Holocene sea ice history and climate variability along the main axis of the Northwest Passage, Canadian Arctic

Paleoceanography

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Ledu, David ^a,b   Rochon, André ^a,b   De Vernal, Anne ^b   Barletta, Francesco ^a,b   St Onge, Guillaume ^a,b  

^a INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER DE RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; BOUNDARY CONDITION; CHRONOLOGY; CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE VARIATION; COASTAL CURRENT; CORE ANALYSIS; DINOFLAGELLATE CYST; GEOCHEMICAL METHOD; GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; HOLOCENE; ICE COVER; INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; MARINE SEDIMENT; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOMAGNETISM; PALYNOLOGY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SEA ICE; SEA SURFACE; SEDIMENT CORE; SEDIMENTATION RATE; TIMESCALE;

BARROW STRAIT; CANADA; LANCASTER SOUND; NUNAVUT;

BALAENIDAE; DINOPHYCEAE;

EID: 77954327119     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009PA001817     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Agustí, S., and C. M. Duarte (2000), Experimental induction of a large phytoplankton bloom in Antarctic coastal waters, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 206, 73-85, doi:10.3354/meps206073.
2. Andreev, A. A., and V. A. Klimanov (2000), Quantitative Holocene climatic reconstruction from Arctic Russia, J. Paleolimnol., 24, 81-91, doi:10.1023/A:1008121917521. (Pubitemid 30597559)
3. Andrews, J. T., and A. E. Jennings (1990), Geomagnetic secular variations (inclination) of high latitude fjord cores: Eastern Canadian Arctic, Polar Res., 8, 245-259, doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1990.tb00387.x.
4. Barletta, F., G. St-Onge, J. E. T. Channell, A. Rochon, L. Polyak, and D. Darby (2008a), High-resolution paleomagnetic secular variation and relative paleointensity records from the western Canadian Arctic: Implication for Holocene stratigraphy and geomagnetic field behaviour, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1265-1281, doi:10.1139/E08-039.
5. Barletta, F., G. St-Onge, and A. Rochon (2008b), Paleomagnetic dating of Holocene western Canadian Arctic sediments: Combined use of secular variation and time-varying spherical harmonic model of the geomagnetic field, paper presented at Arctic Change 2008, Int. Polar Year, Quebec City, Que., Canada.
6. Bauch, H. A., and Y. I. Polyakova (2003), Diatom-inferred salinity records from the Arctic Siberian margin: Implications for fluvial runoff patterns during the Holocene, Paleoceano-graphy, 18(2), 1027, doi:10.1029/2002PA000847.
7. Besonen, M. R., W. Patridge, R. S. Bradley, P. Francus, J. S. Stoner, and M. B. Abbott (2008), A record of climate over the last millennium based on varved lake sediments from the Canadian High Arctic, Holocene, 18, 169-180, doi:10.1177/0959683607085607. (Pubitemid 351397407)
8. Blott, S. J., and K. Pye (2001), GRADISTAT: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 26, 1237-1248, doi:10.1002/esp.261. (Pubitemid 32980826)
9. Breckenridge, A., T. C. Johnson, S. Beske-Diehl, and J. S. Mothersill (2004), The timing of regional lateglacial events and post-glacial sedimentation rates from Lake Superior, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 2355-2367, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2004.04.007.
10. Burgess, D., and M. J. Sharp (2008), Recent changes in thickness of the Devon Island ice cap, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B07204, doi:10.1029/2007JB005238.
11. Burgess, D. O., M. J. Sharp, D. W. F. Mair, J. A. Dowdeswell, and T. J. Benham (2005), Flow dynamics and iceberg calving rates of Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, J. Glaciol., 51, 219-230, doi:10.3189/172756505781829430.
12. Butler, R. F. (1992), Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes, 319 pp., Blackwell, Oxford, U. K.
13. Carmack, E., F. McLaughlin, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, M. Itoh, K. Shimada, R. Krishfield, and A. Proshutinsky (2008), Freshwater storage in the Northern Ocean and the special role of the Beaufort Gyre, in Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Roleof the Northern Seas in Climate, edited by R. R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P. Rhines, pp. 145-170, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
14. Colgan, W., J. Davis, and M. Sharp (2008), Is the high-elevation region of Devon Ice Cap thickening?, J. Glaciol., 54, 428-436, doi:10.3189/ 002214308785837084.
