메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-240

Playing Politics with Science: Balancing Scientific Independence and Government Oversight

(1)  Resnik, David B a  

a NONE

Author keywords

Advice; Autonomy; Government funding; Government oversight; National security; Objectivity; Politics; Progress; Science; Science education

Indexed keywords


EID: 77954289079     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375893.001.0001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (37)

References (306)
  • 1
    • 84921679512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell backing holds at six in ten. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • ABC News. 2004. Stem cell backing holds at six in ten. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2004)
  • 2
    • 0003435008 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: DOE
    • Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE). 1995. The human radiation experiments. Washington, DC: DOE.
    • (1995) The human radiation experiments
  • 5
    • 84921679511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAAS funding update, August 9, 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 2006. AAAS funding update, August 9, 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 7
    • 0348218220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic freedom and national security in a time of crisis
    • American Association of University Professors (AAUP). 2003. Academic freedom and national security in a time of crisis. Academe 89, 6: 34-59.
    • (2003) Academe , vol.89 , Issue.6 , pp. 34-59
  • 10
    • 84921668460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Churches to mark Darwin's birthday
    • February 11
    • Anderson, L. 2006. Churches to mark Darwin's birthday. Chicago Tribune, February 11: A1.
    • (2006) Chicago Tribune , pp. A1
    • Anderson, L.1
  • 12
    • 0033290630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why we need a national human experimentation agency
    • Annas, G. 1999. Why we need a national human experimentation agency. Accountability in Research 7: 293-302.
    • (1999) Accountability in Research , vol.7 , pp. 293-302
    • Annas, G.1
  • 13
    • 84921680373 scopus 로고
    • Darwin among the moralists
    • In P. Appleman (ed.), 2nd ed, New York: W. W. Norton
    • Appleman, P. 1979. Darwin among the moralists. In P. Appleman (ed.), Darwin, 2nd ed., 551-71. New York: W. W. Norton.
    • (1979) Darwin , pp. 551-571
    • Appleman, P.1
  • 14
    • 0004323473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 350 b.c, Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Aristotle. [350 b.c.] 2000. Posterior analytics. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (2000) Posterior analytics
    • Aristotle1
  • 15
    • 84921698292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About AAHRPP. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Association of Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP). 2006. About AAHRPP. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 16
    • 84921679510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is AAALAC? Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC). 2006. What is AAALAC? Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 18
    • 79957945720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell bill gets Bush's first veto
    • July 19
    • Babington, C. 2006. Stem cell bill gets Bush's first veto. Washington Post, July 19: A4.
    • (2006) Washington Post , pp. A4
    • Babington, C.1
  • 19
    • 0004281319 scopus 로고
    • Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Bacon, F. [1620] 2005. The new organon. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (1620) The new organon
    • Bacon, F.1
  • 21
    • 84921660594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An inconvenient verdict for Gore. ABC News, October 12, 2007. Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008)
    • Baram, M. 2007. An inconvenient verdict for Gore. ABC News, October 12, 2007. Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008).
    • (2007)
    • Baram, M.1
  • 24
  • 25
    • 34248517738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human embryonic stem cell research: An argument for national research review
    • Baylis, F., and Robert, J. 2006. Human embryonic stem cell research: An argument for national research review. Accountability in Research 13: 207-24.
    • (2006) Accountability in Research , vol.13 , pp. 207-224
    • Baylis, F.1    Robert, J.2
  • 28
    • 42949151284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ubiquity of deception and the ethics of deceptive research
    • Benham, B. 2008. The ubiquity of deception and the ethics of deceptive research. Bioethics 22: 147-56.
    • (2008) Bioethics , vol.22 , pp. 147-156
    • Benham, B.1
  • 29
    • 85050713017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Hardy (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
    • Berlin, I. 2002. Liberty, H. Hardy (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2002) Liberty
    • Berlin, I.1
  • 30
    • 33646755406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should academics self-censor their findings on terrorism?
    • Bhattacharjee, Y. 2006. Should academics self-censor their findings on terrorism? Science 312: 993-94.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 993-994
    • Bhattacharjee, Y.1
  • 32
    • 84921679509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of BIO. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO). 2006. History of BIO. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 33
    • 1842587894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioethics and the political distortion of biomedical science
    • Blackburn, E. 2004. Bioethics and the political distortion of biomedical science. New England Journal of Medicine 350: 1379-80.
    • (2004) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.350 , pp. 1379-1380
    • Blackburn, E.1
  • 34
    • 19344365853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reason as our guide
    • Blackburn, E., and Rowley, J. 2004. Reason as our guide. PLoS Biology 2, 4: e116.
    • (2004) PLoS Biology , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. e116
    • Blackburn, E.1    Rowley, J.2
  • 36
    • 84921698291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • assessing Al Qaeda's WMD capabilities. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Boureston, J. 2002. Center for Contemporary Conflict, assessing Al Qaeda's WMD capabilities. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2002) Center for Contemporary Conflict
    • Boureston, J.1
  • 37
    • 0010161873 scopus 로고
    • On the current status of the issue of scientific realism
    • Boyd, R. 1983. On the current status of the issue of scientific realism. Erkenntnis 19: 45-90.
