Immune therapy in autism: Historical experience and future directions with immunomodulatory therapy

Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 293-301

  Chez, Michael G ^a   Guido Estrada, Natalie ^b  

^a Sutter Medical Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; Autoimmunity; Immune dysfunction; Immune therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMANTADINE; AUTOANTIBODY; CARNOSINE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOSERINE; ETANERCEPT; GLUTAMIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LENALIDOMIDE; MATERNAL ANTIBODY; MEMANTINE; METRONIDAZOLE; MINOCYCLINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PIOGLITAZONE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VALPROIC ACID; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ARTICLE; AUTISM; COLITIS; COMORBIDITY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; EEG ABNORMALITY; EPILEPSY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; AUTISTIC DISORDER; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; IMMUNOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77954896514     PISSN: 19337213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.008     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Rice C. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006. MMWR 2009, 58:1.
2. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision 1994, Skyscape, Washington, DC.
3. Shattuck P.T. The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education. Pediatrics 2006, 117:1028-1037.
4. Autistic spectrum disorders: changes in the california caseload: an update 1999-2002 2003, Department of Developmental Services, State of California, Sacramento, CA.
5. Croen L.A., Grether J.K., Hoogstrate J., et al. The changing prevalence of autism in California. J Autism Dev Disord 2002, 32:207-215.
6. Report to the legislature on the principle findings from the epidemiology of autism in California 2002, Institute MIND, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.
7. Chez M.G., Chang M., Krasne V., et al. Frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in a sequential screening of autistic patients with no known clinical epilepsy from 1996 to 2005. Epilepsy Behav 2006, 8:267-271.
8. Olsson I., Steffenburg S., Gillberg C. Epilepsy in autism and autisticlike conditions. A population-based study. Arch Neurol 1988, 45:666-668.
9. Spence S.J. The genetics of autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2004, 11:196-204.
10. Wassink T.H., Piven J., Patil S.R. Chromosomal abnormalities in a clinic sample of individuals with autistic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2001, 11:57-63.
11. Campbell D.B., Sutcliffe J.S., Ebert P.J., et al. A genetic variant that disrupts MET transcription is associated with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:16834-16839.
12. Patterson P. Pregnancy, immunity, schizophrenia, and autism. Eng Sci 2006, 69:10-21.
13. Connolly A.M., Chez M.G., Pestronk A., et al. Serum auto-antibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders. J Pediatr 1999, 134:607-613.
14. Nelson K.B., Grether J.K., Croen L.A., et al. Neuropeptides and neurotrophins in neonatal blood of children with autism or mental retardation. Ann Neurol 2001, 49:597-606.
15. Pardo C.A., Vargas D.L., Zimmerman A.W. Immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005, 17:485-495.
16. Todd R.D., Hickok J.M., Anderson G.M., et al. Antibrain antibodies in infantile autism. Biol Psychiatry 1988, 23:644-647.
17. Vargas D.L., Nascimbene C., Krishnan C., et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 2005, 57:67-81.
18. Atladottir H.O., Pedersen M.G., Thorsen P., et al. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2009, 124:687-694.
19. Comi A.M., Zimmerman A.W., Frye V.H., et al. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol 1999, 14:388-394.
20. Daniels W.W., Warren R.P., Odell J.D., et al. Increased frequency of the extended or ancestral haplotype B44-SC30-DR4 in autism. Neuropsychobiology 1995, 32:120-123.
21. Warren R.P., Margaretten N.C., Pace N.C., et al. Immune abnormalities in patients with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1986, 16:189-197.
22. Connolly A.M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and auto-antibodies to neural antigens in sera of children with autistic spectrum disorders, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and epilepsy. Biol Psychiat 2006, 59:354-363.
23. Singh V.K., Lin S.X., Yang V.C. Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain auto-antibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998, 89:105-108.
24. Singh V.K., Warren R.P., Odell J.D., et al. Antibodies to myelin basic protein in children with autistic behavior. Brain Behav Immun 1993, 7:97-103.
25. Warren R.P., Yonk L.J., Burger R.A., et al. Deficiency of suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in autism. Immunol Invest 1990, 19:245-251.
26. Stubbs E.G., Crawford M.L. Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children. J Autism Child Schizophr 1977, 7:49-55.
27. Margaretten N.C., Warren R.P. Reduced natural killer cell activity and OKT4/OKT8 ratio in epileptic patients. Immunol Invest 1986, 15:159-167.
