The cytologic criteria of malignancy

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 795-811

  Fischer, Andrew H ^a   Zhao, Chengquan ^b   Li, Qing Kay ^c   Gustafson, Karen S ^d   Eltoum, Isam Eldin ^e   Tambouret, Rosemary ^f   Benstein, Barbara ^g   Savaloja, Lynnette C ^h   Kulesza, Peter ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c Department of Pathology John Hopkins ^*  (United States)

^d FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^e University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^f MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^h REGIONS HOSPITAL   (United States)

ⁱ NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer cell structure; Criteria of malignancy; Diagnosis

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE;

ANOIKIS; APICAL MEMBRANE; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER CYTODIAGNOSIS; CELL POLARITY; CELL STRUCTURE; CYTOLOGY; EPIGENETICS; GENETIC STABILITY; HUMAN; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR GENE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; GENETICS; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY;

CELL POLARITY; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77954119217     PISSN: 07302312     EISSN: 10974644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22585     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Abzhanov A, Protas M, Grant BR, Grant PR, Tabin CJ. 2004. Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches. Science 305:1462-1465. (Pubitemid 39167665)
2. Adler PN, Lee H. 2001. Frizzled signaling and cell-cell interactions in planar polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:635-640.
3. Aranda V, Haire T, Nolan ME, Calarco JP, Rosenberg AZ, Fawcett JP, Pawson T, Muthuswamy SK. 2006. Par6-aPKC uncouples ErbB2 induced disruption of polarized epithelial organization from proliferation control. Nat Cell Biol 8:1235-1245.
4. Bartova E, Pachernik J, Harnicarova A, Kovarik A, Kovarikova M, Hofmanova J, Skalnikova M, Kozubek M, Kozubek S. 2005. Nuclear levels and patterns of histone H3 modification and HP1 proteins after inhibition of histone deacetylases. J Cell Sci 118:5035-5046.
5. Baserga R. 1965. The relationship of the cell cycle to tumor growth and control of cell division: A review. Cancer Res 25:581-595.
6. Bibbo M, Wilbur D. 2008. Comprehensive cytopathology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
7. Biesterfeld S, Rickert D, Eichler S, Furste K, Mrusek S, Alfer J. 2003. TV-image analysis based quantification of the proliferative activity and the apoptotic rate in thyroid tumors and thyroiditis. Anticancer Res 23:4269-4275. (Pubitemid 37474932)
8. Bignold LP. 2002. The mutator phenotype theory can explain the complex morphology and behaviour of cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 59:950-958.
9. Borrello MG, Alberti L, Fischer A, Degl'innocenti D, Ferrario C, Gariboldi M, Marchesi F, Allavena P, Greco A, Collini P, Pilotti S, Cassinelli G, Bressan P, Fugazzola L, Mantovani A, Pierotti MA. 2005. Induction of a proinflammatory program in normal human thyrocytes by the RET/PTC1 oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:14825-14830.
10. Brankley SM, Wang KK, Harwood AR, Miller DV, Legator MS, Lutzke LS, Kipp BR, Morrison LE, Halling KC. 2006. The development of a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. J Mol Diagn 8:260-267.
11. Broers JL, Machiels BM, Kuijpers HJ, Smedts F, van den Kieboom R, Raymond Y, Ramaekers FC. 1997. A- and B-type lamins are differentially expressed in normal human tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 107:505-517.
12. Broers JL, Peeters EA, Kuijpers HJ, Endert J, Bouten CV, Oomens CW, Baaijens FP, Ramaekers FC. 2004. Decreased mechanical stiffness in LMNA-/- cells is caused by defective nucleo-cytoskeletal integrity: Implications for the development of laminopathies. Hum Mol Genet 13:2567-2580.
13. Bronner MP, O'Sullivan JN, Rabinovitch PS, Crispin DA, Chen L, Emond MJ, Rubin CE, Brentnall TA. 2008. Genomic biomarkers to improve ulcerative colitis neoplasia surveillance. Am J Pathol 173:1853-1860.