    • (1983) Erkenntnis , vol.19 , pp. 45-90
    • Boyd, R.1
  • 38
    • 84921654662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From a rapt audience, a call to cool the hype
    • March 13
    • Broad, W. 2007. From a rapt audience, a call to cool the hype. New York Times, March 13: A1.
    • (2007) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Broad, W.1
  • 39
    • 32544460634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific balance of power
    • Brumfiel, G. 2006. The scientific balance of power. Nature 439: 646-47.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 646-647
    • Brumfiel, G.1
  • 42
    • 84921679508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive Order 13237. Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008)
    • Bush, G. 2001. Executive Order 13237. Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008).
    • (2001)
    • Bush, G.1
  • 43
    • 0004113802 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Bush, V. 1945. Science: The endless frontier. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (1945) Science: The endless frontier
    • Bush, V.1
  • 45
    • 32944457696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why human "altered nuclear transfer" is unethical: A holistic systems view
    • Byrnes, W. 2005. Why human "altered nuclear transfer" is unethical: A holistic systems view. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 5: 271-9.
    • (2005) National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly , vol.5 , pp. 271-279
    • Byrnes, W.1
  • 47
    • 0034600270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining when quality improvement initiatives should be considered research: Proposed criteria and potential implications
    • Casarett, D., Karlawish, J., and Sugarman, J. 2000. Determining when quality improvement initiatives should be considered research: Proposed criteria and potential implications. Journal of the American Medical Association 283: 2275-80.
    • (2000) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.283 , pp. 2275-2280
    • Casarett, D.1    Karlawish, J.2    Sugarman, J.3
  • 48
    • 0037047595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template
    • Cello, J., Paul, A., and Wimmer, E. 2002. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science 297: 1016-18.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1016-1018
    • Cello, J.1    Paul, A.2    Wimmer, E.3
  • 50
    • 0030068045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings
    • Cho, M., and Bero, L. 1996. The quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings. Annals of Internal Medicine 124: 485-89.
    • (1996) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.124 , pp. 485-489
    • Cho, M.1    Bero, L.2
  • 52
    • 84921660592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2006 pig book summary. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Citizens against Government Waste. 2006. 2006 pig book summary. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 53
    • 21644465207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • House "peer review" kills two NIH grants
    • Cohen, J. 2005. House "peer review" kills two NIH grants. Science 309: 29-30.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 29-30
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 57
    • 26444523497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plan B: A collision of science and politics
    • Couzin, J. 2005. Plan B: A collision of science and politics. Science 310: 38-39.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 38-39
    • Couzin, J.1
  • 58
    • 33646700984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Texas earmark allots millions to disputed theory of Gulf War illness
    • Couzin, J. 2006. Texas earmark allots millions to disputed theory of Gulf War illness. Science 312: 668.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 668
    • Couzin, J.1
  • 59
    • 3943070433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missed opportunities in embryonic stem-cell research
    • Daley, G. 2004. Missed opportunities in embryonic stem-cell research. New England Journal of Medicine 351: 627-28.
    • (2004) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.351 , pp. 627-628
    • Daley, G.1
  • 60
    • 84921660591 scopus 로고
    • 515 F.2d 485 (6th Cir
    • Daniel v. Waters. 515 F.2d 485 (6th Cir. 1975).
    • (1975) Daniel v. Waters
  • 67
    • 84968054140 scopus 로고
    • Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
    • Dobzansky, T. 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. American Biology Teacher 35: 125-29.
    • (1973) American Biology Teacher , vol.35 , pp. 125-129
    • Dobzansky, T.1
  • 71
    • 0003893658 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Earman, J. 1992. Bayes or bust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1992) Bayes or bust
    • Earman, J.1
  • 73
    • 84921665025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Censorship is alleged at NOAA
    • February 6
    • Eilperin, J. 2006. Censorship is alleged at NOAA. Washington Post, February 6: A7.
    • (2006) Washington Post , pp. A7
    • Eilperin, J.1
  • 79
    • 84921660590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What we do. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2006. What we do. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 80
    • 84921642778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA Human Studies Review Board. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2007. EPA Human Studies Review Board. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 82
    • 84921642777 scopus 로고
    • Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008)
    • Federal Advisory Committee Act. 1972. Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008).
    • (1972)
  • 83
    • 84921660589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purpose and function. Available at: (accessed April 10, 2008)
    • Federal Reserve System. 2005. Purpose and function. Available at: (accessed April 10, 2008).
    • (2005)
  • 84
    • 0003439620 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Feinberg, J. 1987. Harm to others. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1987) Harm to others
    • Feinberg, J.1
  • 85
    • 84921660588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance for institutional review boards, clinical investigators, and sponsors. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2006. Guidance for institutional review boards, clinical investigators, and sponsors. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 86
    • 0003987250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Title 42, Pt. 93 (Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services)
    • 42 C.F.R. 93: Public Health Service policies on research misconduct. 2005. Code of Federal Regulations Title 42, Pt. 93 (Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services).
