Counterfactual thinking, coping strategies, and coping resources as predictors of PTSD diagnosed in physically injured victims of terror attacks

Journal of Loss and Trauma

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 304-324

  Gilbar, Ora ^a   Plivazky, Nirit ^a   Gil, Sharon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954237738     PISSN: 15325024     EISSN: 15325032     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15325020903382350     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Ben-Zur, H., Gilbar, O., & Lev, S. (2001). Coping with breast cancer: Patient, spouse and dyad models. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 32-39.
2. Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., Melamed, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Emotional impact of exposure to terrorism among young-old and old-old Israeli citizens. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 705-712.
3. Branscombe, N. R., Wohl, M. J. A., Owen, S., Allison, J. A., & N'gbala, A. (2003). Counterfactual thinking, blame assignment and well-being in rape victims. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 265-273.
4. Butler, L. D., Blasey, O. M., Garlan, S. E., McCaslin, S. E., Azarow, J., Chen, X. H., et al. (2005). title typecontributorPosttraumatic growth following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001: Cognitive coping and trauma symptom predictors in an Internet convenience sample/title. Traumatology, 11, 247-267.
5. Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C, & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140-151.
6. Callender, G., Brown, G. P., Tata, P., & Regan, L. (2007). Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 25, 51-65.
7. Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., et al. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 375-390.
8. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-288.
9. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Maffill, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I., Harrington, H. L., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the HTT gene. Science, 301, 386-389.
10. Charlton, P. F. C., & Thompson, J. A. (1996). Ways of coping with psychological distress after trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 517-530.
11. Chung, M., Preveza, E., Papandreou, K., & Prevezas, N. (2006). The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury and locus of control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 229-232.
12. Cohen, F., & Lazarus, R. S. (1979). Coping with stress of illness. In G. C. Stone, F. Cohen & N. E. Adler (Eds.), Health psychology-A handbook: Theories, applications and challenges of psychological approach to health care systems (pp. 120-150). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
13. Dalgleish, T. (2004). What might have been: An investigation of the nature of counterfactual thinking in survivors of trauma. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1215-1225.
14. Davis, C. G., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Counterfactual thinking and coping with traumatic life events. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 353-374). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Davis, C. G., Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., & Thompson, S. C. (1995). The undoing of traumatic life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 109-124.
16. Delisi, L. E., Maurizio, A., Yost, M., Papparazzi, C. F., Fulchino, C., Katz, C. L., et al. (2003). A survey of New Yorkers after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 780-783.
17. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttrauma stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 508-519.
18. El-Leithy, S., Brown, G., & Robbins, I. (2006). Counterfactual thinking and posttraumatic stress reaction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 629-635.
19. Elwood, L. S., Kathryn, S. H., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychological Review, 29, 87-100.
20. Epping-Jordan, J. E., Compas, B. E., Osowieck, D. M., Oppedirano, G., Gerhardt, C., Primo, K., et al. (1999). Psychological adjustment in breast cancer: Process of emotional distress. Health Psychology, 18, 315-326.
21. Figley, C. R. (1983). Catastrophes: An overview of family reaction. In C. R. Figley & H. T. McCubbin (Eds.), Stress and the family: Coping with catastrophe (pp. 3-20). New York: Brunner=Mazel.
22. Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.). (2000). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
23. Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. (1998). Psychological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. In R. Yehuda (Ed.), Psychological trauma (pp. 179-204). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
24. Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473.
25. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-age community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-238.
26. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647-654.
27. Fusilier, M., & Manning, M. R. (2005). Psychosocial predictors of health status revisited. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 347-358.
28. George, T. (1999). The relationship between self-image, level of trait anxiety, locus of control and adjustment to boarding school among adolescents (in Hebrew). Unpublished master's thesis, Bar-Ilan University.
29. Gerard, J. M., Landry-Meyer, L., & Roe, J. G. (2006). International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 62, 359-383.
30. Gil, S. (2005). Coping style in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli students. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 18, 351-359.
31. Gilbar, O. (2005). Breast cancer: How do Israeli women cope? A cross-sectional sample. Families, Systems and Health, 23, 161-171.
32. Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Cancer and the family caregiver. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
33. Gilbar, O., & Hevroni, A. (2007). Counterfactuals, coping strategies and psychological distress among breast cancer patients. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20, 383-392.
34. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). Some counterfactual determinants of satisfaction and regret. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 259-282). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Gleicher, F., Boninger, D., Strathman, A., Armo, D., Helts, J., & Ahn, M. (1995). With an eye toward the future: The impact of counterfactual thinking on affect, attitudes, and behavior. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olson (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 283-304). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Gleicher, F., Kost, K. A., Baker, S. M., Strathman, A., Richman, S. A., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). The role of counterfactual thinking in judgments of affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 284-295.
