methods, agricultural applications, and measures of uncertainty. Clim Change 35(4): 367-396.
    • (1997) Clim Change , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 367-396
    • Mearns, L.1    Rosenzweig, C.2    Goldberg, R.3
  • 76
    • 0004095683 scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian analysis of a change in the precision of a sequence of independent normal random variables at an unknown time point
    • Menzefricke U (1981) A Bayesian analysis of a change in the precision of a sequence of independent normal random variables at an unknown time point. Appl Stat 30: 141-146.
    • (1981) Appl Stat , vol.30 , pp. 141-146
    • Menzefricke, U.1
  • 78
    • 3042608244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a conceptual approach to predetermining high-return-period avalanche run-out distances
    • Meunier M, Ancey C (2004) Towards a conceptual approach to predetermining high-return-period avalanche run-out distances. J Glaciol 50-169: 268-278.
    • (2004) J Glaciol , vol.50-169 , pp. 268-278
    • Meunier, M.1    Ancey, C.2
  • 79
    • 0035684576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mise au point d'une méthode de prédétermination statistique des cotes d'arrêt d'avalanches
    • Meunier M, Ancey C, Naaim M (2001) Mise au point d'une méthode de prédétermination statistique des cotes d'arrêt d'avalanches. Houille Blanche 67: 92-98.
    • (2001) Houille Blanche , vol.67 , pp. 92-98
    • Meunier, M.1    Ancey, C.2    Naaim, M.3
  • 80
    • 0030613918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands
    • Michener WK, Blood ER, Bildstein KL, Brinson MM, Gardner LR (1997) Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands. Ecol Appl 7(3): 770-801.
    • (1997) Ecol Appl , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 770-801
    • Michener, W.K.1    Blood, E.R.2    Bildstein, K.L.3    Brinson, M.M.4    Gardner, L.R.5
  • 81
    • 0001149584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow avalanche climatology of the western United States mountain ranges
    • Mock CJ, Birkeland KW (2000) Snow avalanche climatology of the western United States mountain ranges. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 81(1): 2367-2392.
    • (2000) Bull Am Meteorol Soc , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 2367-2392
    • Mock, C.J.1    Birkeland, K.W.2
  • 82
    • 0001455988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian mapping of disease
    • 2nd edn., W. R. Gilks, S. Richardson, and D. J. Spiegelhalter (Eds.), London: Chapman & Hall
    • Mollié A (1996) Bayesian mapping of disease. In: Gilks WR, Richardson S, Spiegelhalter DJ (eds) Markov Chain Monte Carlo in practice, 2nd edn (2001). Chapman & Hall, London, pp 359-379.
    • (1996) Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice , pp. 359-379
    • Mollié, A.1
  • 83
    • 33646690290 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Ministère de l'Agriculture, Direction Générale des Eaux et Forêts, Service des Grandes Forces Hydrauliques
    • Mougin P (1922) Les avalanches en Savoie. Ministère de l'Agriculture, Direction Générale des Eaux et Forêts, Service des Grandes Forces Hydrauliques, Paris, pp 175-317.
    • (1922) Les Avalanches En Savoie , pp. 175-317
    • Mougin, P.1
  • 84
    • 34249087471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dense snow avalanche modelling: Flow, erosion, deposition and obstacle effects
    • Naaim M, Naaim-Bouvet F, Faug T, Bouchet A (2004) Dense snow avalanche modelling: flow, erosion, deposition and obstacle effects. Cold Reg Sci Technol 39: 193-204.
    • (2004) Cold Reg Sci Technol , vol.39 , pp. 193-204
    • Naaim, M.1    Naaim-Bouvet, F.2    Faug, T.3    Bouchet, A.4
  • 85
    • 0026616218 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of glaciers and small ice caps to greenhouse warming
    • Oerlemans J, Fortuin JPF (1992) Sensitivity of glaciers and small ice caps to greenhouse warming. Science 258(5079): 115-117.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , Issue.5079 , pp. 115-117
    • Oerlemans, J.1    Fortuin, J.P.F.2
  • 86
  • 87
    • 77955085736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le raisonnement bayésien: Modélisation et inférence
    • Parent E, Bernier J (2007) Le raisonnement bayésien: modélisation et inférence. Springer, 380 pp.
