Stratified atmospheric boundary layers

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 375-396

  Mahrt, L ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Intermittent turbulence; Monin Obukhov; Nocturnal boundary layer; Stable boundary layer; Surface layer

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYER; STRATIFICATION; TURBULENCE;

BOUNDARY LAYER; STRATIFICATION; TURBULENCE;

EID: 0032822040     PISSN: 00068314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1001765727956     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Arya, S. P. S. and Wyngaard, J. C.: 1975, 'Effect of Baroclinity on Wind Profiles and the Geostrophic Drag Law for the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 766-778.
2. Atlas, D., Metcalf, J. I., Richter, J. H., and Gossard, E. E.: 1970, 'The Birth of "CAT" and Microscale Turbulence', J. Atmos Sci. 27, 903-913.
3. Beljaars, A. C. M. and Holtslag, A. A. M.: 1991, 'Flux Parameterization over Land Surfaces for Atmospheric Models', J. Appl. Meteorol. 30, 327-341.
4. Beyrich, F., 1997: 'Mixing Height Estimation from Sodar - A Critical Discussion', Atm. Environ. 21, 3941-3953.
5. Beyrich, F. and Kotroni, V.: 1993, 'Estimation of Surface Stress over a Forest From Sodar Measurements and its Use to Parameterize the Stable Boundary-Layer Height', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 66, 93-104.
6. Buajitti, K. and Blackadar, A.K.: 1957, 'The Theoretical Studies of Diurnal Wind Structure Variation in the Planetary Boundary Layer', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 83, 486-500.
7. Businger, J. A.: 1973, 'Turbulent Transfer in the Atmospheric Surface Layer', in D. H. Haugen (ed.), Workshop on Micrometerology, American Meteorol. Soc., Boston, MA, pp. 67-100.
8. Coulter, R. L.: 1990, 'A Case Study of Turbulence in the Stable Nocturnal Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52, 75-92.
9. elage, Y.: 1997, 'Parameterising Sub-Grid Scale Vertical Transport in Atmospheric Models Under Statically Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 82, 23-4-8.
10. Derbyshire, H.: 1990, "Nieuwstadt's Stable Boundary Layer Revisited', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 127-158.
11. Derbyshire, H.: 1995a, 'Stable Boundary Layers: Observations, Models and Variability Part I: Modelling and Measurements', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 74, 19-54.
12. Derbyshire, H.: 1995b, "Stable Boundary Layers: Observations, Models and Variability Part II: Data Analysis and Averaging Effects', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 75, 1-24.
13. Dias, N. L., Brutsaert, W., and Wesley, M. L.: 1995, 'Z-less Stratification under Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 75, 175-187.
14. Forrer, J. and Rotach, M. W.: 1997, 'On the Turbulence Structure in the Stable Boundary Layer over the Greenland Ice Sheet', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 85, 111-136.
15. Garratt, J. R.,: 1992, The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 316 pp.
16. Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Fan, S.M., and Daube, B.C.: 1996, 'Measurements of Carbon Sequestration by Long-term Eddy Covariance: Methods and a Critical Evaluation of Accuracy', Global Change Biology. 2, 169-182.
17. Grace, J., Malhi, Y., Lloyd, J., McIntyre, J., Mirand, A. C., Meir, P., and Miranda, H.S.: 1996, 'The Use of Eddy Covariance to Infer the Net Carbon Dioxide Uptake of Brazilian Rain Forest', Global change biology 2, 209-217.
18. Grant, A. L. M.: 1994, 'Wind Profiles in the Stable Boundary Layer, and the Effect of Low Relief, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 120, 27-46.
19. Grant, A. L. M.: 1997, 'An Observational Study of the Evening Transition Boundary-Layer', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 123, 657-677.
20. Haugen, D. A., Kaimal, J. C., and Bradley, E. F.: 1971, 'An Experimental Study of Reynolds Stress and Heat Flux in the Atmospheric Surface Layer', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.. 97, 168-180.
21. Herring, J. and Métais, O.: 1989, 'Numerical Experiments in Forced Stably Stratified Turbulence', J. Fluid Mech. 220, 97-115.
22. Hicks, B. B.: 1976, 'Wind Profile Relationships from "Wangara" Experiments', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 102, 535-551.
23. Hicks, B. B.: 1981, 'An Examination of Turbulence Statistics in the Surface Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 21, 389-402.
24. Högström, U.: 1996, 'Review of Some Basic Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 215-246.