37. Hassani, B. (2007). Trauma and terrorism: How do humans respond? In B. Trappler (Ed.), Modern terrorism and psychological trauma (pp. 1-13). New York: Gordian Knott Books.
38. Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychology and Aging, 21, 152-164.
39. Hepp, U., Moergeli, H., Buchi, S., Wittmaann, L., & Schnyder, U. (2005). Coping with serious accidental injury: A one year follow-up study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74, 379-386.
40. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., Kaltreider, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Events Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
41. Kanninen, K., Puinamkai, R., & Qouta, S. (2002). The relation of appraisal, coping efforts, and acuteness of trauma to PTS symptoms among former political prisoners. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 245-253.
42. Kasimatis, M., & Wells, G. L. (1995). Individual differences in counterfactual thinking. In N. J. Roese & J. M. Olsen (Eds.), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking (pp. 81-102). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Kennedy, P., Lowe, R., Grey, N., & Short, M. (1995). Traumatic spinal cord injury and psychological impact: A cross-sectional analysis of coping strategies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 627-639.
44. Kessler, R. C. (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl. 5), 4-13.
45. Koren, D., Caspi, Y., Leiba, R., Block, D., Vevler, B., & Klein, E. (2009). Acute stress reactions among medical and non-medical personnel in a general hospital under missile attacks. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 123-128.
46. Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. London: Free Association Books.
47. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag.
48. Livneh, H. (2000). Psychosocial adaptation to spinal cord injury: The role of coping strategies. Journal of Applied Counseling, 31, 3-10.
49. Manne, S. L., Subbioni, M., Boubjerg, D. H., Jacobsen, P. B., Taylor, K. L., & Redd, W. H. (1994). Coping with chemotherapy for breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17, 41-55.
50. Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1993). The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 87-109.
51. Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1995). The impact of perceived control on the imagination of better and worse possible worlds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 588-594.
52. Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A state of the science review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 1-21.
53. North, C. S., Spitznagel, E. L., & Smith, E. M. (2001). A prospective study of coping after exposure to a mass murder episode. American Clinical Psychiatry, 13, 81-87.
54. Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2008). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Practice, and Policy, 5, 3-36.
55. Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 867-879.
56. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 805-818.
57. Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 133-148.
58. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectances for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80, 1-8.
59. Rubin, D. C., Bernstein, D., & Bohni, M. K. (2008). A memory-based model of post-traumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115, 985-1001.
60. Safren, S. A., Gershuny, B. S., Marzol, P., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (2002). History of childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 190, 453-456.
61. Sanna, L. J. (1998). Defensive pessimism and optimism: The bittersweet influence of mood on performance and prefactual and counterfactual thinking. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 635-665.
62. Sanna, L. J., Meier, S., & Kandi-Jo, T. A. (1998). Mood, self-esteem, and counterfactuals: Externally attributed moods limit self-enhancement strategies. Social Cognition, 16, 267-286.
63. Sanna, L. J., Turley-Ames, K. J., & Meir, S. (1999). Mood, self-esteem, and simulated alternatives: Thought-provoking affective influences on counterfactual direction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 543-558.
64. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism, trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem: A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
65. Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from a national study of Americans' reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588.
66. Shlosberg, A., & Straus, R. D. (2005). Long-term follow up (32 years) of PTSD in Israeli Yom-Kippur War veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 693-696.
67. Silver, R. C., Holman, A., McIntosh, D. N., Pouli, M., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 228, 1235-1244.
68. Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burge, S., Cameron, L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. H., Kirk, S. B., et al. (2000). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 875-882.
69. Stanton, A., Danoff-Burge, S., & Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: Hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho-Oncology, 11, 93-102.
70. Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., & Forde, D. R. (2000). Gender differences in susceptibility of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Research Therapy, 38, 619-628.
71. Taylor, S. E., & Schneider, S. K. (1989). Coping and simulation of events. Social Cognition, 7, 174-194.
72. Terry, D. J. (1994). Determinants of coping: The role of stable and situational factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 895-910.
73. Zeidner, M. (2007). Anxiety and coping with community disasters: The Israeli experience. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 213-220.
74. Zeidner, M., & Ben-Zur, H. (1994). Individual differences in anxiety, coping and post-traumatic stress in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 459-476.
75. Zeidner, M., & Saklofske, D. (1996). Adaptive and maladaptive coping. In M. Zeidner & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 505-531). New York: Wiley.
76. Zimet, G., Dahlem, N. M., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.