28. Gupta S., Aggarwal S., Heads C. Dysregulated immune system in children with autism: beneficial effects of intravenous immune globulin on autistic characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord 1996, 26:439-452.
29. Plioplys A. Immunoglobulin reactivity in autism and Rett's syndrome. Dev Brain Dysfunct 1994, 7:12-16.
30. Zimmerman A.W. Serum immunoglobulins and autoimmune profiles in children with autism. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:528.
31. Gupta S. Treatment of children with autism with intravenous immunoglobulin. J Child Neurol 1999, 14:203-205.
32. Plioplys A. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of children with autism. J Child Neurol 1999, 13:79-82.
33. Risch N., Spiker D., Lotspeich L., et al. A genomic screen of autism: evidence for a multilocus etiology. Am J Hum Genet 1999, 65:493-507.
34. Bailey A., Le Couteur A., Gottesman I., et al. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med 1995, 25:63-77.
35. Hallmayer J., Glasson E.J., Bower C., et al. On the twin risk in autism. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 71:941-946.
36. Steffenburg S., Gillberg C., Hellgren L., et al. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J Child Psychol Psych 1989, 30:405-416.
37. Boccone L., Dessi V., Zappu A., et al. Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome with reactive nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and autism and a PTEN mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2006, 140:1965-1969.
38. Burger R.A. Possible immunogenetic basis for autism. Ment Retard Dev D R 1998, 4:137-141.
39. Ashwood P., Wills S., Van de Water J. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leukoc Biol 2006, 80:1-15.
40. Shi L., Fatemi S.H., Sidwell R.W., et al. Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring. J Neurosci 2003, 23:297-302.
41. Nawa H., Takei N. Recent progress in animal modeling of immune inflammatory processes in schizophrenia: implication of specific cytokines. Neurosci Res 2006, 56:2-13.
42. Palmen S.J., van Engeland H., Hof P.R., et al. Neuropathological findings in autism. Brain 2004, 127(Pt 12):2572-2583.
43. Patterson P.H. Modeling features of autism in animals 2005, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
44. Smith S.E., Li J., Garbett K., et al. Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. J Neurosci 2007, 27:10695-10702.
45. Urakubo A., Jarskog L.F., Lieberman J.A., et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal infection alters cytokine expression in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal brain. Schizophr Res 2001, 47:27-36.
46. Meyer U., Murray P.J., Urwyler A., et al. Adult behavioral and pharmacological dysfunctions following disruption of the fetal brain balance between pro-inflammatory and IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:208-221.
47. Chez M.G., Buchanan C.P., Aimonovitch M.C., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 2002, 17:833-837.
48. Morris C. Fetal anti-brain anti-bodies in serum of mothers of children with autistic disorder: correlation with developmental regression. Ann Neurol 2007, 62:S116-S117.
49. Morris C. Maternal antibodies and placental-fetal IgG transfer theory 2008, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
50. Singer H.S. Serum anti-brain antibody differences in mothers of children with autism disorder: a study with fetal human and rodent tissue. International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR) 2007.
51. Zimmerman A.W., Connors S.L., Matteson K.J., et al. Maternal antibrain antibodies in autism. Brain Behav Immun 2007, 21:351-357.
52. Croen L.A., Grether J.K., Yoshida C.K., et al. Maternal autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies, and childhood autism spectrum disorders: a case-control study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005, 159:151-157.
53. Chez M.G., Dowling T., Patel P.B., et al. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid of autistic children. Pediatr Neurol 2007, 36:361-365.
54. Jander S., Schroeter M., Stoll G. Role of NMDA receptor signaling in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression after focal brain ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2000, 109:181-187.
55. Purcell A.E., Jeon O.H., Zimmerman A.W., et al. Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Neurology 2001, 57:1618-1628.
56. James S.J., Cutler P., Melnyk S., et al. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1611-1617.
57. James S.J., Slikker W., Melnyk S., et al. Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology 2005, 26:1-8.
58. Chez M.G. Superoxide dismutase overactivity, excessive selenium, and low copper in acquired epileptic aphasia (the Landau-Kleffner syndrome). Ann Neurol 1995, 39:544.
59. Beloosesky R., Gayle D.A., Amidi F., et al. N-acetyl-cysteine suppresses amniotic fluid and placenta inflammatory cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide in rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:268-273.
60. Vezzani A. Inflammation and epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2005, 5:1-6.
61. Vezzani A., Granata T. Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 2005, 46:1724-1743.
62. Chez M.G. Treatment of electroencephalographic epileptiform activity on overnight EEG studies in children with pervasive developmental disorder or autism: defining similarities to the Landau-Kleffner syndrome. J Dev Learning Disord 1998, 2:217-229.
