Emotions and eating behaviour: Implications for the current obesity epidemic

University of Toronto Quarterly

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 783-799

  Levitan, Robert D ^a   Davis, Caroline ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Addictive models of overeating; Binge eating; Comfort food; Emotional regulation; Obesity

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954829020     PISSN: 00420247     EISSN: 17125278     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/utq.79.2.783     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Ainsworth, Mary S., Mary C. Blehar, Everett Waters, and Sally Wall. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Oxford: Erlbaum 1978
2. Arnow, Bruce, Justin Kenardy, and StewartW. Agras. 'The Emotional Eating Scale: The Development of a Measure to Assess Coping with Negative Affect by Eating.' International Journal of Eating Disorders 18 (1995), 79-90
3. Barsh, Gregory S., and Michael W. Schwartz. 'Genetic Approaches to Studying Energy Balance: Perception and Integration.' Nature Reviews 3 (2002), 589-600
4. Beaver, John D., Andrew D. Lawrence, Jenneke van Ditzhuijzen, Matt H. Davis, Andrew Woods, and Andrew J. Calder. 'Individual Differences in Reward Drive Predict Neural Responses to Images of Food.' Journal of Neuroscience 26.19 (2006), 5160-66
5. Blundell, J.E., and J. Cooling. 'Routes to Obesity: Phenotypes, Food Choices, and Activity.' British Journal of Nutrition 83.1 (2000), S33-S38.
6. Bowlby, J. Attachment. Vol. 1 of Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books 1969
7. Bowlby, J. Loss: Sadness and Depression. Vol. 3 of Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books 1980
8. Bowlby, J. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Vol. 2 of Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books 1973
9. Bray, George A. 'Causes of Childhood Obesity.' Medical, Biological, and Social Issues. Praeger Perspectives: Child Psychology and Mental Health. Ed Dele H. Davies and Hiram E. Fitzgerald. Westport: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group 2008, 25-57
10. Carr, Kenneth D. 'Augmentation of Drug Reward by Chronic Food Restriction: Behavioral Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms.' Physiology & Behavior 76 (2002), 353-64
11. Chopra, Kevin K., R. Michael Bagby, Susan Dickens, Sidney H. Kennedy, Arun Ravindran, and Robert D. Levitan. 'A Dimensional Approach to Personality in Atypical Depression.' Psychiatry Research 134.2 (2005), 161-67
12. Colantuoni, Carlo, Pedro Rada, Joseph McCarthy, Caroline Patten, Nicole M. Avena, Andrew Chadeayne, and Bartley G. Hoebel. 'Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence.' Obesity Research 10.6 (2002), 478-88.
13. Cools, Joseph, David E. Schotte, and Richard J. McNally. 'Emotional Arousal and Overeating in Restrained Eaters.' Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101.2 (1992), 348-51
14. Dallman, Mary F., Norman Pecoraro, Susan F. Akana, Susanne E. LaFleur, Francisca Gomez, Hani Houshyar, M.E. Bell, Seema Bhatnagar, Kevin D. Laugero, and Sotara Manalo. 'Chronic Stress and Obesity: A New View of "Comfort Food."' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003), 11696-701
15. Davidson, R.J. 'Affective Style and Affective Disorders: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience.' Cognition and Emotion 12 (1998), 307-30
16. Davis, Caroline, and Jacqueline Carter. 'Compulsive Overeating as an Addiction Disorder: A Review of Theory and Evidence.' Appetite 53.1 (2009), 1-8