14. Bubendorf L, Grilli B, Sauter G, Mihatsch MJ, Gasser TC, Dalquen P. 2001. Multiprobe FISH for enhanced detection of bladder cancer in voided urine specimens and bladder washings. Am J Clin Pathol 116:79-86. (Pubitemid 33719636)
15. Burke B, Roux KJ. 2009. Nuclei take a position: Managing nuclear location. Dev Cell 17:587-597.
16. Burridge K, Tsukita S. 2001. Editorial overview: Cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:525-528.
17. Bussolati G. 2008. Proper detection of the nuclear shape: Ways and significance. Rom J Morphol Embryol 49:435-439.
18. Bussolati G, Marchio C, Gaetano L, Lupo R, Sapino A. 2008. Pleomorphism of the nuclear envelope in breast cancer: A new approach to an old problem. J Cell Mol Med 12:209-218.
19. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Abdulkader I, Barreiro-Morandeira F, Ruiz-Ponte C, Reyes-Santias R, Chavez E, Sobrinho-Simoes M. 2006. Breast tumor resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A case report. Int J Surg Pathol 14:79-84. (Pubitemid 43221623)
20. Capo-chichi CD, Cai KQ, Testa JR, Godwin AK, Xu XX. 2009. Loss of GATA6 leads to nuclear deformation and aneuploidy in ovarian cancer. Mol Cell Biol 29:4766-4777.
21. Caramel J, Medjkane S, Quignon F, Delattre O. 2008. The requirement for SNF5/INI1 in adipocyte differentiation highlights new features of malignant rhabdoid tumors. Oncogene 27:2035-2044.
22. Caspersson T, Santesson L. 1943. Studies on protein metabolism in the cells of epithelial tumors. Acta Radiol [Old Series] 25:113-120.
23. Cho KR. 2009. Ovarian cancer update: Lessons from morphology, molecules, and mice. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:1775-1781.
24. Cho YM, Choi J, Lee OJ, Lee HI, Han DJ, Ro JY. 2006. SMARCB1/INI1 missense mutation in mucinous carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Pathol Int 56:702-706.
25. Chuang CH, Carpenter AE, Fuchsova B, Johnson T, de Lanerolle P, Belmont AS. 2006. Long-range directional movement of an interphase chromosome site. Curr Biol 16:825-831.
26. Cibas ES, Ducatman BS. 2009. Cytology: Diagnostic principles and clinical correlates. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
27. Cibas ES, Browne TJ, Bassichis MH, Lee KR. 2005. Enlarged squamous cell nuclei in cervical cytologic specimens from perimenopausal women ("PM Cells"): A cause of ASC overdiagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol 124: 58-61.
28. Contreras A, Sattar H. 2009. Lobular neoplasia of the breast: An update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:1116-1120.
29. Cremer M, Zinner R, Stein S, Albiez H, Wagler B, Cremer C, Cremer T. 2004. Three dimensional analysis of histone methylation patterns in normal and tumor cell nuclei. Eur J Histochem 48:15-28.
30. Dauer WT, Worman HJ. 2009. The nuclear envelope as a signaling node in development and disease. Dev Cell 17:626-638.
31. de Capoa A, Di Leandro M, Grappelli C, Menendez F, Poggesi I, Giancotti P, Marotta MR, Spano A, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N, Niveleau A. 1998. Computer-assisted analysis of methylation status of individual interphase nuclei in human cultured cells. Cytometry 31:85-92.
32. de Capoa A, Grappelli C, Volpino P, Bononi M, Musolino A, Ciardi A, Cavallaro A, Cangemi V. 2004. Nuclear methylation levels in normal and cancerous thyroid cells. Anticancer Res 24:1495-1500.