63. Hollander E., Dolgoff-Kaspar R., Cartwright C., et al. An open trial of divalproex sodium in autism spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62:530-534.
64. Plioplys A. Autism: electroencephalogram abnormalities and clinical improvement with valproic acid. Arch Pediat Adol Med 1994, 148:220-222.
65. Shenoy S., Arnold S., Chatila T. Response to steroid therapy in autism secondary to autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. J Pediatr 2000, 136:682-687.
66. Sandler R.H., Bolte E.R., Chez M.G., et al. Relief of psychiatric symptoms in a patient with Crohn's disease after metronidazole therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:213-214.
67. Sandler R.H., Finegold S.M., Bolte E.R., et al. Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism. J Child Neurol 2000, 15:429-435.
68. Boris M. Improvement in children with autism treated with intravenous gamma globulin. J Nutr Environ Med 2005, 15:169-176.
69. Arts W.F., Aarsen F.K., Scheltens-de Boer M., et al. Landau-Kleffner syndrome and CSWS syndrome: treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins. Epilepsia 2009, 50(SUPPL 7):55-58.
70. Mikati M.A., Saab R. Successful use of intravenous immunoglobulin as initial monotherapy in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Epilepsia 2000, 41:880-886.
71. Lewine J.D., Andrews R., Chez M., et al. Magnetoencephalographic patterns of epileptiform activity in children with regressive autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 1999, 104(3 PART 1):405-418.
72. Chez M. Practical treatment with pulse-dose corticosteroids in pervasive developmental disorder of autistic patients with abnormal sleep EEG and language delay. New developments in child neurology 1998, Monduzzi Editore, Bologna, Italy. M. Perat (Ed.).
73. Chez M. Pulse high-dose steroids as combination therapy with valproic acid in epileptic aphasia patients with pervasive developmental delay or autism. Ann Neurol 1998, 44:539.
74. Trauner D. Developmental aphasia with epileptiform abnormalities on EEG: clinical features and response to Prednisone. Ann Neurol 2002, 52:66-67.
75. Lewine J.D. Patterns of epileptiform activity and clinical response to steroid therapy in autism. International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR) 2009, Chicago, IL.
76. Aykut-Bingol C. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. J Epilepsy 1998, 9:189-191.
77. Hempel A. Treatment of Landau-Kleffner syndrome with pulse dose prednisone: behavioral and language outcomes 2009, American Epilepsy Society Meeting, Boston, MA.
78. Stefanatos G.A., Grover W., Geller E. Case study: corticosteroid treatment of language regression in pervasive developmental disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:1107-1111.
79. Buitelaar J.K., van Engeland H., de Kogel K.H., et al. The use of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog ORG 2766 in autistic children: effects on the organization of behavior. Biol Psychiat 1992, 31:1119-1129.
80. Chez M. Effect of Lenalidomide on TNF-alpha elevation and behavior in autism. Presented at: International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR); May 20-22, 2010; Philadelphia, PA.
81. Boris M., Kaiser C.C., Goldblatt A., et al. Effect of pioglitazone treatment on behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Neuroinflammation 2007, 4:3.
82. Brabers N.A., Nottet H.S. Role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in HIV-associated dementia. Eur J Clin Invest 2006, 36:447-458.
83. Tobinick E.L., Gross H. Rapid cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease following perispinal etanercept administration. J Neuroinflammation 2008, 5:2.
84. Deonna T. Reversible Behavioral autistic-like regression: a manifestation of a special (new?) Epileptic syndrome in a 28 month old child. A 2 year longitudinal study. Neurocase 1995, 1:91-95.
85. Hollander E., Chaplin W., Soorya L., et al. Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacol 2010, 35:990-998.
86. Meador K.J., Baker G.A., Browning N., et al. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1597-1605.
87. Posey D.J., Kem D.L., Swiezy N.B., et al. A pilot study of D-cycloserine in subjects with autistic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:2115-2117.
88. King B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of amantidine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 2001, 184:254-256.
89. Owley T., Salt J., Guter S., et al. A prospective, open-label trial of memantine in the treatment of cognitive, behavioral, and memory dysfunction in pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006, 16:517-524.
90. Chez M.G., Burton Q., Dowling T., et al. Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: an observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability. J Child Neurol 2007, 22:574-579.
91. Lafleur D.L., Pittenger C., Kelmendi B., et al. N-acetylcysteine augmentation in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 184:254-256.