17. Davis, Caroline, Robert D. Levitan, Allan S. Kaplan, Jacqueline Carter, Caroline Reid, Claire Curtis, Karen Patte, and James L. Kennedy 'Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1): Associated with Appetite Suppression to Methylphenidate in a Case-Control Study of Binge Eating Disorder.' Neuropsychopharmacology 2.10 (2007), 2199-206
18. Davis, Caroline, Robert D. Levitan, Allan S. Kaplan, Jacqueline Carter, Caroline Reid, Claire Curtis, Karen Patte, Rudi Hwang, and James L. Kennedy. 'Reward Sensitivity and the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene: A Case-Control Study of Binge Eating Disorder.' Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32.3 (2008), 620-28
19. Di Chiara, Gaetano, Elio Acquas, Gianluigi Tanda, and Cristina Cadoni. 'Drugs of Abuse: Biochemical Surrogates of Specific Aspects of Natural Rewards?' Biochemical Society Symposia 59 (1993), 65-81
20. Dubé, Laurette, Jordan L. LeBel, and Ji Lu. 'Affect Asymmetry and Comfort Food Consumption.' Physiology & Behavior 86 (2005), 559-67
21. Epstein, Leonard H., Jennifer L. Temple, Brad J. Neaderhiser, Robbert J. Salis, Richard W. Erbe, and John J. Leddy 'Food Reinforcement, the Dopamine D2 Receptor Genotype, and Energy Intake in Obese and Nonobese Humans.' Behavioral Neuroscience 121.5 (2007), 877-86
22. Farooqi, I. Sadaf, Edward Bullmore, Julia Keogh, Jonathan Gillard, Stephen O'Rahilly, and Paul C. Fletcher. 'Leptin Regulates Striatal Regions and Human Eating Behavior.' Science 317.5843 (2007), 1355
23. Figlewicz, Dianne P., Terrell A. Patterson, Laura Beth Johnson, Aryana Zavosh, Paige A. Israel, and Patricia Szot. 'Dopamine TransportermRNAIs Increased in the CNS of Zucker Fatty (fa/fa) Rats.' Brain Research Bulletin 46.3 (1998), 199-202
24. Franken, Ingmar H., and Peter Muris. 'Individual Differences in Reward Sensitivity Are Related to Food Craving and Relative Body Weight in Healthy Women.' Appetite 45.2 (2005), 198-201
25. Gibson, Edward Leigh. 'Emotional Influences on Food Choice: Sensory, Physiological and Psychological Pathways.' Physiology & Behavior 89.1 (2006), 53-61
26. Gibson, Edward Leigh, and Eska Desmond. 'Chocolate Craving and Hunger State: Implications for the Acquisition and Expression of Appetite and Food Choice.' Appetite 32.2 (1999), 219-40
27. Grigson, Patricia Sue. 'Like Drugs for Chocolate: Separate Rewards Modulated by Common Mechanisms.' Physiology & Behavior 76 (2002), 389-95
28. Grunberg, Neil E., and Richard O. Straub 'The Role of Gender and Taste Class in the Effects of Stress on Eating.' Health Psychology 11 (1992), 97-100
29. Hedley, Allison A., Cynthia L. Ogden, Clifford L. Johnson, Margaret D. Carroll, Lester R. Curtin, and Katherine M. Flegal. 'Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among US Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 1999-2002.' Journal of the American Medical Association 291.23 (2004), 2847-50
30. Herman, C. Peter, Janet Polivy, Cynthia N. Lank, and Todd F. Heatherton. 'Anxiety, Hunger, and Eating Behavior.' Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96.3 (1987), 264-69
31. Holden, Constance. '"Behavioral" Addictions: Do They Exist?' Science 294 (2001), 980-82
32. Jönsson, E.G., M.M. Nöthen, F. Grünhage, L. Farde, Y. Nakashima, P. Propping, and G.C. Sedvall. 'Polymorphisms in the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Their Relationships to Striatal Dopamine Receptor Density of Healthy Volunteers.' Molecular Psychiatry 4.3 (1999), 290-96
