Aqueous fluids at elevated pressure and temperature

Geofluids

Volumn 10, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 3-19

  Liebscher, Axel ^a  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Fluid phase relations; Fluid properties; Fluid systems; Fluid fluid interactions; Metamorphic fluids; Supercritical melts fluids

Indexed keywords

EXPERIMENTAL MINERALOGY; FLUID COMPOSITION; FLUID INCLUSION; HALIDE GROUP; LITERATURE REVIEW; MANTLE DISCONTINUITY; METASOMATISM; P-T CONDITIONS; SILICATE MELT; SOLUBILITY; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 77953770155     PISSN: 14688115     EISSN: 14688123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00293.x     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Abramson EH. Viscosity of water measured to pressures of 6 GPa and temperature of 300°C. Physical Review E 2007, 76:051203.
2. Anderko A, Pitzer KS. Equation-of-state representation of phase equilibria and volumetric properties of the system NaCl-H2O above 573 K. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993a, 57:1657-80.
3. Anderko A, Pitzer KS. Phase equilibria and volumetric properties of the systems KCl-H2O and NaCl-KCl-H2O above 573 K: equation of state representation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993b, 57:4885-97.
4. Anisimov MA, Sengers JV, Levelt Sengers JMH. Near-critical behaviour of aqueous systems. Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures 2004, 29-71. Palmer DA, Fernández-Prini R, Harvey AH. In, eds, pp, Elsevier, London
5. Anovitz LM, Labotka TC, Blencoe JG, Horita J. Experimental determination of the activity-composition relations and phase equilibria of H2O-CO2-NaCl fluids at 500°C, 500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68:3557-67.
6. Arnórsson S, Stefánsson A, Bjarnason J. Fluid-fluid interactions in geothermal systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:259-312.
7. Audétat A, Keppler H. Viscosity of fluids in subduction zones. Science 2004, 303:513-6.
8. Bandura AV, Lvov SN. The ionization constant of water over wide ranges of temperature and density. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 2006, 35:15-30.
9. Belonoshko AB, Saxena SK. A molecular dynamics study of the pressure-volume-temperature properties of supercritical fluids: I. H2O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1991, 55:381-8.
10. Belonoshko AB, Saxena SK. A unified equation of state for fluids of C-H-O-N-S-Ar composition and their mixtures up to high temperatures and pressures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:3611-36.
11. Bignold GJ, Brewer AD, Hearn B. Specific conductivity and ionic product of water between 50 and 271°C. Transactions of the Faraday Society 1971, 67:2419-30.
12. Bischoff JL. Densities of liquids and vapors in boiling NaCl-H2O solutions: a PVTx summary from 300° to 500°C. American Journal of Science 1991, 291:309-38.
13. Bischoff JL, Pitzer KS. Liquid-vapor relations for the system NaCl-H2O: summary of the P-T-x surface from 300° to 500°C. American Journal of Science 1989, 289:217-48.
14. Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ. The critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater, 200-500°C. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1984, 68:172-80.
15. Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ. Liquid-vapor relations in the critical region of the system NaCl-H2O from 380 to 415°C: a refined determination of the critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:2121-6.
16. Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ, Pitzer KS. The system NaCl-H2O: relations of vapour-liquid near the critical temperature of water and of vapour-liquid-halite from 300 to 500°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1986, 50:1437-44.
17. Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ, Fournier RO. The generation of HCl in the system CaCl2-H2O: vapor-liquid relations from 380-500°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:7-16.
18. Bodnar RJ, Burnham CW, Sterner SM. Synthetic fluid inclusions in natural quartz. III. Determination of phase equilibrium properties in the System H2O-NaCl to 1000°C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1985, 49:1861-73.
19. Boyd FR, England JL. Effect of pressure on melting of diopside, CaMgSi2O6, and albite, NaAlSi3O8, in the range up to 50 kbar. Journal of Geophysical Research 1963, 68:311-23.