15. Comiso, J. C, C. L. Parkinson, R. Gersten, and L. Stock (2008), Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett, 35, L01703, doi:10.1029/2007GL031972. (Pubitemid 351459836)
16. Darby, D. A., and J. F. Bischof (2004), A Holo-cene record of changing Arctic Ocean ice drift analogous to the effects of the Arctic Oscilla-tion, Paleoceanography, 19, PA1027, doi:10.1029/2003PA000961.
17. Déry, S. J., and E. F. Wood (2005), Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10401, doi:10.1029/2005GL022845. (Pubitemid 41007118)
18. Deser, C, and H. Teng (2008), Evolution of Arctic sea ice concentration trends and the role of atmospheric circulation forcing, 1979-2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02504, doi:10.1029/2007GL032023. (Pubitemid 351392152)
19. de Vernal, A., and C. Hillaire-Marcel (2006), Provincialism in trends and high frequency changes in the northwest North Atlantic during the Holocene, Global Planet. Change, 54, 263-290, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.023. (Pubitemid 44739259)
20. de Vernal, A., and F. Marret (2007), Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts: Tracers of sea-surface conditions, in Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography, edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, pp.371-408, doi:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01014-7, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
21. de Vernal, A., et al. (2001), Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers of sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic, Arctic and sub-Arctic seas: The new 'n = 677? data base and its application for quantitative palaeo-ceanographic reconstruction, J. Quat. Sci., 16, 681-698, doi:10.1002/jqs.659. (Pubitemid 33066547)
22. de Vernal, A., C. Hillaire-Marcel, and D. A. Darby (2005a), Variability of sea ice cover in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean) during the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 20, PA4018, doi:10.1029/2005PA001157. (Pubitemid 43262399)
23. de Vernal, A., et al. (2005b), Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dino flagellate cyst assemblages, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 897-924, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.014. (Pubitemid 40390658)
24. Dickson, R. R., T. J. Osborn, J. W. Hurrell, J. Meincke, J. Blindheim, B. Adlandsvik, T. Vinje, G. Alekseev, and W. Maslowski (2000), The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Clim., 13, 2671-2696, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000) 0132.0.CO;2.
25. Dukhovskoy, D. S., M. A. Johnson, and A. Proshutinsky (2004), Arctic decadal variability: An auto-oscillatory system of heat and fresh water exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett, 31, L03302, doi:10.1029/2003GL019023.
26. Dunlop, D. J., and Ö. Özdemir (1997), Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Cambridge Stud. Magn. Ser., vol.3, 573 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
27. Duplessy, J. C, E. Cortijo, E. Ivanova, T. Khusid, L. Labeyrie, M. Levitan, I. Murdmaa, and M. Paterne (2005), Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea during the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 20, PA4004, doi:10.1029/2004PA001116. (Pubitemid 43257489)
28. Dyke, A. S. (2008), The Steensby Inlet Ice Stream in the context of the deglaciation of northern Baffin Island, eastern Arctic Canada, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 33, 573-592, doi:10.1002/esp.1664. (Pubitemid 351516683)
29. Dyke, A. S., and J. England (2003), Canada?s most northerly postglacial bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus): Holocene sea-ice conditions and polynya development, Arctic, 56, 14-20.
30. Dyke, A. S., and J. M. Savelle (2000), Holocene driftwood incursion to southwestern Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and its significance to paleoceanography and archaeology, Quat. Res., 54, 113-120, doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2141. (Pubitemid 30598443)
31. Dyke, A. S., and J. M. Savelle (2001), Holocene history of the Bering Sea bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) in its Beaufort Sea summer grounds off southwestern Victoria Island, western Canadian Arctic, Quat. Res., 55, 371-379, doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2228. (Pubitemid 34264828)
32. Dyke, A. S., J. Hooper, and J. M. Savelle (1996), A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), Arctic, 49, 235-255.
33. Dyke, A. S., J. England, E. Reimnitz, and H. Jette (1997), Changes in driftwood delivery to the Canadian arctic archipelago: The hypothesis of postglacial oscillations of the transpolar drift, Arctic, 50, 1-16.
34. Dyke, A. S., J. M. Savelle, and D. A. Hodgson (2005), Environmental history and archaeology along the Northwest Passage: Water, ice, and life\The Quaternary interface, paper presented at Canadian Quaternary Association Conference, Univ. of MB, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
35. England, J., N. Atkinson, J. Bednarski, A. S. Dyke, D. A. Hodgson, and C. Ó. Cofaigh (2006), The Innuitian Ice Sheet: Configuration, dynamics and chronology, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 689-703, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.08.007.