    • (2005) Code of Federal Regulations
  • 87
    • 0003987250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Title 45, Pt. 46 (Department of Health and Human Services). Available at: (accessed April 7, 2008)
    • 45 C.F.R. 46: Protection of health and human subjects. 2005. Code of Federal Regulations Title 45, Pt. 46 (Department of Health and Human Services). Available at: (accessed April 7, 2008).
    • (2005) Code of Federal Regulations
  • 89
    • 84921660587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 U.S.C. 532. Available at: (accessed March 12, 2008)
    • Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). 1996. 5 U.S.C. 532. Available at: (accessed March 12, 2008).
    • (1996)
  • 92
    • 0347831130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Gert, B. 2007. Common morality. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2007) Common morality
    • Gert, B.1
  • 93
    • 52449110418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gore shares peace prize for climate change work
    • October 13
    • Gibbs, W., and Lyall, S. 2007. Gore shares peace prize for climate change work. New York Times, October 13: A1.
    • (2007) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Gibbs, W.1    Lyall, S.2
  • 94
    • 0004314753 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Giere, R. 1988. Explaining science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1988) Explaining science
    • Giere, R.1
  • 96
    • 42349090426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trials and tribulations
    • Gilbert, S. 2008. Trials and tribulations. Hastings Center Report 38, 2: 14-18.
    • (2008) Hastings Center Report , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 14-18
    • Gilbert, S.1
  • 97
    • 42349091656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming genetic research practices with marginalized communities: A case for responsive justice
    • Goering, S., Holland, S., and Fryer-Edwards, K. 2008. Transforming genetic research practices with marginalized communities: A case for responsive justice. Hastings Center Report 38, 2: 43-53.
    • (2008) Hastings Center Report , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 43-53
    • Goering, S.1    Holland, S.2    Fryer-Edwards, K.3
  • 102
    • 33745711535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal advisory committees: Additional guidance could help agencies better ensure independence and balance
    • Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008)
    • Government Accounting Office (GAO). 2004. Federal advisory committees: Additional guidance could help agencies better ensure independence and balance. Available at: (accessed March 7, 2008).
    • (2004)
  • 104
    • 34249011489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we develop ethically universal embryonic stem-cell lines?
    • Green, R. 2007. Can we develop ethically universal embryonic stem-cell lines? Nature Reviews Genetics 8: 480-85.
    • (2007) Nature Reviews Genetics , vol.8 , pp. 480-485
    • Green, R.1
  • 106
    • 12944268788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nanny state meets the inner lawyer: Over-regulating while underprotecting human participants in research
    • Gunsalus, C. 2004. The nanny state meets the inner lawyer: Over-regulating while underprotecting human participants in research. Ethics and Behavior 14: 369-82.
    • (2004) Ethics and Behavior , vol.14 , pp. 369-382
    • Gunsalus, C.1
  • 111
    • 0003746806 scopus 로고
    • number 76. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008)
    • Hamilton, A. 1788. Federalist number 76. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008).
    • (1788) Federalist
    • Hamilton, A.1
  • 112
    • 0003746806 scopus 로고
    • number 51. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008)
    • Hamilton, A., and Madison, J. 1788. Federalist number 51. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008).
    • (1788) Federalist
    • Hamilton, A.1    Madison, J.2
  • 113
    • 84921634607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morning after pill is cleared for wider sales
    • August 24
    • Harris, G. 2006. Morning after pill is cleared for wider sales. New York Times, August 24: A1.
    • (2006) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Harris, G.1
  • 114
    • 35148893308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgeon general sees 4-year term as compromised
    • July 11
    • Harris, G. 2007. Surgeon general sees 4-year term as compromised. New York Times, July 11: A1.
    • (2007) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Harris, G.1
  • 115
    • 84921679507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Harris poll #58, August 18, 2004. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • Harris Interactive. 2004. The Harris poll #58, August 18, 2004. Available at: (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (2004)
  • 119
    • 0004095933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press
    • Hoffman, B. 2006. Inside terrorism, 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • (2006) Inside terrorism
    • Hoffman, B.1
  • 120
    • 24944575134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pellegrino to replace Kass on U.S. panel
    • Holden, C. 2005. Pellegrino to replace Kass on U.S. panel. Science 309: 1800.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 1800
    • Holden, C.1
  • 121
    • 33746855127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • States, foundations lead the way after Bush vetoes stem cell bill
    • Holden, C. 2006. States, foundations lead the way after Bush vetoes stem cell bill. Science 313: 420-21.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 420-421
    • Holden, C.1
  • 123
    • 0037024838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the modern synthesis to Lysenkoism, and back?
    • Hossfeld, U., and Olsson, L. 2002. From the modern synthesis to Lysenkoism, and back? Science 297: 55-56.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 55-56
    • Hossfeld, U.1    Olsson, L.2
  • 125
    • 33750939187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeking consensus: A clarification and defense of altered nuclear transfer
    • Hurlbut, W., George, R., and Grompe, M. 2006. Seeking consensus: A clarification and defense of altered nuclear transfer. Hastings Center Report 36, 5: 42-49.