33. Debnath J, Mills KR, Collins NL, Reginato MJ, Muthuswamy SK, Brugge JS. 2002. The role of apoptosis in creating and maintaining luminal space within normal and oncogene-expressing mammary acini [erratum appears in Cell. 2002 Nov 27;111(5):757.]. Cell 111:29-40.
34. DeMay RM. 1996. The art and science of cytopathology. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists Press.
35. Dey P. 2010. Cancer nucleus: Morphology and beyond. Diagnostic Cytopathol (in press).
36. Doorbar J, Ely S, Sterling J, McLean C, Crawford L. 1991. Specific interaction between HPV-16 E1-E4 and cytokeratins results in collapse of the epithelial cell intermediate filament network. Nature 352:824-827.
37. Evans MP, Webb MJ, Gaffey TA, Katzmann JA, Suman VJ, Hu TC. 1995. DNA ploidy of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Lack of correlation between DNA index or proliferative index and outcome in 40 patients. Cancer 75:2295-2298.
38. Favreau C, Dubosclard E, Ostlund C, Vigouroux C, Capeau J, Wehnert M, Higuet D, Worman HJ, Courvalin JC, Buendia B. 2003. Expression of lamin A mutated in the carboxyl-terminal tail generates an aberrant nuclear phenotype similar to that observed in cells from patients with Dunnigan-type partial lipodystrophy and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Exp Cell Res 282:14-23.
39. Feigin ME, Muthuswamy SK. 2009. Polarity proteins regulate mammalian cell-cell junctions and cancer pathogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21:694-700.
40. Fischer AH, Bond JA, Taysavang P, Battles OE, Wynford-Thomas D. 1998a. Papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (RET/PTC) alters the nuclear envelope and chromatin structure. Am J Pathol 153:1443-1450. (Pubitemid 28509900)
41. Fischer AH, Chaddee DN, Wright JA, Gansler TS, Davie JR. 1998b. Rasassociated nuclear structural change appears functionally significant and independent of the mitotic signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 70:130-140.
42. Fischer AH, Greco A, Jhiang SM, Pierotti M, Taysavang P, Shepherd D, Roccato E, Ranzi V, Weber C. 2000. RET/PTC1 and TRK-T3 both induce large scale nuclear envelope and chromatin changes, and their nuclear restructuring activity requires an SHC docking site. (Platform presentation). "Cold Spring Harbor symposium: Dynamic organization of nuclear function." Harbor, NY: Cold Spring.
43. Fischer AH, Taysavang P, Weber C, Wilson K. 2001. Nuclear envelope organization in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Histol Histopathol 16:1-14. (Pubitemid 32094017)
44. Fischer AH, Taysavang P, Jhiang SM. 2003. Nuclear envelope irregularity is induced by RET/PTC during interphase. Am J Pathol 163:1091-1100.
45. Fischer AH, Bardarov S, Jiang Z. 2004a. Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 91:170-184.
46. Fischer AH, Young KA, DeLellis RA. 2004b. Incorporating the criteria of malignancy into the evolutionary framework for cancer. J Cell Biochem 93:28-36.
47. Frisch SM, Screaton RA. 2001. Anoikis mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:555-562.
48. Frost JK. 1986. The cell in health and disease: An evaluation of cellular morphologic expression of biologic behavior. New York: Karger.
49. Fuller CE, Pfeifer J, Humphrey P, Bruch LA, Dehner LP, Perry A. 2001. Chromosome 22q dosage in composite extrarenal rhabdoid tumors: Clonal evolution or a phenotypic mimic? Hum Pathol 32:1102-1108.
50. Galusca B, Dumollard JM, Lassandre S, Niveleau A, Prades JM, Estour B, Peoc'h M. 2005. Global DNA methylation evaluation: Potential complementary marker in differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia. Virchows Arch 447:18-23.
51. Ganem NJ, Storchova Z, Pellman D. 2007. Tetraploidy, aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17:157-162.