25. Holtslag, A. A. M. and Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.: 1986, 'Scaling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 36, 201-209.
26. Horst, T. W.: 1997, 'A Simple Formula for Attenuation of Eddy Fluxes Measured with First-Order-Response Scalar Sensors', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 82, 219-233.
27. Howell, J. F. and Sun, J.: 1999, 'Surface-Layer Fluxes in Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol., this issue.
28. Hunt, J. C. R., Kaimal, J. C., and Gaynor, J. E.: 1985, 'Some Observations of Turbulence Structure in Stable Layers', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 793-815.
29. Kim, J., and Mahrt, L.: 1992, 'Simple Formulation of Turbulent Mixing in the Stable Free Atmosphere and Nocturnal Boundary Layer', Tellus 44A, 381-394.
30. King, J. C.: 1990, 'Some Measurements of Turbulence over an Antarctic Ice Shelf', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 116, 379-400.
31. Kondo, J., Kanechika, O., and Yasuda, N.: 1978, 'Heat and Momentum Transfer under Strong Stability in the Atmospheric Surface Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1012-1021.
32. Kristensen, L., Jensen, N. O. and Peterson, E. L.: 1982, 'Lateral Dispersion of Pollutants in a Very Stable Atmosphere - The Effect of the Meandering', Atmos. Environ. 15, 837-844.
33. Kristensen, L., and Fitzjarrald, D.: 1984, 'The Effect of Line Averaging on Scalar Flux Measurements', J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 1, 138-146.
34. Lee, X., and Black, T. A.: 1993, 'Atmospheric Turbulence within and above a Douglas Fir Stand. Part II: Eddy Fluxes of Sensible Heat and Water Vapour', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 64, 369-390.
35. Lee, X., Black, T.A., denHartog, G., Neumann, H.H.. Nesic, Z., and Olejnik, J.: 1996, 'Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Nocturnal Processes over a Mixed Deciduous Forest', Agric. For. Meteorol. 81, 13-29.
36. Lee, X., Neuman, H. H., den Hartog, G., Fuentes, J. D., Black, T. A., Mickle, R. E., Yang, P. C., and Blanken, P. D.: 1997, 'Observations of Gravity Waves in a Boreal Forest', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 84, 383-398.
37. Lenschow, D.H., Li, X. S., Zhu, C. J., and Stankov, B. B.: 1987: 'The Stably Stratified Boundary Layer over the Great Plains' Part I. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 42, 95-121.
38. Lettau, H.: 1990, 'The O'Niell Experiment of 1953', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 1-9.
39. Lilly, D. K.: 1983, 'Stratified Turbulence and the Mesoscale Variability of the Atmosphere', J. Atmos. Sci. 40, 749-761.
40. Mahrt, L.: 1981, 'The Early Evening Boundary Layer Transition', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 329-343.
41. Mahrt, L.: 1982, 'Momentum Balance of Gravity Flows', J. Atmos. Sci. 39, 2701-2711.
42. Mahrt, L.: 1985, 'Vertical Structure and Turbulence in the Very Stable Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 42, 2333-2349.
43. Mahrt, L.: 1987, 'Grid-Averaged Surface Fluxes', Mon. Wea. Rev. 115, 1550-1560.
44. Mahrt, L., Heald, R.C., Lenschow, D.H., Stankov, B.B., and Troen, I.: 1979, 'An Observational Study of the Structure of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 17, 247-264.
45. Mahrt, L., Vickers, D. , Howell, J., Edson, J., Hare, J., Hoæjstrup, and Wilczak, J.: 1996, 'Sea Surface Drag Coefficients in RASEX', J. Geo. Res. Oceans 101, 14,327-14,335.
46. Mahrt, L., Sun, J., Blumen, W., Delany, T., and Oncley, S.: 1998, 'Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Regimes', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 88, 255-278.
47. Malhi, Y. S.: 1995, 'The Significance of the Dual Solutions for Heat Fluxes Measured by the Temperature Fluctuation Method in Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 74, 389-396.
48. Moore, C.: 1986, 'Frequency Response Corrections for Eddy Correlation Systems', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 37, 17-35.
49. Nai-Ping, L., Neff, W. D., and Kaimal, J. C.: 1983: 'Wave and Turbulence Structure in a Disturbed Nocturnal Inversion', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26, 141-155.
50. Nappo, C.J.: 1991, 'Sporadic Breakdown of Stability in the PBL Over Simple and Complex Terrain', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 54, 69-87.
51. Neu, U.: 1995, 'A Parameterization of the Nocturnal Ozone Reduction in the Residual Layer by Vertical Downward Mixing During Summer Smog Situations Using Sodar Data', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 73, 189-193.
52. Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.: 1984, 'The Turbulent Structure of the Stable, Nocturnal Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 2202-2216
53. Ohya, Y., Neff, D. E., and Meroney, R. N.: 1997, 'Turbulence Structure in a Stratified Boundary Layer under Stable Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 83, 139-161.
54. Ostdiek and Blumen, W.: 1997, 'A Dynamic Trio: Inertial Oscillation, Deformation Frontogenesis, and the Ekman-Taylor Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 190-1502.
55. Parker, M. J. and Raman, S.: 1993, 'A Case Study of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer over a Complex Terrain', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 66, 303-324.
56. Poulos, G.: 1997, 'The Role of Gravity Waves in Nocturnal Boundary Layer Variability', in Twelfth Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Vancouver, pp. 146-147.
57. Rao, K. S. and Nappo, C. J.: 1998, 'Turbulence and Dispersion in the Stable Planetary Boundary Layer', in M. P. Singh and S. Raman (eds.), Advances in Fluid Mechanics Series: Dynamics of Atmospheric Flow, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., pp. 39-92.
58. Roach, W. T.: 1970, 'On the Influence of Synoptic Development on the Production of High Level Turbulence', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 96, 413-429.
59. Shuttleworth, W. J., Gash, J. H. C., Lloyd, C. R., Moore, C. J., Roberts, J., Filho, A., Fisch, G., Filho, V., Ribeiro, M., Molion, L., Abreu de Sa, L., Nobre, J., Cabral, O., Patel, S., and de Moraes, C.: 1985, 'Daily Variations of Temperature and Humidity within and above the Amazonian Forest', Weather 40(4), 102-108.
60. Smedman, A-S.: 1988, 'Observations of a Multi-Level Turbulence Structure in a Very Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 44, 231-253.
61. Smedman, A-S.: 1991, 'Some Turbulence Characteristics in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 856-868.
62. Smedman, A-S, Tjernström, H., and Högström, U.: 1993, 'Analysis of the Turbulence Structure of a Marine Low -Level Jet', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 66, 105-126.
63. Smedman, A-S., Bergström, H., and Högström, U.: 1995, 'Spectra, Variances and Length Scales in a Marine Stable Boundary Layer Dominated by a Low Level Jet', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 76, 211-232.
64. Smedman, A-S., Bergström, H., and Grisogano, B.: 1997, 'Evolution of Stable Internal Boundary Layers over a Cold Sea', J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1091-1099.
65. Smeets, C. J. P. P., Duynkerke, P. G., and Vugts, H. F: 1998, 'Turbulence Characteristics of the Stable Boundary Layer over a Mid-Latitude Glacier, Part 1: A Combination of Katabatic and Large Scale Forcing Conditions', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 87, 117-145.
66. Smith, B., and Mahrt, L.: 1981, 'A Study of Boundary Layer Pressure Adjustments', J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 334-346.
67. Sorbjan, Z.: 1988, 'Structure of the Stably-Stratified Boundary Layer during the SESAME-1979 Experiment', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 44, 255-266.
68. Stull, R.B.: 1990, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 666 pp.
69. Sun, J., Desjardins, R., Mahrt, L., and MacPherson, J. I.: 1998, 'Transport of Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor and Ozone by Turbulence and Local Circulations', J. Geophys. Res., to appear.
70. Tjernström, M. and Smedman, A.-S.: 1993, 'The Vertical Structure of the Coastal Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer', J. Geophys. Res. 98, 4809-4826.
71. Townsend, A. A.: 1976, 'The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 429 pp.
72. Van Ulden, A. P. and Wieringa, J.: 1996, 'Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Research at Cabauw', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 34-69.
73. Vogelezang, D. H. P. and Holtslag, A. A. M.: 1996, 'Evaluation and Model Impacts of Alternative Boundary-Layer Height Formulations', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 81, 245-269.
74. Wyngaard, J. C.: 1973, 'On Surface-Layer Turbulence', in D. A. Haugen (ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, Boston, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston.
75. Zhong, S., Fast, J. D., and Bian, X: 1996, 'A Case Study of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet using Wind Profiler Network Data and a High Resolution Mesoscale Model', Mon. Wea. Rev. 124, 785-806.