    • (2006) Hastings Center Report , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 42-49
    • Hurlbut, W.1    George, R.2    Grompe, M.3
  • 126
    • 84921698289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the Human Genome Project? Available at: (accessed April 5, 2008)
    • Human Genome Project. 2005. What is the Human Genome Project? Available at: (accessed April 5, 2008).
    • (2005)
  • 127
    • 84921642776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quotations page. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Huxley, T. 2006. The quotations page. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
    • Huxley, T.1
  • 128
    • 84921660586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent design. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Intelligent Design Network. 2006. Intelligent design. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 130
    • 0035154360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox
    • Jackson, R., Ramsay, A., Christensen, C., Beaton, S., Hall, D., and Ramshaw, I. 2001. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. Journal of Virology 75: 1205-10.
    • (2001) Journal of Virology , vol.75 , pp. 1205-1210
    • Jackson, R.1    Ramsay, A.2    Christensen, C.3    Beaton, S.4    Hall, D.5    Ramshaw, I.6
  • 131
    • 34548031894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nominee is grilled over program on pesticides
    • April 7
    • Janofsky, M. 2005. Nominee is grilled over program on pesticides. New York Times, April 7: A1.
    • (2005) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Janofsky, M.1
  • 134
    • 84921698288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About the commission. Available at: (accessed December 5, 2006)
    • Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). 2006. About the commission. Available at: (accessed December 5, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 136
    • 0003926193 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Joravsky, D. 1986. The Lysenko affair. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1986) The Lysenko affair
    • Joravsky, D.1
  • 138
    • 0037452584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncensored exchange of scientific results
    • Journal Editors and Authors Group. 2003. Uncensored exchange of scientific results. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 1464.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.100 , pp. 1464
  • 139
    • 0842331459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex studies "properly" approved
    • Kaiser, J. 2004. Sex studies "properly" approved. Science 303: 741.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 741
    • Kaiser, J.1
  • 140
    • 22744437364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fortyfour researchers broke NIH consulting rules
    • Kaiser, J. 2005. Fortyfour researchers broke NIH consulting rules. Science 309: 546.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 546
    • Kaiser, J.1
  • 142
    • 0003851654 scopus 로고
    • N. K. Smith (trans.). New York: Macmillan
    • Kant, I. [1781] 2003. Critique of pure reason, N. K. Smith (trans.). New York: Macmillan.
    • (1781) Critique of pure reason
    • Kant, I.1
  • 145
  • 146
    • 35348886571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific productivity and citation of scientific papers: Where do we stand?
    • King, C. 2007. Scientific productivity and citation of scientific papers: Where do we stand? Current Science 93, 6: 750-51.
    • (2007) Current Science , vol.93 , Issue.6 , pp. 750-751
    • King, C.1
  • 147
    • 38449116625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC director's message on risk runs afoul of White House edits
    • Kintisch, E. 2007. CDC director's message on risk runs afoul of White House edits. Science 318: 726-27.
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 726-727
    • Kintisch, E.1
  • 148
    • 32444438807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A budget with big winners and losers
    • Kintisch, E., and Mervis, J. 2006. A budget with big winners and losers. Science 311: 762-64.
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 762-764
    • Kintisch, E.1    Mervis, J.2
  • 154
    • 84921652342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres
    • Klimanskaya, I., Chung, Y., Becker, S., Lu, S., and Lanza, R. 2006. Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres. Nature 442: 1-5.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.442 , pp. 1-5
    • Klimanskaya, I.1    Chung, Y.2    Becker, S.3    Lu, S.4    Lanza, R.5
  • 158
    • 0003666086 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Kuhn, T. 1977. The essential tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1977) The essential tension
    • Kuhn, T.1
  • 160
    • 0002479337 scopus 로고
    • Falsificationism and the methodology of scientific research programmes
    • In: I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds.), 91-195, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Lakatos, I. 1970. Falsificationism and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In: I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge, 91-195. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1970) Criticism and the growth of knowledge
    • Lakatos, I.1
  • 162
  • 163
    • 49649103328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bush aide blocked report
    • July 29
    • Lee, C., and Kaufman, M. 2007. Bush aide blocked report. Washington Post, July 29: A1.
    • (2007) Washington Post , pp. A1
    • Lee, C.1    Kaufman, M.2
  • 164
    • 39049186642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two facets of peer review and the proper role of study sections
    • Lenard, J. 2006. Two facets of peer review and the proper role of study sections. Accountability in Research 13: 277-83.
    • (2006) Accountability in Research , vol.13 , pp. 277-283
    • Lenard, J.1
  • 165
    • 0002458479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninstitutional commercial review boards in North America: A critical appraisal and comparison with IRBs
    • Lemmens, T., and Thompson, A. 2001. Noninstitutional commercial review boards in North America: A critical appraisal and comparison with IRBs. IRB: Ethics and Human Research 23, 2: 1-12.