    • (2007) Springer , pp. 380
    • Parent, E.1    Bernier, J.2
  • 88
    • 18544407002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstitution d'anomalies de paramètres climatiques et de fréquences de catastrophes naturelles (crues, sécheresses, tempêtes) au cours des 500 dernières années en Europe Centrale
    • Paul P (2002) Reconstitution d'anomalies de paramètres climatiques et de fréquences de catastrophes naturelles (crues, sécheresses, tempêtes) au cours des 500 dernières années en Europe Centrale. Houille Blanche 6/7: 111-114.
    • (2002) Houille Blanche , vol.6-7 , pp. 111-114
    • Paul, P.1
  • 89
    • 0034739220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian change-point analysis in hydrometeorological time series. Part 1. The normal model revisited
    • Perreault L, Bernier J, Bobée B, Parent E (2000a) Bayesian change-point analysis in hydrometeorological time series. Part 1. The normal model revisited. J Hydrol 235(3-4): 221-241.
    • (2000) J Hydrol , vol.235 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 221-241
    • Perreault, L.1    Bernier, J.2    Bobée, B.3    Parent, E.4
  • 90
    • 0034739257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian change-point analysis in hydrometeorological time series. Part 2. Comparison of change-point models and forecasting
    • Perreault L, Bernier J, Bobée B, Parent E (2000b) Bayesian change-point analysis in hydrometeorological time series. Part 2. Comparison of change-point models and forecasting. J Hydrol 235(3-4): 242-263.
    • (2000) J Hydrol , vol.235 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 242-263
    • Perreault, L.1    Bernier, J.2    Bobée, B.3    Parent, E.4
  • 91
    • 0034345609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective multivariate Bayesian change-point analysis: A simultaneous single change in the mean of several hydrological sequences
    • Perreault L, Bernier J, Bobée B, Parent E, Slivitzky M (2000c) Retrospective multivariate Bayesian change-point analysis: a simultaneous single change in the mean of several hydrological sequences. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 14(4): 243-261.
    • (2000) Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 243-261
    • Perreault, L.1    Bernier, J.2    Bobée, B.3    Parent, E.4    Slivitzky, M.5
  • 92
    • 0001075431 scopus 로고
    • Statistical inference using extreme order statistics
    • Pickands J (1975) Statistical inference using extreme order statistics. Ann Stat 3: 11-130.
    • (1975) Ann Stat , vol.3 , pp. 11-130
    • Pickands, J.1
  • 93
    • 77955087802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-Press, no 5, 2 pp. Available online at http
    • ProClim (1999) De pareils hivers à avalanches sont-ils encore normaux? Climate-Press, no 5, 2 pp. Available online at http://www. proclim. ch/Products/ClimatePress/ClimatePress05F. pdf.
    • (1999) De pareils hivers à avalanches sont-ils encore normaux?
  • 94
    • 0008984421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of changes in characteristics of hydrological time series by Bayesian methods
    • Rao A, Tirtotjondro W (1996) Investigation of changes in characteristics of hydrological time series by Bayesian methods. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 10(4): 295-317.
    • (1996) Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 295-317
    • Rao, A.1    Tirtotjondro, W.2
  • 95
    • 77955088816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution des extrêmes hydrométriques en France à partir des donnés observées. Congrès SHF "Valeurs extrêmes de débit...". Lyon
    • Renard B, Lang M, Bois P et al (2006) Evolution des extrêmes hydrométriques en France à partir des donnés observées. Congrès SHF "Valeurs extrêmes de débit...". Lyon. Mars 2006, pp 21-27.
    • (2006) Mars , vol.2006 , pp. 21-27
    • Renard, B.1    Lang, M.2    Bois, P.3
  • 96
    • 0005590861 scopus 로고
    • Shifting Level modelling of hydrologic series
    • Salas JD, Boes DC (1980) Shifting Level modelling of hydrologic series. Adv Water Resour 3(2): 59-63.