20. Bradley DJ, Pitzer KS. Thermodynamics of electrolytes. 12. Dielectric properties of water and Debye-Hückel parameters to 350°C and 1 kbar. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1979, 83:1599-603.
21. Bureau H, Keppler H. Complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids in the upper mantle: experimental evidence and geochemical implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 165:187-96.
22. Chou I-M. Phase relations in the system NaCl-KCl-H2O. III: solubilities of halite in vapor-saturated liquids above 445°C and redetermination of phase equilibrium properties in the system NaCl-H2O to 1000°C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:1965-75.
23. Churakov SS, Gottschalk M. Pertubation theory based equation of state for polar molecular fluids: I. Pure fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2003a, 67:2397-414.
24. Churakov SS, Gottschalk M. Pertubation theory based equation of state for polar molecular fluids: II. Fluid mixtures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2003b, 67:2415-25.
25. Cline JS, Bodnar RJ. Direct evolution of brine from a crystallizing silicic melt at the Questa, New Mexico, molybdenum deposit. Economic Geology 1994, 89:1780-802.
26. Deul R. Dielektrizitätskonstante und Dichte von Wasser-Benzol-Mischungen bis 450°C und 3000 bar 1984, PhD Dissertation, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
27. Diamond LW. Review of the systematic of CO2-H2O fluid inclusions. Lithos 2001, 55:69-99.
28. Driesner T, Heinrich CA. The System H2O-NaCl. I. Correlation formulae for phase relations in pressure-temperature-composition space from 0 to 1000°C, 0 to 5000 bar, and 0 to 1 XNaCl. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71:4880-901.
29. Duan Z, Zhang Z. Equation of state of the H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 systems up to 10 GPa and 2573,15 K: molecular dynamics simulations with ab initio potential surface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2006, 70:2311-24.
30. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. An equation of state (EOS) for CH4-CO2-H2O system: I. Pure systems from 0 to 1000°C and 0 to 8000 bar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992a, 56:2605-17.
31. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. An equation of state for the CH4-CO2-H2O system: II. Mixtures from 50 to 1000°C and 0 to 1000 bar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992b, 56:2619-31.
32. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. Molecular dynamics simulations of PVT properties of geological fluids and a equation of state of non-polar and weakly polar gases up to 2000 K and 20,000 bar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992c, 56:3839-45.
33. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. Equation of state for the NaCl-H2O-CO2 system: prediction of phase equilibria and volumetric properties. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:2869-82.
34. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. A general equation of state for supercritical fluid mixtures and molecular dynamics simulation of mixture PVTX properties. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:1209-16.
35. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. Equations of state for the NaCl-H2O-CH4 system and the NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4 system: phase equilibria and volumetric properties above 573 K. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2003, 67:671-80.
36. Duan Z, Moller N, Weare JH. A high temperature equation of state for the H2O-CaCl2 and H2O-MgCl2 systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2006, 70:3765-77.
37. Dubois M, Weisbrod A, Shtuka A. Experimental determination of the two-phase (liquid and vapour) region in water-alkali chloride binary mixtures at 500° and 600°C using synthetic fluid inclusions. Chemical Geology 1994, 115:227-38.
38. Dudziak KH, Franck EU. Measurements of water viscosity up to 560°C and 3500 bars. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1966, 70:1120-8.
39. Fernández DP, Mulev Y, Goodwin ARH, Levelt Sengers JMH. A database for the static dielectric constant of water and steam. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1995, 24:33-69.
40. Fernández DP, Goodwin ARH, Lemmon EW, Levelt Sengers JMH, Williams RC. A formulation for the static permittivity of water and steam at temperatures from 238 K to 873 K at pressures up to 1200 MPa, including derivatives and Debye-Hückel coefficients. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1997, 26:1125-66.
41. Ferry JM, Baumgartner L. Thermodynamic models of molecular fluids at the elevated pressures and temperatures of crustal metamorphism. Reviews in Mineralogy 1987, 17:323-66.