    • (2001) IRB: Ethics and Human Research , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-12
    • Lemmens, T.1    Thompson, A.2
  • 167
    • 84921679506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of biowarfare
    • Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Lewis, S. 2001. History of biowarfare. Nova Online. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2001) Nova Online
    • Lewis, S.1
  • 171
    • 1242351705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does quality improvement count as research? Human subject protection and theories of knowledge
    • Lynn, J. 2004. When does quality improvement count as research? Human subject protection and theories of knowledge. Quality and Safety in Health Care 13: 67-70.
    • (2004) Quality and Safety in Health Care , vol.13 , pp. 67-70
    • Lynn, J.1
  • 173
    • 0035964813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White House asks community to oppose earmark projects
    • Malakoff, D. 2001. White House asks community to oppose earmark projects. Science 293: 2364.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 2364
    • Malakoff, D.1
  • 174
    • 84921642775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biological weapon: A poor man's weapon of mass destruction
    • Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Mayer, T. 2006. The biological weapon: A poor man's weapon of mass destruction. Air and Space Power Journal. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006) Air and Space Power Journal
    • Mayer, T.1
  • 176
    • 11144223547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered nuclear transfer in stem-cell research -a flawed proposal
    • Melton, D., Daley, G., and Jennings, C. 2004. Altered nuclear transfer in stem-cell research -a flawed proposal. New England Journal of Medicine 351: 2791-92.
    • (2004) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.351 , pp. 2791-2792
    • Melton, D.1    Daley, G.2    Jennings, C.3
  • 177
    • 84921668574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic earmarks: The money schools love to hate
    • Mervis, J. 2006a. Academic earmarks: The money schools love to hate. Science 313: 1374.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1374
    • Mervis, J.1
  • 178
    • 30344466365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judge Jones defines science-and why intelligent design isn't
    • Mervis, J. 2006b. Judge Jones defines science-and why intelligent design isn't. Science 311: 34.
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 34
    • Mervis, J.1
  • 179
    • 33646850406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senate panel chair asks why NSF funds social sciences
    • Mervis, J. 2006c. Senate panel chair asks why NSF funds social sciences. Science 312: 829.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 829
    • Mervis, J.1
  • 181
    • 0004001507 scopus 로고
    • New York: Liberal Arts Press
    • Mill, J. [1859] 1956. On liberty. New York: Liberal Arts Press.
    • (1859) On liberty
    • Mill, J.1
  • 182
    • 33747137583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public acceptance of evolution
    • Miller, J., Scott, E., and Okamoto, S. 2006. Public acceptance of evolution. Science 313: 765-66.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 765-766
    • Miller, J.1    Scott, E.2    Okamoto, S.3
  • 183
    • 36949041023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences
    • Miller, S., and Selgelid, M. 2007. Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences. Science and Engineering Ethics 13: 523-80.
    • (2007) Science and Engineering Ethics , vol.13 , pp. 523-580
    • Miller, S.1    Selgelid, M.2
  • 188
    • 84921422906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 2002. Integrity in science. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (2002) Integrity in science
  • 189
    • 57749201721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008)
    • National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 2006. Understanding and responding to climate change. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008).
    • (2006) Understanding and responding to climate change
  • 193
    • 84921660585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About NIH. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2006a. About NIH. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 194
    • 84921642774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of extramural research. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2006b. Office of extramural research. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 195
    • 84921660584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant DNA advisory committee. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2006c. Recombinant DNA advisory committee. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 196
    • 84921642773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A short history of the NIH. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2006d. A short history of the NIH. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 197
    • 84921642772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIPAA privacy rule: Information for researchers. Available at: (accessed March 20, 2008)
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2008. HIPAA privacy rule: Information for researchers. Available at: (accessed March 20, 2008).
    • (2008)
  • 198
    • 84921660583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • About the NNI. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). 2006. About the NNI. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 199
    • 84921698287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex education in America. Available at: (accessed March 25, 2008)
    • National Public Radio. 2008. Sex education in America. Available at: (accessed March 25, 2008).
    • (2008)
  • 202
    • 84921642771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welcome. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB). 2005. Welcome. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2005)
  • 203
    • 84921642770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft guidance documents. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB). 2006. Draft guidance documents. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 204
    • 84921698286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science indicators 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • National Science Foundation (NSF). 2006. Science indicators 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 206
    • 0004176506 scopus 로고
    • Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel
    • Niiniluoto, I. 1987. Truthlikeness. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.
    • (1987) Truthlikeness
    • Niiniluoto, I.1
  • 207
    • 84921660582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nobel Prize winners. Available at: (accessed February 26, 2008)
    • Nobel Prize Foundation. 2008. Nobel Prize winners. Available at: (accessed February 26, 2008).