33. Kaplan, Allan S., Robert D. Levitan, Zeynep Yilmaz, Caroline Davis, Subi Tharmalingam, and James L. Kennedy. 'A DRD4/BDNF Gene-Gene Interaction Associated with Maximum BMI inWomen with Bulimia Nervosa.' International Journal of Eating Disorders 41.1 (2008), 22-28
34. Kelley, A.E., V.P. Bakshi, S.N. Haber, T.L. Steininger, M.J. Will, and M. Zhang 'Opioid Modulation of Taste Hedonics within the Ventral Striatum.' Physiology & Behavior 76.3 (2002), 365-77
35. Killgore, William D., Ashley D. Young, Lisa A. Femia, Piotr Bogorodzki, Jadwiga Rogowska, and Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd. 'Cortical and Limbic Activation during Viewing of High- Versus Low-Calorie Foods.' Neuroimage 19.4 (2003), 1381-94
36. Kirsch, Peter, Martin Reuter, Daniela Mier, T. Lonsdorf, Rudolf Stark, Bernd Gallhofer, and Dieter Vaitl, and Jurgen Hennig. 'Imaging Gene-Substance Interactions: The Effect of the DRD2 TaqIA Polymorphism and the Dopamine Agonist Bromocriptine on the Brain Activation during the Anticipation of Reward.' Neuroscience Letters 405.3 (2006), 196-201
37. Leshner, A.I., and G.F. Koob. 'Drugs of Abuse and the Brain.' Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 111.2 (1999), 99-108
38. Levitan, Robert D., L. Atkinson, R. Pedersen, T. Buis, Sidney H. Kennedy, Kevin Chopra, and E.M. Leung, and Zindel V. Segal. 'A Novel Examination of Atypical Major Depressive Disorder Based on Attachment Theory.' Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70.6 (2009), 879-87
39. Levitan, Robert D., Mario Masellis, Vincenzo S. Basile, RaymondW. Lam, Allan S. Kaplan, Caroline Davis, Pierandrea Muglia, Bronwyn Mackenzie, Subi Tharmalingam, Sidney H. Kennedy, Fabio Macciardi, and James L. Kennedy. 'The Dopamine-4 Receptor Gene Associated with Binge Eating and Weight Gain in Women with Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Evolutionary Perspective.' Biological Psychiatry 56.9 (2004), 665-69
40. Levitan, Robert D., Mario Masellis, Raymond W. Lam, Allan S. Kaplan, Caroline Davis, Subi Tharmalingam, Bronwyn Mackenzie, Vincenzo S. Basile, and James L. Kennedy. 'A Season of Birth/Dopamine-4 Receptor Gene Interaction Associated with Weight Gain and Obesity in Women with Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Seasonal Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis.' Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006), 2498-503
41. Levitan, Robert D., Mario Masellis, Raymond W. Lam, P. Muglia, Vincenzo S. Basile, U. Jain, Allan S. Kaplan, Subi Tharmalingam, Sidney H. Kennedy, and James L. Kennedy. 'Childhood Inattention and Dysphoria and Adult Obesity Associated with the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene in Overeating Women with Seasonal Affective Disorder.' Neuropsychopharmacology 29.1 (2004), 179-86
42. Loxton, Natalie J., and Sharon Dawe. 'Reward and Punishment Sensitivity in Dysfunctional Eating and Hazardous Drinking Women: Associations with Family Risk.' Appetite 47.3 (2006), 361-71
43. Main, Mary, and Judith Solomon. 'Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized/Disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation.' Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Mental Health and Development. Ed Mark T. Greenberg, Dante Cicchetti, and Mark E. Cummings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1990, 121-60