52. Gattermann N. 2000. From sideroblastic anemia to the role of mitochondrial DNA mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Res 24:141-151.
53. Gilmore AP, Owens TW, Foster FM, Lindsay J. 2009. How adhesion signals reach a mitochondrial conclusion-ECM regulation of apoptosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21:654-661.
54. Gomes ER, Jani S, Gundersen GG. 2005. Nuclear movement regulated by Cdc42, MRCK, myosin, and actin flow establishes MTOC polarization in migrating cells. Cell 121:451-463.
55. Gruenbaum Y, Margalit A, Goldman RD, Shumaker DK, Wilson KL. 2005. The nuclear lamina comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:21-31.
56. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, Meyer RG, Burkhardt HM, Halling AC, Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Ramakumar S, Stewart CS, Pankratz S, O'Kane DJ, Seelig SA, Lieber MM, Jenkins RB. 2000. A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 164:1768-1775.
57. Hameed O, Perry A, Banerjee R, Zhu X, Pfeifer JD. 2009. Papillary carcinoma of the breast lacks evidence of RET rearrangements despite morphological similarities to papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 22:1236-1242.
58. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70.
59. Hiraoka Y, Dernburg AF. 2009. The SUN rises on meiotic chromosome dynamics. Dev Cell 17:598-605.
60. Hoffmann K, Dreger CK, Olins AL, Olins DE, Shultz LD, Lucke B, Karl H, Kaps R, Muller D, Vaya A, Aznar J, Ware RE, Sotelo Cruz N, Lindner TH, Herrmann H, Reis A, Sperling K. 2002. Mutations in the gene encoding the lamin B receptor produce an altered nuclear morphology in granulocytes (Pelger-Huet anomaly). Nat Genet 31:410-414.
61. Houwerzijl EJ, Pol HW, Blom NR, van der Want JJ, de Wolf JT, Vellenga E. 2009. Erythroid precursors from patients with low-risk myelodysplasia demonstrate ultrastructural features of enhanced autophagy of mitochondria. Leukemia 23:886-891.
62. Huang Y, Prasad M, Lemon WJ, Hampel H, Wright FA, Kornacker K, LiVolsi V, Frankel W, Kloos RT, Eng C, Pellegata NS, de la Chapelle A. 2001. Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:15044-15049.
63. Johannessen JV, Gould VE, Jao W, Johannessen JV, Gould VE, Jao W. 1978. The fine structure of human thyroid cancer. Hum Pathol 9:385-400. (Pubitemid 9032943)
64. Johannessen JV, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Finseth I, Pilstrom L. 1983. Ultrastructural morphometry of thyroid neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 79:166-171.
65. Kamei H. 1994. Relationship of nuclear invaginations to perinuclear rings composed of intermediate filaments in MIA PaCa-2 and some other cells. Cell Struct Funct 19:123-132. (Pubitemid 24226006)
66. Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP, Zhang L, Mitsutake N, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Nikiforov YE, Fagin JA. 2005. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Res 65:4238-4245.
67. Kondo T, Ezzat S, Asa SL. 2006. Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 6:292-306.
68. Lammerding J, Schulze PC, Takahashi T, Kozlov S, Sullivan T, Kamm RD, Stewart CL, Lee RT. 2004. Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. J Clin Investig 113:370-378.
69. Lammerding J, Hsiao J, Schulze PC, Kozlov S, Stewart CL, Lee RT. 2005. Abnormal nuclear shape and impaired mechanotransduction in emerindeficient cells. J Cell Biol 170:781-791.
70. Lempiainen H, Shore D. 2009. Growth control and ribosome biogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 21:855-863.
71. Mello ML, Chambers AF. 1994. Image analysis of Feulgen-stained transformed NIH 3T3 cells differing in p21 expression and ras-induced metastatic ability. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 16:113-123.
72. Mercurio AM, Rabinovitz I, Shaw LM. 2001. The [alpha]6[beta]4 integrin and epithelial cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 13:541-545.
73. Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LC, Mooi WJ, Peeper DS. 2008. BRAF(E600) in benign and malignant human tumours. Oncogene 27:877-895.
74. Munger K, Baldwin A, Edwards KM, Hayakawa H, Nguyen CL, Owens M, Grace M, Huh K. 2004. Mechanisms of human papillomavirus-induced oncogenesis. J Virol 78:11451-11460.
75. Mutter GL, Zaino RJ, Baak JP, Bentley RC, Robboy SJ. 2007. Benign endometrial hyperplasia sequence and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol 26:103-114.
76. Nakagawa S, Huibregtse JM. 2000. Human scribble (Vartul) is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the high-risk papillomavirus E6 proteins and the E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase. Mol Cell Biol 20:8244-8253.
77. Narita M, Nunez S, Heard E, Lin AW, Hearn SA, Spector DL, Hannon GJ, Lowe SW. 2003. Rb-mediated heterochromatin formation and silencing of E2F target genes during cellular senescence. Cell 113:703-716.
78. Nikiforov YE. 2008. Thyroid carcinoma: Molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Mod Pathol 21(Suppl 2): S37-S43.
79. Oyama T. 1989. A histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in thyroid papillary carcinoma. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 414:91-104. (Pubitemid 19045943)
80. Pageau GJ, Hall LL, Ganesan S, Livingston DM, Lawrence JB. 2007. The disappearing Barr body in breast and ovarian cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 7:628-633.
81. Papotti M, Manazza AD, Chiarle R, Bussolati G. 2004. Confocal microscope analysis and tridimensional reconstruction of papillary thyroid carcinoma nuclei. Virchows Arch 444:350-355.
82. Pearson GW, Hunter T. 2007. Real-time imaging reveals that noninvasive mammary epithelial acini can contain motile cells. J Cell Biol 179:1555-1567.
83. Pihan GA, Wallace J, Zhou Y, Doxsey SJ. 2003. Centrosome abnormalities and chromosome instability occur together in pre-invasive carcinomas. Cancer Res 63:1398-1404.
84. Pratap J, Imbalzano KM, Underwood JM, Cohet N, Gokul K, Akech J, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA, Lian JB, Stein GS. 2009. Ectopic runx2 expression in mammary epithelial cells disrupts formation of normal acini structure: Implications for breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 69:6807-6814.
85. Purola E, Savia E. 1977. Cytology of gynecologic condyloma acuminatum. Acta Cytol 21:26-31.
86. Rao X, Zhang Y, Yi Q, Hou H, Xu B, Chu L, Huang Y, Zhang W, Fenech M, Shi Q. 2008. Multiple origins of spontaneously arising micronuclei in HeLa cells: Direct evidence from long-term live cell imaging. Mutat Res 646: 41-49.
87. Ravid K, Lu J, Zimmet JM, Jones MR. 2002. Roads to polyploidy: The megakaryocyte example. J Cell Physiol 190:7-20.
88. Rezk S, Brynes RK, Nelson V, Thein M, Patwardhan N, Fischer A, Khan A. 2004. beta-Catenin expression in thyroid follicular lesions: Potential role in nuclear envelope changes in papillary carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 15:329-337.
89. Roberts CW, Galusha SA, McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD, Orkin SH. 2000. Haploinsufficiency of Snf5 (integrase interactor 1) predisposes to malignant rhabdoid tumors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13796-13800.
90. Roberts S, Hillman ML, Knight GL, Gallimore PH. 2003. The ND10 component promyelocytic leukemia protein relocates to human papillomavirus type 1 E4 intranuclear inclusion bodies in cultured keratinocytes and in warts. J Virol 77:673-684.
91. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, Delellis RA. 1992. Tumors of the thyroid gland. Washington: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
92. Roux KJ, Crisp ML, Liu Q, Kim D, Kozlov S, Stewart CL, Burke B. 2009. Nesprin 4 is an outer nuclear membrane protein that can induce kinesinmediated cell polarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:2194-2199.