    • (1980) Adv Water Resour , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 59-63
    • Salas, J.D.1    Boes, D.C.2
  • 97
    • 0031448506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Destructive snow avalanches and climate change in the Swiss Alps
    • Schneebeli M, Laternser M, Ammann W (1997) Destructive snow avalanches and climate change in the Swiss Alps. Eclogae Geol Helv 90: 457-461.
    • (1997) Eclogae Geol Helv , vol.90 , pp. 457-461
    • Schneebeli, M.1    Laternser, M.2    Ammann, W.3
  • 98
    • 77955085607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Klimawandel im der alpenraum auswirkungen und herausforderung
    • In: Deuxième manifestation thématique "Changement du climat dans l'espace alpin-Effets et défis". 31ème réunion du Comité permanent, Galtür, Autriche, pp 7-19. Available online at
    • Seiler W (2006) Klimawandel im der alpenraum auswirkungen und herausforderung. Les changements climatiques dans l'espace alpin: tendances, retombées et défis. In: Deuxième manifestation thématique "Changement du climat dans l'espace alpin-Effets et défis". 31ème réunion du Comité permanent, Galtür, Autriche, pp 7-19. Available online at http://www. cenat. ch/ressources/planat_product_fr_786. pdf.
    • (2006) Les changements climatiques dans l'espace alpin: Tendances, retombées et défis
    • Seiler, W.1
  • 99
    • 0003810257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Lawinenwinter 1999
    • SLF Davos (2000) Der Lawinenwinter 1999. Ereignisanlyse, 588 pp.
    • (2000) Ereignisanlyse , pp. 588
    • Davos, S.L.F.1
  • 100
    • 0016768340 scopus 로고
    • A Bayesian approach to inference about a change-point in a sequence of random variables
    • Smith AFM (1975) A Bayesian approach to inference about a change-point in a sequence of random variables. Biometrika 62(2): 407-416.
    • (1975) Biometrika , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 407-416
    • Smith, A.F.M.1
  • 103
    • 77955090458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tanner MH (1992) Tools for statistical inference: observed data and data augmentation methods. Springer.
  • 104
    • 1842790785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian rainfall variability analysis in West Africa along cross sections in space-time grid boxes
    • Tapsoba D, Haché M, Perreault L, Bobée B (2003) Bayesian rainfall variability analysis in West Africa along cross sections in space-time grid boxes. J Climate 17(5): 1069-1082.
    • (2003) J Climate , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 1069-1082
    • Tapsoba, D.1    Haché, M.2    Perreault, L.3    Bobée, B.4
  • 105
    • 0034923809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: A review
    • Theurillat JP, Guisan A (2001) Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review. Clim Change 50(1-2): 77-109.
    • (2001) Clim Change , vol.50 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 77-109
    • Theurillat, J.P.1    Guisan, A.2
  • 107
    • 36448992642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of climate change over the 20th century on four French glacier mass balances
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000832
    • Vincent C (2002) Influence of climate change over the 20th century on four French glacier mass balances. J Geophys Res 109(D19): 4375. doi: 10. 1029/2001JD000832.
    • (2002) J Geophys Res , vol.109 , Issue.D19 , pp. 4375
    • Vincent, C.1
  • 108
    • 0001470029 scopus 로고
    • Über die Zerstörungskraft von Lawinen
    • 212-217, 246-249, 280-285
    • Voellmy A (1955) Über die Zerstörungskraft von Lawinen. Schweiz Bauztg Jahrg 73(12): 159-162, 212-217, 246-249, 280-285.
    • (1955) Schweiz Bauztg Jahrg , vol.73 , Issue.12 , pp. 159-162
    • Voellmy, A.1
  • 110
    • 24944475541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment
    • Webster PJ, Holland GJ, Curry JA, Chang HR (2005) Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 16 309(5742): 1844-1846.
    • (2005) Science , vol.16-309 , Issue.5742 , pp. 1844-1846
    • Webster, P.J.1    Holland, G.J.2    Curry, J.A.3    Chang, H.R.4
  • 111
    • 0041985115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical Bayesian models for predicting the spread of ecological processes
    • Wikle C (2003) Hierarchical Bayesian models for predicting the spread of ecological processes. Ecology 84: 1382-1394.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1382-1394
    • Wikle, C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.