The role of physiology in the development of golf performance

Sports Medicine

Volumn 40, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 635-655

  Smith, Mark F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hepatitis B, prevention; Hepatitis B vaccine, pharmacodynamics

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; FITNESS; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPORT;

GOLF; HUMANS; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PHYSICAL FITNESS;

EID: 77954738272     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11532920-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Hume PA, Keogh J, Reid D. The role of biomechanics in maximising distance and accuracy of golf shots. Sports Med 2005; 35: 429-49
2. McHardy A, Pollard H. Muscle activity during the golf swing. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 799-804
3. Smith MF. Preparation for golf: strategies for optimising movement. In: Jenkins S, editor. Annual review of golf coaching. Brentwood: Multi-Science Publishing, 2007: 151-66
4. Bradshaw EJ, Keogh JL, Hume PA, et al. The effect of biological movement variability on the performance of the golf swing in high-and low-handicap players. Res Q Exerc Sport 2009; 80: 185-19
5. Knight CA. Neuromotor issues in the learning and control of golf skill. Res Q Exerc Sport 2004; 75: 9-15
6. Jorgensen TP. The physics of golf. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999
7. Peary D, Richardson AF. Great golf. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 2005
8. Pink M, Perry J, Jobe FW. Electromyographic analysis of the trunk in golfers. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21: 385-8
9. Theriault G, Lachance P. Golf injuries: an overview. Sports Med 1998; 26: 43-57
10. Sell TC, Tsai Y-S, Smoliga JM, et al. Strength, flexibility and balance characteristics of highly proficient golfers. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 1166-71
11. Hayes PR, van Paridon K, Thomas K, et al. The physiological demands of golf: development of a laboratory simulated round. In: Crews D, Lutz R, editors. Science and golf: V. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2008 Mar 24-28; Phoenix (AZ). Mesa (AZ): Energy in Motion, 2008: 133-8
12. Peterson MD. Physical activity assessment and cardiovascular response during golf participation in differing ambient temperatures: an exploratory analysis. In: Crews D Lutz R, editors. Science and golf: V. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2008 Mar 24-28; Phoenix (AZ). Mesa (AZ): Energy in Motion, 2008: 133-8
13. McTeigue M, Lamb SR, Mottram R, et al. Spine and hip motion analysis during the golf swing. In: Cochran AJ, Farrally MR, editors. Science and golf: II. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1994 Jul 4-8; St Andrews. London: E & FN Spon, 1994: 50-8
14. Robergs RA. An exercise physiologist's "contemporary" interpretations of the "ugly" and creaking edifices of the VO2max concept. J Exerc Physiol Online 2001; 4: 1-44
15. Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP, et al. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its application. 3rd ed. Mountain View (CA): Mayfield Publishing, 2000
16. Haller N, Haller D, Herbert D, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to performance enhancement in the aging golfer: a preliminary study. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 97-104
17. Draovitch P, Westcott W. Complete conditioning for golf. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999
18. Hetu FE, Faigenbaum AD. Conditioning for golf: guidelines for safe and effective training. Strength Cond 1996; 10: 22-8
19. Lennon HM. Physiological profiling and physical conditioning for elite golfers. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 July 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 58-64
20. McKay JM, Selig SE, Carlson JS, et al. Psychophysiological stress in elite golfers during practice and competition. Austr J Sci Med Sport 1997; 29: 55-61
21. Thomas PR. Cognitions, emotions and golf performance. In: Thomas PR, editor. Optimising performance in golf. Brisbane (QLD): Australian Academic Press, 2002: 337-54
22. McMaster R, Herbert R, Jamieson S, et al. An integrated approach to the golfer's physical and technical development. In: Thomas PR. editor. Optimising performance in golf. Brisbane (QLD): Australian Academic Press, 2002: 231-44