44. Maki, P.M., and J. Dumas. 'Mechanisms of Action of Estrogen in the Brain: Insights from Human Neuroimaging and Psychopharmacologic Studies.' Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 27.3 (2009), 250-59
45. Malik, Saima, Francis McGlone, Diane Bedrossian, and Alain Dagher. 'Ghrelin Modulates Brain Activity in Areas That Control Appetitive Behavior.' Cell Metabolism 7.5 (2008), 400-09
46. Markus, C.R., G. Panhuysen, A. Tuiten, H. Koppeschaar, D. Fekkes, and M.L. Peters. 'Does Carbohydrate-Rich, Protein-Poor Food Prevent a Deterioration of Mood and Cognitive Performance of Stress-Prone Subjects When Subjected to a Stressful Task?' Appetite 31.1 (1998), 49-65
47. Martel, Patricia, and Marc Fantino. 'Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System Activity as a Function of Food Reward: A Microdialysis Study.' Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 53.1 (1996), 221-26
48. Maunder, Robert G., and Jonathan J. Hunter 'Attachment and Psychosomatic Medicine: Developmental Contributions to Stress and Disease.' Psychosomatic Medicine 63.4 (2001), 556-67
49. Meguid, Michael M., Serguei O. Fetissove, Madhu Varma, Tomoi Sato, Lihua Zhang, Alessandro Laviano, and Filippo Rossi-Fanelli. 'Hypothalamic Dopamine and Serotonin in the Regulation of Food Intake.' Nutrition 16.10 (2000), 843-57
50. Menon, V., and D.J. Levitin. 'The Rewards of Music Listening: Response and Physiological Connectivity of the Mesolimbic System.' Neuroimage 28.1 (2005), 175-84
51. Mercer, Michele E., and Mark D. Holder 'Antinociceptive Effects of Palatable Sweet Ingesta on Human Responsitivity to Pressure Pain.' Physiology & Behavior 61.2 (1997), 311-18
52. Mietus-Snyder, Michele L., and Robert H. Lustig. 'Childhood Obesity: Adrift in the "Limbic Triangle."' Annual Review of Medicine 59 (2008), 147-62
53. Müller, D.J., and J.L. Kennedy. 'Genetics of Antipsychotic Treatment Emergent Weight Gain in Schizophrenia.' Pharmacogenomics 7.6 (2006), 863-87
54. Nguyen-Rodriguez, Selena T., Jennifer B. Unger, and Donna Spruijt-Metz. 'Psychological Determinants of Emotional Eating in Adolescence.' Eating Disorders 17.3 (2009), 211-24
55. Noble, E.P. 'Addiction and Its Reward Process through Polymorphisms of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene: A Review.' European Psychiatry 15.2 (2000), 79-89
56. Oliver, Georgina, Jane Wardle, and E. Leigh Gibson. 'Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study.' Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (2000), 853-65
57. Palmiter, Richard D. 'Is Dopamine a Physiologically Relevant Mediator of Feeding Behavior?' Trends in Neuroscience 30.8 (2007), 375-81
58. Pelchat, Marcia L. 'Of Human Bondage: Food Craving, Obsession, Compulsion, and Addiction.' Physiology & Behavior 76.3 (2002), 347-52
59. Proulx, Kathryn. 'Experiences of Women with Bulimia Nervosa in a Mindfulness-Based Eating Disorder Treatment Group.' Brunner-Mazel Eating Disorders Monograph Series 16.1 (2008), 52-72
60. Rothemund, Yvonne, Claudia Preuschhof, Georg Bohner, Hans-Christian Bauknecht, Randolf Klingebiel, Herta Flor, and Burghard F. Klapp. 'Differential Activation of the Dorsal Striatum by High-Calorie Visual Food Stimuli in Obese Individuals.' Neuroimage 37.2 (2007), 410-21
61. Rutledge, Thomas, and Wolfgang Linden. 'To Eat or Not to Eat: Affective and Physiological Mechanisms in the Stress-Eating Relationship.' Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21.3 (1998), 221-40
62. Saper, Clifford B., Thomas C. Chou, and Joel K. Elmquist. 'The Need to Feed: Homeostatic and Hedonic Control of Eating.' Neuron 36.2 (2002), 199-211