42. Fischer JR, Barnes HL. The ion-product constant of water to 350°C. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1972, 76:90-9.
43. Foustoukos DI, Seyfried WE. Fluid phase separation processes in submarine hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:213-39.
44. Franck EU. Highly compressed steam. III. Ion dissociation of hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and water in water above the critical point. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie 1956, 8:192-206.
45. Franck EU, Rosenzweig S, Christoforakos M. Calculation of the dielectric constant of water to 1000°C and very high pressures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1990a, 94:199-203.
46. Franck EU, Rosenzweig S, Christoforakos M. Erratum: calculation of the dielectric constant of water to 1000°C and very high pressures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1990b, 94:1165.
47. Gehrig M, Lentz H, Franck EU. The system water-carbon dioxide-sodium chloride to 773 K and 300 MPa. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1986, 90:525-33.
48. German CR, Von Damm KL. Hydrothermal processes. Treatise in Geochemistry 2003, 6:181-222.
49. Gibert F, Guillaume D, Laporte D. Importance of fluid immiscibility in the H2O-NaCl-CO2 system and selective CO2 entrapment in granulites: experimental phase diagram at 5-7 kbar, 900°C and wetting textures. European Journal of Mineralogy 1998, 10:1097-123.
50. Golubev BP. Dissertation (unpublished), Moscow Power Institute, Russia. 1978, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
51. Gottschalk M. Equations of state for complex fluids. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:49-97.
52. Hack A, Thompson AB, Aerts M. Phase relations involving hydrous silicate melts, aqueous fluids, and minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:129-85.
53. Halbach H, Chatterjee ND. An empirical Redlich-Kwong-type equation of state for water to 1000°C and 200 kbar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1982, 79:337-45.
54. Hanor JS. Origin of saline fluids in sedimentary basins. Geofluids: Origin, Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins 1994, 151-74. Parnell J. In, ed, pp, Geological Society Special Publication, London, 78
55. Heger K. Die Statische Dielektrizitätskonstante von Wasser und Methylalkohol im Überkritischen Temperatur- und Druckbereich 1969, Dissertation, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
56. Heger K, Uematsu M, Franck EU. The static dielectric constant of water at high pressures and temperatures to 500 MPa and 550°C. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1980, 84:758-62.
57. Heinrich W. Fluid infiltration through metachert layers at the contact aureole of the Bufa del Diente intrusion, northeast Mexico: implications for wollastonite formation and fluid immiscibility. American Mineralogist 1993, 78:804-18.
58. Heinrich CA. Fluid-fluid interactions in magmatic-hydrothermal ore formation. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:363-87.
59. Heinrich W. Fluid immiscibility in metamorphic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:389-430.
60. Heinrich W, Churakov SS, Gottschalk M. Mineral-fluid equilibria in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2-NaCl and the record of reactive fluid flow in contact metamorphic aureoles. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2004, 148:131-49.
61. Holzapfel WB, Franck EU. Conductance and ion dissociation of water up to 1000°C and 100 kilobars. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 1966, 70:1105-12.
62. Hovey JK, Pitzer KS, Tanger IVJC, Bischoff JL, Rosenbauer RJ. Vapor-liquid phase equilibria of potassium chloride-water mixtures: equation-of-state representation for KCl-H2O and NaCl-H2O. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1990, 94:1175-9.
63. Izraeli ES, Harris JW, Navon O. Brine inclusions in diamonds: a new upper mantle fluid. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 187:323-32.
64. Jacobs GK, Kerrick DM. Methane: an equation of state with application to the ternary system H2O-CO2-CH4. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1981, 45:607-14.
65. Jiang S, Pitzer KS. Phase equilibria and volumetric properties of aqueous CaCl2 by an equation of state. AIChE Journal 1996, 42:585-94.
66. Joyce DB, Holloway JR. An experimental determination of the thermodynamic properties of H2O-CO2-NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993, 57:733-46.
67. Keevil NB. Vapor pressures of aqueous solutions at high temperatures. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1942, 64:841-50.