23. Hetu FE, Christie CA, Faigenbaum AD. Effects of conditioning on physical fitness and clubhead speed in mature golfers. Percept Motor Skills 1998; 86: 811-5
24. Reyes MG, Munro M, Held B, et al. Maximal static contraction strengthening exercises and driving distance. In: Thain E, editor. Science and golf: IV. Proceedings of the 2002 World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2002 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. London: Routledge, 2002: 45-53
25. Thompson CJ, Osness WH. Effects of an 8-week multimodal exercise program on strength, flexibility, and golf performance in 55-79-year-old men. J Aging Phys Activ 2004; 11: 144-56
26. McLellan TT. The physiology of optimising golf performance in hot environments. In: Thomas PR, editor. Optimising performance in golf. Brisbane (QLD): Australian Academic Press, 2002: 127-48
27. Saltin B. Exercise and the environment: focus on altitude. Res Q Exerc Sport 1996; 67: S1-10
28. Magnusson G. Golf: exercise for fitness and health. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 51-7
29. Stauch M, Lui Y, Giesler M, et al. Physical activity levels during a round of golf on a hilly course. J Sports Med Phys Fit 1999; 39: 321-7
30. Duncan A, NcNally SJ, Bradley J, et al. Physiological intensity during elite amateur golf [abstract]. British Association of Sport and Exercise Science. Conference Proceedings; 2006 Sep 11-13, 16; Wolverhampton. Leeds: BASES, 2006
31. Burkett LN, von Heijne-Fisher U. Heart rate and calorie expenditure of golfers carrying their clubs and walking flat and hilly golf courses. Internat Sport J 1998; Summer: 78-85
32. Krahenbuhl GS, Harris J, Stern J, et al. Stress responses and performance in intercollegiate golfers. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 145-9
33. Carlson JS, McKay JM, Selig SE, et al. Aerobic fitness and psychophysiological stress responses to competition golf. In: Thomas PR. editor. Optimising performance in golf. Brisbane (QLD): Australian Academic Press, 2002: 164-74
34. Crews DJ, Lutz R, Nilsson P, et al. Psychophysiological indicators of confidence and habitation during golf putting. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 158-65
35. Sell TC, Abt JP, Lephart SM. Physical activity-related benefits of walking during golf. In: Crews D, Lutz R, editors. Science and golf: V. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2008 Mar 24-28; Phoenix (AZ). Mesa (AZ): Energy in Motion, 2008: 128-32
36. Murase Y, Kamei S, Hoshikawa T. Heart rate and metabolic response to participation in golf. J Sports Med Phys Fit 1989; 29: 269-72
37. Dobrosielski DA, Brubaker PH, Berry MJ, et al. The metabolic demand of golf in patients with heart disease and in healthy adults. J Cardiopulmon Rehab 2002; 22: 96-104
38. Unverdorben M, Kolb M, Bauer I, et al. Cardiovascular load of competitive golf in cardiac patients and normal controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1674-8
39. Lindsay DM, Horton JF, Vandervoot AA, et al. A review of injury characteristics, aging factors and prevention programmes for the older golfer. Sports Med 2000; 30: 89-103
40. Haennel RG, Snydmiller GD, Teo KK, et al. Changes in blood pressure and cardiac output during maximal iso-kinetic exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1992; 73: 150-5
41. Yamachi J, Nakayama S, Ishii N. Blood pressure response to force-velocity properties of the knee-hip extension movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 102: 569-76
42. Cotterill S, Collins D. Heart rate deceleration characteristics across shot type in golf. Proceedings of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Science Conference; 2004 Sep 7-9; Liverpool. Oxford: Liverpool John Moores University, Taylor & Francis, 2005; 23 (2): 173-4
43. Neumann DL, Thomas PR. The relationship between skill level and patterns in cardiac and respiratory activity during golf putting. Internat J Psychophysiol 2009; 72: 276-82
44. Broman G, Johnsson L, Kaijser L. Golf: a high interval activity for elderly men. J Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16: 375-81
45. Sapaosky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress response? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Rev 2000; 31: 55-89