63. Schroeder, B.E., J.M. Binzak, and A.E. Kelley. 'A Common Profile of Prefrontal Cortical Activation Following Exposure to Nicotine- or Chocolate-Associated Contextual Cues.' Neuroscience 105.3 (2001), 535-45
64. Schultz, Wolfram. 'Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward.' Neuron 36.2 (2002), 241-63
65. Shimura, Tsuyoshi, Yoko Kamada, and Takashi Yamamoto. 'Ventral Tegmental Lesions Reduce Overconsumption of Normally Preferred Taste Fluid in Rats.' Behavioural Brain Research 134.1-2 (2002), 123-30
66. Shinohara, Manabu, Hiroko Mizushima, Masami Hirano, Kunihiko Shioe, Mie Nakazawa, Yoshimitsu Hiejima, Yutaka Ono, and Shigenobu Kanba. 'Eating Disorders with Binge-Eating Behaviour Are Associated with the S Allele of the 3'-UTR VNTR Polymorphism of the Dopamine Transporter Gene.' Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 29.2 (2004), 134-37
67. Singh, Nirbhay N., Giulio E. Lancioni, Ashvind N. Singh, Alan S. Winton, Judy Singh, Kristen M. McAleavey, and Angela D. Adkins. 'A Mindfulness-Based Health Wellness Program for an Adolescent with Prader-Willi Syndrome.' Behavior Modification 32.2 (2008), 167-81
68. Sobik, Laura, Kent Hutchison, and Linda Craighead. 'Cue-Elicited Craving for Food: A Fresh Approach to the Study of Binge Eating.' Appetite 44.3 (2005), 253-61
69. Stice, E., S. Spoor, C. Bohon, and D.M. Small. 'Relation between Obesity and Blunted Striatal Response to Food Is Moderated by TaqIA A1 Allele.' Science 17.322 (2008), 449-52
70. Theisen, F.M., A. Linden, I.R. König, M. Martin, H. Remschmidt, and J. Hebebrand. 'Spectrum of Binge Eating Symptomatology in Patients Treated with Clozapine and Olanzapine.' Journal of Neural Transmission 110.1 (2003), 111-21
71. Toth, Sheree L., Fred A. Rogosch, Jody Todd Manly, and Dante Cicchetti. 'The Efficacy of Toddler-Parent Psychotherapy to Reorganize Attachment in the Young Offspring of Mothers with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Preventive Trial.' Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 74.6 (2006), 1006-16
72. Van Strien, Tatjana, Jan E. Frijters, Gerard P. Bergers, and Peter B. Defares. 'The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Assessment of Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating Behavior.' International Journal of Eating Disorders 5.2 (1986), 295-315
73. Volkow, Nora D., and Charles P. O'Brien. 'Issues for DSM-V: Should Obesity Be Included as a Brain Disorder?' American Journal of Psychiatry 164.5 (2007), 708-10
74. Volkow, Nora D., and Roy A. Wise. 'How Can Drug Addiction Help Us Understand Obesity?' Nature Neuroscience 8.5 (2005), 555-60
75. Wang, Youfa, May A. Beydoun, Lan Liang, Benjamin Caballero, and Shiriki K. Kumanyika. 'Will All Americans Become Overweight or Obese? Estimating the Progression and Cost of the US Obesity Epidemic.' Obesity 16.10 (2008), 2323-30
76. Wardle, Jane, Andrew Steptoe, Georgina Oliver, and Zara Lipsey. 'Stress, Dietary Restraint and Food Intake.' Journal of Psychosomatic Research 48.2 (2000), 195-202
77. Wise, Roy A. 'Brain Reward Circuitry: Insights from Unsensed Incentives.' Neuron 36 (2002), 229-40
78. Wise, Roy A. 'Drug-Activation of Brain Reward Pathways.' Drug and Alcohol Dependence 51.1-2 (1998), 23-22
79. Wurtman, Judith J. 'Depression and Weight Gain: The Serotonin Connection.' Journal of Affective Disorders 29.2-3 (1993), 283-92
80. Wurtman, Richard J., and Judith J.Wurtman. 'Carbohydrate Craving, Obesity and Brain Serotonin.' Appetite 7 (1986), S99-S103