36. Fisher, D. A., and R. M. Koerner (1980), Some aspects of climatic change in the High Arctic during the Holocene as deduced from ice cores, in Quaternary Paleoclimate, edited by W. C. Mahaney, pp. 349-371, GeoAbstracts, Norwich, U. K.
37. Fréchette, B., and A. de Vernal (2009), Relationship between Holocene climate variations over southern Greenland and eastern Baffin Island and synoptic circulation pattern, Clim. Past, 5, 347-359.
38. Guiot, J., and A. de Vernal (2007), Transfer functions: Methods for quantitative paleoceanography based on microfossils, in Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography, edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, pp. 523-563, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
39. Häkkinen, S., and A. Proshutinsky (2004), Freshwater content variability in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03051, doi:10.1029/2003JC001940.
40. Hamel, D., A. de Vernal, M. Gosselin, and C. Hillaire-Marcel (2002), Organic-walled microfossils and geochemical tracers: Sedi mentary indicators of productivity changes in the North Water and northern Baffin Bay during the last centuries, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 5277-5295.
41. Head, M. J., R. Harland, and J. Matthiessen (2001), Cold marine indicators of the late Quaternary: The new dinoflagellate cyst genus Islandinium and related morphotypes, J. Quat. Sci., 16, 621-636, doi:10.1002/jqs.657. (Pubitemid 33066543)
42. Hillaire-Marcel, C, A. de Vernal, G. Bilodeau, and A. J. Weaver (2001), Absence of deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea during the last interglacial period, Nature, 410, 1073-1077, doi:10.1038/35074059. (Pubitemid 32396408)
43. Hillaire-Marcel, C, A. de Vernal, L. Polyak, and D. Darby (2004), Size-dependent isotopic composition of planktic foraminifers from Chukchi Sea vs. NW Atlantic sediments\Implications for the Holocene paleoceanography of the western Arctic, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 245-260, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.08. 006. (Pubitemid 38215087)
44. Jakobsson, M. (2002), Hypsometry and volume of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(5), 1028, doi:10.1029/ 2001GC000302. (Correction, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q02005, doi:10.1029/2004GC000694, 2004.)
45. Jones, E. P., J. H. Swift, L. G. Anderson, M. Lipizer, G. Civitarese, K. K. Falkner, G. Kattner, and F. McLaughlin (2003), Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C4), 3116, doi:10.1029/2001JC001141.
46. Justwan, A., N. Koc, and A. E. Jennings (2008), Evolution of the Irminger and East Icelandic Current systems through the Holocene, revealed by diatom-based sea surface temperature reconstructions, Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 1571-1582, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.006.
47. Kirschvink, J. L. (1980), The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc, 62, 699-718.
48. Kokinos, J. P., T. I. Eglinton, M. A. Goni, J. J. Boon, P. A. Martoglio, and D. M. Anderson (1998), Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell wall of a marine dinoflagellate resting cyst, Org. Geochem., 28, 265-288, doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00134-4. (Pubitemid 28235379)
49. Korte, M., and C. G. Constable (2005), Continuous geomagnetic field models for the past 7 millennia: 2. CALS7K, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q02H16, doi:10.1029/2004GC000801.
50. Kotilainen, A. T., T. Saarinen, and B. Winterhalter (2000), High-resolution paleomagnetic dating of sediments deposited in the central Baltic Sea during the last 3000 years, Mar. Geol., 166, 51-64, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(00) 00012-8.
51. Lamy, F., H. W. Arz, G. C. Bond, A. Bahr, and J. Pätzold (2006), Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation, Paleo-ceanography, 21, PA1008, doi:10.1029/2005PA001184 (Pubitemid 43670721)
52. Ledu, D.,A.Rochon,A.deVernal, and G. St-Onge (2008a), Palynological evidenceofHolocene climate oscillations in the eastern Arctic: A possible shift in the Arctic Oscillation at the millennial time scale, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1363-1375, doi:10.1139/E08-043
53. Ledu, D.,A.Rochon,A.deVernal, and G. St-Onge (2008b), Holocene climate changes in the main axis of the Northwest Passage inferred from dinocyst assemblages: A possible influence of the Arctic Oscillation at the millennial time scale, paper presented atArctic Change 2008, Int. Polar Year, Quebec City, Que., Canada.