93. Ruggero D, Pandolfi PP. 2003. Does the ribosome translate cancer? Nat Rev Cancer 3:179-192.
94. Schirmer EC, Guan T, Gerace L. 2001. Involvement of the lamin rod domain in heterotypic lamin interactions important for nuclear organization. J Cell Biol 153:479-489. (Pubitemid 34280136)
95. Schirmer EC, Florens L, Guan T, Yates JR III, Gerace L. 2003. Nuclear membrane proteins with potential disease links found by subtractive proteomics. Science 301:1380-1382.
96. Schulte EK, Fink DK. 1995. Hematoxylin staining in quantitative DNA cytometry: An image analysis study. Anal Cell Pathol 9:257-268.
97. Shah SP, Kobel M, Senz J, Morin RD, Clarke BA, Wiegand KC, Leung G, Zayed A, Mehl E, Kalloger SE, Sun M, Giuliany R, Yorida E, Jones S, Varhol R, Swenerton KD, Miller D, Clement PB, Crane C, Madore J, Provencher D, Leung P, DeFazio A, Khattra J, Turashvili G, Zhao Y, Zeng T, Glover JN, Vanderhyden B, Zhao C, Parkinson CA, Jimenez-Linan M, Bowtell DD, Mes-Masson AM, Brenton JD, Aparicio SA, Boyd N, Hirst M, Gilks CB, Marra M, Huntsman DG. 2009. Mutation of FOXL2 in granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary. N Engl J Med 360:2719-2729.
98. Sheftel AD, Richardson DR, Prchal J, Ponka P. 2009. Mitochondrial iron metabolism and sideroblastic anemia. Acta Haematol 122:120-133.
99. Shimizu N, Itoh N, Utiyama H, Wahl GM. 1998. Selective entrapment of extrachromosomally amplified DNA by nuclear budding and micronucleation during S phase. J Cell Biol 140:1307-1320.
100. Shimizu N, Misaka N, Utani K. 2007. Nonselective DNA damage induced by a replication inhibitor results in the selective elimination of extrachromosomal double minutes from human cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 46:865-874.
101. Shiratsuchi H, Saito T, Sakamoto A, Itakura E, Tamiya S, Oshiro Y, Oda Y, Toh S, Komiyama S, Tsuneyoshi M. 2002. Mutation analysis of human cytokeratin 8 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumor: A possible association with intracytoplasmic inclusion body formation. Mod Pathol 15:146-153.
102. Solovei I, Kreysing M, Lanctot C, Kosem S, Peichl L, Cremer T, Guck J, Joffe B. 2009. Nuclear architecture of rod photoreceptor cells adapts to vision in mammalian evolution. Cell 137:356-368.
103. Speeckaert MM, Verhelst C, Koch A, Speeckaert R, Lacquet F. 2009. Pelger-Huet anomaly: A critical review of the literature. Acta Haematol 121:202-206.
104. Starr DA, Han M. 2003. ANChors away: An actin based mechanism of nuclear positioning. J Cell Sci 116:211-216.
105. Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Stein JL, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Young DW, Javed A, Pratap J, Choi JY, Ali SA, Pande S, Hassan MQ. 2009. Organization, integration, and assembly of genetic and epigenetic regulatory machinery in nuclear microenvironments: Implications for biological control in cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 1155:4-14.
106. Stoler MH. 2000. Human papillomaviruses and cervical neoplasia: A model for carcinogenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19:16-28. (Pubitemid 30010639)
107. Storchova Z, Pellman D. 2004. From polyploidy to aneuploidy, genome instability and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:45-54.