    • (2008)
  • 209
    • 84921698285 scopus 로고
    • Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Nuremberg Code. 1949. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (1949)
    • Code, N.1
  • 210
    • 84921679505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International compilation of human subject research protections. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP). 2007a. International compilation of human subject research protections. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 211
    • 84921679504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy and guidance. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP). 2007b. Policy and guidance. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 212
    • 84921679503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services
    • Office of Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. IRBs: A system in jeopardy. Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
    • (1998) IRBs: A system in jeopardy
  • 213
    • 84921698284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human subjects legislation. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis. 2006. Human subjects legislation. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 214
    • 84921679502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roger Boisjoly and the shuttle Challenger disaster. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Online Ethics Center. 2005. Roger Boisjoly and the shuttle Challenger disaster. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2005)
  • 215
    • 40349112031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philosophers notwithstanding, Kansas school board redefines science
    • November 15
    • Overbye, D. 2005. Philosophers notwithstanding, Kansas school board redefines science. New York Times, November 15: A1.
    • (2005) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Overbye, D.1
  • 216
    • 13444301017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of medical school institutional review board policies regarding compensation of subjects for research-related injury
    • Paasche-Orlow, M., and Brancati, F. 2005. Assessment of medical school institutional review board policies regarding compensation of subjects for research-related injury. American Journal of Medicine 118: 175-80.
    • (2005) American Journal of Medicine , vol.118 , pp. 175-180
    • Paasche-Orlow, M.1    Brancati, F.2
  • 218
    • 84921660581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who we are. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PHrMA). 2006. Who we are. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 221
    • 84921630349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
    • Pojman, L. 2005. Ethics, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
    • (2005) Ethics
    • Pojman, L.1
  • 223
    • 84903109616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Powaski, R. 1997. The Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1997) The Cold War
    • Powaski, R.1
  • 224
    • 84921642769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcript of Colin Powell's presentation to the U.N. on February 3, 2003. Available at: (accessed March 14, 2008)
    • Powell, C. 2003. Transcript of Colin Powell's presentation to the U.N. on February 3, 2003. Available at: (accessed March 14, 2008).
    • (2003)
    • Powell, C.1
  • 230
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Rawls, J. 1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1971) A theory of justice
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 231
    • 0004168076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Rawls, J. 2001. The law of peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (2001) The law of peoples
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 232
    • 0003624191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press
    • Rawls, J. 2005. Political liberalism, 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • (2005) Political liberalism
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 235
    • 0035377464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Setting biomedical research priorities: Justice, science, and public participation
    • Resnik, D. 2001. Setting biomedical research priorities: Justice, science, and public participation. Kennedy Institute for Ethics Journal 11: 181-205.
    • (2001) Kennedy Institute for Ethics Journal , vol.11 , pp. 181-205
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 236
    • 0142165903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Baltimore to Bell Labs: Reflections on two decades of debate about scientific misconduct
    • Resnik, D. 2003a. From Baltimore to Bell Labs: Reflections on two decades of debate about scientific misconduct. Accountability in Research 10: 123-35.
    • (2003) Accountability in Research , vol.10 , pp. 123-135
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 238
    • 18544380564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The patient's duty to adhere to prescribed treatment: An ethical analysis
    • Resnik, D. 2005. The patient's duty to adhere to prescribed treatment: An ethical analysis. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30: 167-88.
    • (2005) Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , vol.30 , pp. 167-188
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 239
    • 33748491073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensation of research-related injuries: Ethical and legal issues
    • Resnik, D. 2006a. Compensation of research-related injuries: Ethical and legal issues. Journal of Legal Medicine 27: 263-87.
    • (2006) Journal of Legal Medicine , vol.27 , pp. 263-287
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 240
    • 85010644512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Openness versus secrecy in scientific research
    • Resnik, D. 2006b. Openness versus secrecy in scientific research. Episteme 2: 135-47.
    • (2006) Episteme , vol.2 , pp. 135-147
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 241
    • 35348884163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the new EPA regulations concerning intentional exposure studies with children overprotective?
    • Resnik, D. 2007a. Are the new EPA regulations concerning intentional exposure studies with children overprotective? IRB: Ethics and Human Research 29, 5: 5-7.
    • (2007) IRB: Ethics and Human Research , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 5-7
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 242
    • 33847005060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new EPA regulations for protecting human subjects: Haste makes waste
    • Resnik, D. 2007b. The new EPA regulations for protecting human subjects: Haste makes waste. Hastings Center Report 37, 1: 17-21.
    • (2007) Hastings Center Report , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-21
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 244
    • 38349186883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Freedom of speech in government science
    • Resnik, D. 2008. Freedom of speech in government science. Issues in Science and Technology 24, 2: 31-34.
    • (2008) Issues in Science and Technology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-34
    • Resnik, D.1
  • 245
    • 16344384257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioterrorism and the responsible conduct of research
    • Resnik, D., and Shamoo, A. 2005. Bioterrorism and the responsible conduct of research. Drug Development Research 63: 121-33.
    • (2005) Drug Development Research , vol.63 , pp. 121-133
    • Resnik, D.1    Shamoo, A.2
  • 246
    • 33746530133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fraudulent human embryonic stem cell research in South Korea: Lessons learned
    • Resnik, D., Shamoo, A., and Krimsky, S. 2006. Fraudulent human embryonic stem cell research in South Korea: Lessons learned. Accountability in Research 13: 101-9.