54. Levac, E., A. de Vernal, and W. Blake (2001), Sea-surface conditions in northernmost Baffin Bay during the Holocene: Palynological evidence, J. Quat. Sci., 16, 353-363, doi:10.1002/jqs.614. (Pubitemid 32489608)
55. Lisé-Pronovost, A., G. St-Onge, S. Brachfeld, F. Barletta, and D. Darby (2009), Paleomag-netic constraints on the Holocene stratigraphy of the Arctic Alaskan margin, Global Planet. Change, 68, 85-99, doi:10.1016/j. gloplacha.2009.03.015.
56. Lloyd, J. M., L. A. Park, B. Kuijpers, and M. Moros (2005), Early Holocene palaeoceano-graphy and deglacial chronology of Disko Bugt, West Greenland, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 1741-1755, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.024. (Pubitemid 41057925)
57. Lovejoy, C., L. Legendre, and N. M. Price (2002), Prolonged diatom blooms and micro-bial food web dynamics: Experimental results from an Arctic polynya, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 29, 267-278, doi:10.3354/ame029267.
58. Lund, S. P. (1996), A comparison of Holocene paleomagnetic secular variation records from North America, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8007-8024, doi:10.1029/95JB00039. (Pubitemid 26476102)
59. MacDonald, G., B. Felzer, B. Finney, and S. Forman (2000), Holocene lake sediment records of Arctic hydrology, J. Paleolimnol., 24, 1-13, doi:10.1023/A:1008100714795. (Pubitemid 30597553)
60. McClelland, J. W., S. J. Déry, B. J. Peterson, R. M. Holmes, and E. F. Wood (2006), A pan-arctic evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half of the 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06715, doi:10.1029/2006GL025753.
61. McKay, J. L., A. de Vernal, C. Hillaire-Marcel, C. Not, L. Polyak, and D. Darby (2008), Holocene fluctuations in Arctic sea-ice cover: Dinocyst-based reconstructions for the eastern Chukchi Sea, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1377-1397.
62. McLaughlin, F. A., E. C. Carmack, R. W. MacDonald, H. Melling, J. H. Swift, P. A. Wheeler, B. F. Sherr, and E. B. Sherr (2004), The joint roles of Pacific and Atlantic-origin waters in the Canada Basin, 1997-1998, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 51, 107-128, doi:10.1016/j. dsr.2003.09.010.
63. Mudie, P. J., and A. Rochon (2001), Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Canadian Arctic marine region, J. Quat. Sci., 16, 603-620, doi:10.1002/jqs.658. (Pubitemid 33066542)
64. National Oceanography Data Center (NODC) (2001), World Ocean Atlas 2001, http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA01/pr-woa01.html, Silver Spring, Md.
65. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (1953-2000), Mean sea-ice extent and concentration, http://nsidc.org/data/seaice/index.html, Boulder, Colo.
66. Overland, J. E., M. Wang, and S. Salo (2008), The recent Arctic warm period, Tellus, Ser. A, 60, 589-597.
67. Peterson, B. J., R. M. Holmes, J. W. McClelland, C. J. Vorosmarty, R. B. Lammers, A. I. Shiklomanov, I. A. Shiklomanov, and S. Rahmstorf (2002), Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean, Science, 298, 2171-2173, doi:10.1126/science.1077445. (Pubitemid 35471237)
68. Polyak, L., M. Levitan, T. Khusid, L. Merklin, and V. Mukhina (2002), Variations in the influence of riverine discharge on the Kara Sea during the last deglaciation and the Holo-cene, Global Planet. Change, 32, 291-309, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00072-3. (Pubitemid 34609008)
69. Polyakov, I. V., and M. A. Johnson (2000), Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 4097-4100, doi:10.1029/2000GL011909. (Pubitemid 32285886)
70. Polyakov, I. V., G. V. Alekseev, L. A. Timokhov, U. S. Bhatt, R. L. Colony, H. L. Simmons, D. Walsh, J. E. Walsh, and V. F. Zakharov (2004), Variability of the intermediate Atlantic water of the Arctic Ocean over the last 100 years, J. Clim., 17, 4485-4497, doi:10.1175/JCLI-3224.1. (Pubitemid 40098858)
71. Polyakova, Y. I., H. A. Bauch, and T. S. Klyuvitkina (2005), Early to middle Holocene changes in Laptev Sea water masses deduced from diatom and aquatic palynomorph assemblages, Global Planet. Change, 48, 208-222, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.12.014. (Pubitemid 41206674)
72. Prange, M., and G. Lohmann (2003), Effects of mid-Holocene river runoff on the Arctic Ocean/sea-ice system: A numerical model study, Holocene, 13, 335-342, doi:10.1191/0959683603hl626rp. (Pubitemid 36463319)
73. Prinsenberg, S. J., and J. Hamilton (2005), Monitoring the volume, freshwater and heat fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Atmos. Ocean, 43, 1-22, doi:10.3137/ao.430101.