46. Kim KJ, Chung JW, Shin JT. Psychophysiological stress response during competition between elite and non-elite Korean junior golfers. Internat J Sports Med 2009; 30: 503-8
47. Wang HS, Chen SM, Lee SD, et al. The role of DHEA-S in the mood adjustment against negative competition outcome in golfers. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 291-7
48. Hosea TM, Gatt CJ, Gallii KM, et al. Biomechanical analysis of the golfer's back. In: Cochran A, editor. Science and golf. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990: 43-8
49. Gatt CJ, Pavol MJ, Parker RD, et al. A kinetic analysis of the knees during a golf swing. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 20-8
50. Manore MM, Thompson JL. Sports nutrition for health and performance. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2000
51. Heaney S, O'Connor H, Naughton G, et al. Towards an understanding of the barriers to good nutrition for elite athletes. Internat J Sport Sci Coach 2008; 3: 391-401
52. Okely AD, Both ML, Tien C. Relationships between body composition and functional movement skills among children and adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport 2004; 75: 238-7
53. Derave W, De Clercq D, Bouckaert J, et al. The influence of exercise and dehydration on postural stability. Ergonomics 1998; 41: 782-9
54. Royal KA, Farrow D, Mujika I, et al. The effects of fatigue on decision making and shooting skill performance in water polo players. J Sports Sci 2006; 24: 807-15
55. Tripp BL, Boswell L, Gansneder BM, et al. Functional fatigue decreases 3-dimensional multijoint position reproduction acuity in the overhead-throwing athlete. J Ath Train 2004; 39: 316-20
56. Davey PR, Thorpe RD, Williams C. Fatigue decreases killed tennis performance. J Sports Sci 2002; 20: 311-8
57. Pheasey C. Physiological support with women's elite amateur golf. SportEx Med 2008; 35: 10-2
58. Kosendiak J, Naglak F, Kosendiak J. Evaluation of the polish national junior team golf players' anaerobic function and motor capacity. Stud Phys Culture Tourism 2007; 14: 265-70
59. Keogh JW, Marnewick MC, Maulder PS, et al. Are anthropometric, flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance variables related to clubhead velocity in low-and-high-handicap golfers? J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 1841-50
60. Kras JM, Abendrroth-Smith J. The relationship between selected fitness variables and golf scores. Internat Sport J 2001; Winter: 33-7
61. Russell A, Owies D. Protocols for the physiological assessment of golfers. In: Gore CJ, editor. Physiological tests for elite athletes: Australian Sports Commission. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2000: 278-85
62. Duncan A, Church G, Weavers HM. A physiological profile of national, Scottish, amateur golfers: part 1 (age 16 and over) [abstract]. British Association of Sport and Exercise Science Conference Proceedings; 2006 Sep 11-13; Wolver-hampton. Wolverhampton: BASES, 2006: 15-6
63. Abernethy B, Neal RJ, Moran MJ, et al. Expert-novice differences in muscle activity during the golf swing. In: Cochran A, editor. Science and golf: II. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1990 Jul 9-13; St. Andrews. London: E & FN Spon, 1990: 54-60
64. Cheetham PL, Martin PE, Mottram RE, et al. The importance of stretching the "X-Factor" in the downswing of golf: the "X-factor stretch". In: Thomas PR, editor. Optimising performance in golf. Brisbane (QLD): Australian Academic Press, 2002: 192-9
65. Smith MF. Diagnosis and management of golfing injuries on the PGA European tour. In: Crews D, Lutz R, editors. Science and golf: V. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2008 Mar 24-28; Phoenix (AZ). Mesa (AZ): Energy in Motion, 2008
66. Jones D. The effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation flexibility training on the clubhead speed of recreational golfers. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf: III. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1999: 46-50
67. Thompson CJ. Effect of muscle strength and flexibility on club-head speed in older golfers. In: Thain E, editor. Science and golf: IV. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2002 Jul 20-24; St. Andrews. London: Routledge, 2002: 35-44