    • (2006) Accountability in Research , vol.13 , pp. 101-109
    • Resnik, D.1    Shamoo, A.2    Krimsky, S.3
  • 247
    • 33847719480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons learned from the Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study
    • Resnik, D., and Wing, S. 2007. Lessons learned from the Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study. American Journal of Public Health 97: 414-18.
    • (2007) American Journal of Public Health , vol.97 , pp. 414-418
    • Resnik, D.1    Wing, S.2
  • 248
    • 33744457345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate expert says NASA tried to silence him
    • January 29
    • Revkin, A. 2006. Climate expert says NASA tried to silence him. New York Times, January 29: A1.
    • (2006) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Revkin, A.1
  • 249
    • 84869635953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change testimony was edited by White House
    • October 25
    • Revkin, A. 2007. Climate change testimony was edited by White House. New York Times, October 25: A1.
    • (2007) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Revkin, A.1
  • 250
    • 33646679623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reported outcomes in major cardiovascular clinical trials funded by for-profit and not-for-profit organizations: 2000-2005
    • Ridker, P., and Torres, J. 2006. Reported outcomes in major cardiovascular clinical trials funded by for-profit and not-for-profit organizations: 2000-2005. Journal of the American Medical Association 295: 2270-74.
    • (2006) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.295 , pp. 2270-2274
    • Ridker, P.1    Torres, J.2
  • 251
    • 0018019223 scopus 로고
    • The scientist's right to research: A constitutional analysis
    • Robertson, J. 1977. The scientist's right to research: A constitutional analysis. Southern California Law Review 51: 1203-78.
    • (1977) Southern California Law Review , vol.51 , pp. 1203-1278
    • Robertson, J.1
  • 256
    • 0037173003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variola virus immune evasion design: Expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement
    • Rosengard, A., Liu, Y., Nie, Z., and Jimenez, R. 2002. Variola virus immune evasion design: Expression of a highly efficient inhibitor of human complement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 8808-13.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.99 , pp. 8808-8813
    • Rosengard, A.1    Liu, Y.2    Nie, Z.3    Jimenez, R.4
  • 258
    • 0004041576 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Ruse, M. 1979. The Darwinian revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1979) The Darwinian revolution
    • Ruse, M.1
  • 260
    • 84921679501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bill of rights for scientists and engineers. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008)
    • Scientists and Engineers for America. 2006. Bill of rights for scientists and engineers. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 261
    • 84921642768 scopus 로고
    • Mission and vision. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008)
    • Tenn. 424, 278 S.W. 57 (Tenn
    • Scientists and Engineers for America. 2008. Mission and vision. Available at: (accessed March 30, 2008). Scopes v. State. 152 Tenn. 424, 278 S.W. 57 (Tenn. 1925).
    • (1925) Scopes v. State , vol.152
  • 263
    • 0037332109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles and experiences of non-affiliated and non-scientist members of institutional review boards
    • Sengupta, S., and Lo, B. 2003. The roles and experiences of non-affiliated and non-scientist members of institutional review boards. Academic Medicine 78: 212-18.
    • (2003) Academic Medicine , vol.78 , pp. 212-218
    • Sengupta, S.1    Lo, B.2
  • 264
    • 0033290921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional review boards (IRBs) and conflict of interest
    • Shamoo, A. 1999a. Institutional review boards (IRBs) and conflict of interest. Accountability in Research 7: 201-12.
    • (1999) Accountability in Research , vol.7 , pp. 201-212
    • Shamoo, A.1
  • 265
    • 0033286510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unregulated research with human subjects
    • Shamoo, A. 1999b. Unregulated research with human subjects. Accountability in Research 6: 205-14.
    • (1999) Accountability in Research , vol.6 , pp. 205-214
    • Shamoo, A.1
  • 266
    • 0035552493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse event reporting: The tip of an iceberg
    • Shamoo, A. 2001. Adverse event reporting: The tip of an iceberg. Accountability in Research 8: 197-218.
    • (2001) Accountability in Research , vol.8 , pp. 197-218
    • Shamoo, A.1
  • 268
    • 37549033920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal and uniform protections of human subjects in research
    • Shamoo, A., and Schwartz, J. 2007. Universal and uniform protections of human subjects in research. American Journal of Bioethics 7: 7-9.
    • (2007) American Journal of Bioethics , vol.7 , pp. 7-9
    • Shamoo, A.1    Schwartz, J.2
  • 269
    • 0034153572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involving study populations in the review of genetic research
    • Sharp, R., and Foster, M. 2000. Involving study populations in the review of genetic research. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 28: 41-51.
    • (2000) Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics , vol.28 , pp. 41-51
    • Sharp, R.1    Foster, M.2
  • 276
    • 0003560902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Singer, P. 1999. Practical ethics, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Practical ethics
    • Singer, P.1
  • 277
    • 42349090230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research in the physician's office: Navigating the minefield
    • Snyder, L., and Mueller, P. 2008. Research in the physician's office: Navigating the minefield. Hastings Center Report 38, 2: 23-25.