74. Proshutinsky, A., R. H. Bourke, and F. A. McLaughlin (2002), The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2100, doi:10.1029/2002GL015847.
75. Radi, T., and A. de Vernal (2008), Dinocysts as proxy of primary productivity in mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, Mar. Micropaleontol., 68, 84-114, doi:10.1016/j. marmicro.2008.01.012.
76. Ren, J., H. Jiang, M. S. Seidenkrantz, and A. Kuijpers (2009), A diatom-based reconstruction of early Holocene hydrographic and climatic change in a southwest Greenland fjord, Mar. Micropaleontol., 70, 166-176, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.12.003.
77. Richerol, T., A. Rochon, S. Blasco, D. B. Scott, T. M. Schell, and R.J.Bennett (2008a), Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments of the Mackenzie Shelf and Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea (Canada), J. Mar. Syst., 74, 825-839, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.11.003.
78. Richerol, T., A. Rochon, S. Blasco, D. B. Scott, T. M. Schell, and R. J. Bennett (2008b), Evolution of paleo sea-surface conditions over the last 600 years in the Mackenzie Trough, Beaufort Sea (Canada), Mar. Micropaleontol., 68, 6-20, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.03.003.
79. Rigor, I. G., J. M. Wallace, and R. L. Colony (2002), Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation, J. Clim., 15, 2648-2663, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002) 0152.0. CO;2.
80. Rimbu, N., G. Lohmann, J.-H. Kim, H. W. Arz, and R. Schneider (2003), Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1280, doi:10.1029/2002GL016570.
81. Rochon, A., A. de Vernal, J.-L. Turon, J. Matthiessen, and M. J. Head (1999), Distribution of recent dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the North Atlantic and adjacent seas, and quantitative reconstruction of sea-surface parameters, Am. Assoc. Stratigr. Palynol. Contrib. Ser., 35, 150.
82. Rochon, A., D. B. Scott, T. M. Schell, S. Blasco, R. J. Bennett, and P. J. Mudie (2006), Evolution of sea surface conditions during the Holo-cene: Comparison between eastern (Baffin Bay and Hudson Strait) and western (Beaufort Sea) Canadian Arctic, Eos Trans. AGU, 87 (52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract U43B-0867.
83. Saarinen, T. (1998), High-resolution palaeosecular variation in northern Europe during the last 3200 years, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 106, 299-309, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00113-1. (Pubitemid 28441274)
84. Saarinen, T. (1999), Palaeomagnetic dating of late Holocene sediments in Fennoscandia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 18, 889-897, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00003-7. (Pubitemid 29280013)
85. Savelle, J. M., A. S. Dyke, and A. P. McCartney (2000), Holocene bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) mortality patterns in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Arctic, 53, 414-421.
86. 18O data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1289, doi:10.1029/2001GL013135.
87. Schweiger, A. J., R. W. Lindsay, S. Vavrus, and J. A. Francis (2008), Relationships between Arctic sea ice and clouds during autumn, J. Clim., 21, 4799-4810, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2156.1.
88. Serreze, M. C., and A. P. Barrett (2008), The summer cyclone maximum over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 21, 1048-1065, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1810.1. (Pubitemid 351736227)
89. Serreze, M. C., J. A. Maslanik, T. A. Scambos, F. Fetterer, J. Stroeve, K. Knowles, C. Fowler, S. Drobot, R. G. Barry, and T. M. Haran (2003), A new record minimum Arctic sea ice and extent and area in 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(3), 1110, doi:10.1029/2002GL016406.
90. Shimada, K., E. C. Carmack, K. Hatakeyama, and T. Takizawa (2001), Varieties of shallow temperature maximum waters in the Western Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3441-3444, doi:10.1029/2001GL013168. (Pubitemid 32989779)
91. Slubowska-Woldengen, M., N. Koç, T. L. Rasmussen, D. Klitgaard-Kristensen, M. Hald, and A. E. Jennings (2008), Time-slice reconstructions of ocean circulation changes on the continental shelf in the Nordic and Barents seas during the last 16,000 cal yr B.P., Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 1476-1492, doi:10.1016/j.quascir-ev.2008.04.015.