68. Doan BK, Newton RU, Kwon YH, et al. Effects of physical conditioning on intercollegiate golfer performance. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 62-72
69. Wallace ES, Grimshaw PN, Ashford RL. Discrete pressure profiles of the feet and weight transfer patterns during the golf swing. In: Cochran AJ, Farrally MR, editors. Science and golf: II. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1994 Jul 4-8; St. Andrews. London: E & FN Spon, 1994: 26-32
70. Ball KA, Best RJ. Different centre of pressure patterns within the golf stroke: group-based analysis. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 771-9
71. Perrin A. Leg length discrepancy. In: Lee MA, editor. SportsMed Newsletter. Connecticut State Medical Society 2006; Summer: 1-6
72. Booth L. Elite amateur golfers: musculoskeletal profiling in golf. SportEx Med 2004; 21: 6-9
73. Stude DE, Brink DK. Effects of nine holes of simulated golf and orthotic intervention on balance and proprioception in experienced golfers. J Manip Physio Ther 1997; 20: 560-601
74. Razeghi M, Batt ME. Biomechanical analysis of the effect of orthotic shoe inserts: a review of the literature. Sports Med 2000; 29: 425-38
75. McCathy JJ, MacEwen GD. Management of leg length inequality [letter]. J South Orthopaed Assoc 2002; 10
76. McRitchie M, Curran MJ. A randomised control trial for evaluating over-the-counter golf orthoses in alleviating pain in amateur golfers. Foot 2007; 57-64
77. Stude DE, Gullickson J. Effects of orthotic intervention and 9 holes of simulated golf on club-head velocity in experienced golfers. J Manip Physio Ther 2000; 23: 168-74
78. Schmidt RA, Wrisberg CA. Motor learning and performance: 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2000 Golf World. He can see clearly now [editorial]. 1998; 51: 34
79. Coffey B, Reichow AW, Johnson T, et al. Visual performance differences among professional, amateur, and senior golfers. In: Cochran AJ, Farrally MR, editors. Science and golf. II. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1994 Jul 4-8; St. Andrews. London: E & FN Spon, 1994: 168-73
80. Thompson C, Cobb KM, Blackwell J. Functional training improves club head speed and functional fitness in older golfers. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 131-7
81. Gordon BS, Moir GL, Davis SE, et al. An investigation into the relationship between flexibility, power and strength to club head speed in male golfers. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23 (5) 1606-10
82. Kawashima K, Kat K, Miyazaki M. Body size and somatotype characteristics of male golfers in Japan. J Sports Med Phys Fit 2003; 43: 334-41
83. Fox E, Lindsay DM, Vandervoort AA. Musculoskeletal injury questionnaire for senior golfers. In: Thain E, editor. Science and golf: IV. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 2002 Jul 23-26; St. Andrews. London: Routledge, 2002: 88-99
84. Newton H. Effective strength training for golf: what's the right approach? In: Jenkins S, editor. Annual review of golf coaching. Brentwood: Multi-Science Publishing, 2007: 135-50
85. Fletcher IM, Hartwell M. Effect of an 8-week combined weights and plyometrics training program on golf drive performance. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 59-62
86. Lephart SM, Smoliga JM, Myers JB, et al. An eight-week golf-specific exercise program improves physical characteristics, swing mechanics, and golf performance in recreational golfers. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 860-9
87. Larkin AF, Larkin WF, Larkin II WF, et al. Annual torso specific conditioning program for golfers. In: Cochran AJ, editor. Science and golf. Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1990 Jul 9-13; St. Andrews. London: E & FN Spon, 1990: 61-3
88. Wescott WL, Dolan F, Cavicchi T. Golf and strength training are compatible activities. Strength Cond 1996; 18: 54-6
89. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM guidelines for exercise testing and prescription: 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005
90. Smith DJ. A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Med 2003; 33: 1103-26
91. Wells GD, Maryam E, Scott T. Physiological correlates to golf performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 741-50