    • (2008) Hastings Center Report , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 23-25
    • Snyder, L.1    Mueller, P.2
  • 279
    • 0043095507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Solomon, M. 2007. Social empiricism, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2007) Social empiricism
    • Solomon, M.1
  • 281
    • 84921679500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection of Human Subjects in Medical Experimentation Act. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • State of California. 2007. Protection of Human Subjects in Medical Experimentation Act. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2007)
  • 283
    • 84921647138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • House cuts EPA R & D, restores STAR grants
    • Stokstad, E. 2004. House cuts EPA R & D, restores STAR grants. Science 305: 591.
    • (2004) Science , vol.305 , pp. 591
    • Stokstad, E.1
  • 284
    • 41149102581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA adjusts a smog standard to White House preference
    • Stokstad, E. 2008. EPA adjusts a smog standard to White House preference. Science 319: 1602-3.
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 1602-1603
    • Stokstad, E.1
  • 285
    • 84921649216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In first veto, Bush blocks stem cell bill
    • July 19
    • Stout, D. 2006. In first veto, Bush blocks stem cell bill. New York Times, July 19: A1.
    • (2006) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Stout, D.1
  • 286
    • 84921642767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDR and the court-packing controversy. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Supreme Court Historical Society. 2006. FDR and the court-packing controversy. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 287
    • 0001386407 scopus 로고
    • Why astrology is a pseudoscience
    • In: P. Asquith and I. Hacking (eds.), East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association
    • Thagard, P. 1978. Why astrology is a pseudoscience. In: P. Asquith and I. Hacking (eds.), PSA 1978, vol. 1, 223-33. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.
    • (1978) PSA 1978 , vol.1 , pp. 223-233
    • Thagard, P.1
  • 288
    • 1842455637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Union of Concerned Scientists. 2004. Scientific integrity in policymaking. Washington, DC: Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2004) Scientific integrity in policymaking
  • 289
    • 84921698283 scopus 로고
    • Universal declaration of human rights. Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008)
    • United Nations. 1948. Universal declaration of human rights. Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008).
    • (1948)
  • 290
    • 84921698282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • United Nations. 2002. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2002)
  • 291
    • 84921698281 scopus 로고
    • Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008)
    • U.S. Constitution. 1787. Available at: (accessed February 18, 2008).
    • (1787)
  • 292
    • 84921679499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calendar year 2006 patent counts by patent types and by state and country of origin. Available at: (accessed February 26, 2008)
    • U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 2006. Calendar year 2006 patent counts by patent types and by state and country of origin. Available at: (accessed February 26, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 293
    • 84921646544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kyoto treaty takes effect today
    • June 16
    • Vedantam, S. 2005. Kyoto treaty takes effect today. Washington Post, June 16: A04.
    • (2005) Washington Post , pp. A04
    • Vedantam, S.1
  • 294
    • 41649107834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA feels heat over flame retardant
    • Vestag, B. 2008. EPA feels heat over flame retardant. Nature 452: 513.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.452 , pp. 513
    • Vestag, B.1
  • 295
    • 84921698280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quotations page. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • Von Bismark, O. 2006. The quotations page. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
    • Von Bismark, O.1
  • 296
    • 84898559942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental agency tightens smog standards
    • March 13
    • Wald, M. 2008. Environmental agency tightens smog standards. New York Times, March 13: A1.
    • (2008) New York Times , pp. A1
    • Wald, M.1
  • 297
    • 0034682726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting communities in biomedical research
    • Weijer, C., and Emanuel, E. 2000. Protecting communities in biomedical research. Science 289: 1142-44.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1142-1144
    • Weijer, C.1    Emanuel, E.2
  • 298
    • 22244493924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk
    • Wein, L., and Liu, Y. 2005. Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 9984-89.
    • (2005) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.102 , pp. 9984-9989
    • Wein, L.1    Liu, Y.2
  • 299
    • 84921690588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIH official takes the fifth on tissue sharing
    • June 15
    • Weiss, R. 2006. NIH official takes the fifth on tissue sharing. Washington Post, June 15: A10.
    • (2006) Washington Post , pp. A10
    • Weiss, R.1
  • 300
    • 30544448734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politic stem cells
    • Weissman, P. 2006. Politic stem cells. Nature 439: 145-47.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 145-147
    • Weissman, P.1
  • 301
    • 84921642766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • President names members of bioethics council, January 16, 2002. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • White House press release. 2002. President names members of bioethics council, January 16, 2002. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2002)
  • 303
    • 4344567344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon and Schuster
    • Woodward, R. 2004. Plan of attack. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    • (2004) Plan of attack
    • Woodward, R.1
  • 304
    • 84921660580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GNI per capita 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008)
    • World Bank. 2006. GNI per capita 2006. Available at: (accessed March 31, 2008).
    • (2006)
  • 305
    • 84921679498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declaration at Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Available at: . (accessed March 5, 2008)
    • World Medical Association. 2004. Declaration at Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Available at: . (accessed March 5, 2008).
    • (2004)
  • 306
    • 0004263155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Ziman, J. 2000. Real science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2000) Real science
    • Ziman, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.