108. Suh YA, Arnold RS, Lassegue B, Shi J, Xu X, Sorescu D, Chung AB, Griendling KK, Lambeth JD. 1999. Cell transformation by the superoxide- generating oxidase Mox1. Nature 401:79-82. (Pubitemid 129621605)
109. Takeshita H, Kusuzaki K, Kuzuhara A, Ban S, Yamashita F, Sakakida K, Kamachi M, Ashihara T. 1985. DNA cytofluorometric analysis of nerve sheath tumors. J Jpn Orthopaed Assoc 59:763-772.
110. Tannock I. 1978. Cell kinetics and chemotherapy: A critical review. Cancer Treat Rep 62:1117-1133.
111. Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY, Nieto MA. 2009. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell 139:871-890.
112. Tomasini R, Mak TW, Melino G. 2008. The impact of p53 and p73 on aneuploidy and cancer. Trends Cell Biol 18:244-252.
113. Toth KF, Knoch TA, Wachsmuth M, Frank-Stohr M, Stohr M, Bacher CP, Muller G, Rippe K. 2004. Trichostatin A-induced histone acetylation causes decondensation of interphase chromatin. J Cell Sci 117:4277-4287.
114. Ulbert S, Antonin W, Platani M, Mattaj IW. 2006. The inner nuclear membrane protein Lem2 is critical for normal nuclear envelope morphology. FEBS Lett 580:6435-6441.
115. Wang Q, Kennedy A, Das P, McIntosh PB, Howell SA, Isaacson ER, Hinz SA, Davy C, Doorbar J. 2009. Phosphorylation of the human papillomavirus type 16 E1-E4 protein at T57 by ERK triggers a structural change that enhances keratin binding and protein stability. J Virol 83:3668-3683.
116. Warner JR. 1999. The economics of ribosome biosynthesis in yeast. Trends Biochem Sci 24:437-440.
117. Weaver VM, Fischer AH, Peterson OW, Bissell MJ. 1996. The importance of the microenvironment in breast cancer progression: Recapitulation of mammary tumorigenesis using a unique human mammary epithelial cell model and a three-dimensional culture assay. Biochem Cell Biol 74:833-851.
118. Wilkie GS, Schirmer EC. 2006. Guilt by association-The nuclear envelope proteome and disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 5:1865-1875.
119. Wiseman BS, Werb Z. 2002. Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science 296:1046-1049.
120. Yamada KM, Cukierman E. 2007. Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D. Cell 130:601-610.
121. Yoshida A, Nakamura Y, Imada T, Asaga T, Shimizu A, Harada M. 1999. Apoptosis and proliferative activity in thyroid tumors. Surg Today 29:204-208.
122. Yoshida Y, Oguma S, Ohno H. 2009. John Auer and Auer rods; Controversies revisited. Leuk Res 33:614-616.
123. Young DW, Hassan MQ, Pratap J, Galindo M, Zaidi SK, Lee SH, Yang X, Xie R, Javed A, Underwood JM, Furcinitti P, Imbalzano AN, Penman S, Nickerson JA, Montecino MA, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. 2007. Mitotic occupancy and lineage-specific transcriptional control of rRNA genes by Runx2. Nature 445:442-446.
124. Zhan L, Rosenberg A, Bergami KC, Yu M, Xuan Z, Jaffe AB, Allred C, Muthuswamy SK. 2008. Deregulation of scribble promotes mammary tumorigenesis and reveals a role for cell polarity in carcinoma. Cell 135:865-878.
125. Zink D, Fischer AH, Nickerson JA. 2004. Nuclear structure in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 4:677-687.
126. Zinner R, Albiez H, Walter J, Peters AH, Cremer T, Cremer M, Zinner R, Albiez H, Walter J, Peters AHFM, Cremer T, Cremer M. 2006. Histone lysine methylation patterns in human cell types are arranged in distinct three-dimensional nuclear zones. Histochem Cell Biol 125:3-19.
127. Zittoun R, Cadiou M, Bayle C, Suciu S, Solbu G, Hayat M. 1984. Prognostic value of cytologic parameters in acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 53:1526-1532.