92. Snowball, I., and P. Sandgren (2002), Geomagnetic field variations in northern Sweden during the Holocene quantified from varved lake sediments and their implications for cosmo-genic nuclide production rates, Holocene, 12, 517-530, doi:10.1191/0959683602hl562rp. (Pubitemid 34979124)
93. Snowball, I., L. Zillén, A. Ojala, T. Saarinen, and P. Sandgren (2007), FENNOSTACK and FENNORPIS: Varve dated Holocene palaeo-magnetic secular variation and relative palaeointensity stacks for Fennoscandia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255, 106-116, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2006.12.009.
94. Steele, M., and W. Ermold (2004), Salinity trends on the Siberian shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24308, doi:10.1029/2004GL021302. (Pubitemid 40301205)
95. Steele, M., J. Morison, W. Ermold, I. Rigor, M. Ortmeyer, and K. Shimada (2004), Circulation of summer Pacific halocline water in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02027, doi:10.1029/2003JC002009.
96. Steele, M., W. Ermold, and J. Zhang (2008), Arctic Ocean surface warming trends over the past 100 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02614, doi:10.1029/2007GL031651. (Pubitemid 351392169)
97. Stoner, J. S., and G. St-Onge (2007), Magnetic stratigraphy in paleoceanography: Reversals, excursions, paleointensity, and secular variation, in Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceano-graphy, edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, pp. 99-138, doi:10.1016/S1572-5480 (07)01008-1, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
98. Stoner, J. S., A. Jennings, G. B. Kristjánsdóttir, G. Dunhill, J. T. Andrews, and J. Hardardóttir (2007), A paleomagnetic approach toward refining Holocene radiocarbon-based chronologies: Paleoceanographic records from the north Iceland (MD99-2269) and east Greenland (MD99-2322) margins, Paleocea-nography, 22, PA1209, doi:10.1029/2006PA001285. (Pubitemid 46831843)
99. St-Onge, G., J. S. Stoner, and C. Hillaire-Marcel (2003), Holocene paleomagnetic records from the St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada: Centennial-to millennial-scale geomagnetic modulation of cosmogenic isotopes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 209, 113-130, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00079-87
100. St-Onge, G., T.Mulder, D. J.W.Piper, C. Hillaire-Marcel, and J. S. Stoner (2004), Earthquake and flood-induced turbidites in the Saguenay Fjord (Québec): A Holocene paleoseismicity record, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 283-294, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2003.03.001.
101. Stroeve, J., M. Serreze, S. Drobot, S. Gearheard, M. Holland, J. Maslanik, W. Meier, and T. Scambos (2008), Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(2), 13, doi:10.1029/2008EO020001.
102. Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace (1998), The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297-1300, doi:10.1029/98GL00950.
103. Vare, L. L., G. Massé, T. R. Gregory, C. W. Smart, and S. T. Belt (2009), Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 1354-1366, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.013.
104. Vavrus, S., and S. P. Harrison (2003), The impact of sea-ice dynamics on the Arctic climate system, Clim. Dyn., 20, 741-757.
105. Venegas, S. A., and L. A. Mysak (2000), Is there a dominant timescale of natural climate variability in the Arctic?, J. Clim., 13, 3412-3434, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000) 0132.0.CO;2.
106. Verosub, K. L., P. J. Mehringer Jr., and P. Waterstraat (1986), Holocene secular variation in western North America: Paleomagnetic record from Fish Lake, Harney County, Oregon, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3609-3624, doi:10.1029/ JB091iB03p03609.
107. Weeks, R., C. Laj, L. Endignoux, M. Fuller, A. Roberts, R. Manganne, E. Blanchard, and W. Goree (1993), Improvements in long-core measurement techniques: Applications in paleomagnetism and paleoceanogra-phy, Geophys. J. Int., 114, 651-662, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb06994.x.
108. Zhang, X. D., M. Ikeda, and J. E. Walsh (2003), Arctic sea ice and freshwater changes driven by the atmospheric leading mode in a coupled sea ice-ocean model, J. Clim., 16, 2159-2177, doi:10.1175/2758.1. (Pubitemid 36965071)
109. edited by D. W. Collinson Zijderveld, J. D. (1967), Demagnetization of rocks: Analysis of results, in Methods in Paleomagnetism, edited by D. W. Collinson
110. K. M. Creer, and S. K. Runcorn, pp. 254-286, Elsevier, Amsterdam.