68. Kennedy GC, Wasserburg GJ, Heard HC, Newton RC. The upper three-phase region in the system SiO2-H2O. American Journal of Science 1962, 260:501-21.
69. Kerrick DM, Jacobs GK. A modified Redlich-Kwong equation for H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures. American Journal of Science 1981, 281:735-67.
70. Kesler SE. Ore-forming fluids. Elements 2005, 1:13-8.
71. Kessel R, Ulmer P, Pettke T, Schmidt MW, Thompson AB. The water-basalt system at 4 to 6 GPa: phase relations and second critical endpoint in a K-free eclogite at 700 to 1400°C. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005a, 237:873-92.
72. Kessel R, Schmidt MW, Ulmer P, Pettke T. Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120-180 km depth. Nature 2005b, 437:724-7.
73. Ketsko VA, Urusova MA, Valyashko VM. Solubility and vapour pressure of solutions in the CaCl2-H2O system at 250-400°C. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1984, 29:1398-9.
74. Khaibullin K, Borisov NM. Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of aqueous and vapour solutions of sodium and potassium chloride at phase equilibrium. Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur 1966, 4:518-23. [English translation 489-494]
75. Kotel'nikov AR, Kotel'nikova ZA. The phase state of the H2O-CO2-NaCl system examined from synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz. Geochemistry International 1991, 29:55-66.
76. Krader T. Phasengleichgewichte und Kritische Kurven des Ternären Systems H2O-CH4-NaCl bis 250 MPa und 800 K 1985, Dissertation, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
77. Lamb WM, Popp RK, Boockoff LA. The determination of phase relations in the CH4-H2O-NaCl system at 1 kbar, 400 to 600°C using synthetic fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:1885-97.
78. Lamb WM, McShane CJ, Popp RK. Phase relations in the CH4-H2O-NaCl system at 2 kbar, 300 to 600°C as determined using synthetic fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2002, 66:3971-86.
79. Liebscher A. Experimental studies in model fluid systems. Fluid-fluid interactions. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:15-47.
80. Liebscher A, Heinrich CA. Fluid-fluid interactions in the Earth's lithosphere. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2007, 65:1-13.
81. Lüders V, Banks DA, Halbach P. Extreme Cl/Br and δ37Cl isotope fractionation in fluids of modern submarine hydrothermal systems. Mineralium Deposita 2002, 37:765-71.
82. Lukashov YM. Dissertation (unpublished), Moscow Power Institute, Russia. 1981, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
83. Lukashov YM, Golubev BP, Ripol-Saragosi FB. Teploenergetika 1975, 22:79-82. [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
84. MacDonald DD, Butler P, Owen D. High temperature aqueous electrolyte concentration cells and the ionization of liquid water to 200°C. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1973, 51:2590-5.
85. Marshall WL, Franck EU. Ion product of water substance, 0-1000°C, 1-10,000 bars, new international formulation and its background. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1981, 10:295-304.
86. Marshall WL, Hall CE, Mesmer RE. The system dipotassium hydrogen phosphate-water at high temperatures (100-400°C); liquid-liquid immiscibility and concentrated solutions. Journal of inorganic and nuclear Chemistry 1981, 43:449-4551.
87. Muchailov MR. Dissertation (unpublished), Moscow Power Institute, Russia. 1988, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
88. Mulev YV, Smirnov SN, Muchailov MR. Teploenergetika. 1994, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
89. Navon O, Hutcheon ID, Rossman GR, Wasserburg GJ. Mantle-derived fluids in diamond micro-inclusions. Nature 1988, 335:784-9.
90. Newton RC, Manning CE. Thermodynamics of SiO2-H2O fluid near the upper critical end point from quartz solubility measurements at 10 kbar. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 274:241-9.
91. Oosting SE, Von Damm KL. Bromide/chloride fractionation in seafloor hydrothermal fluids from 9-10°N East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1996, 144:133-45.
92. Oshry HI. Dissertation (unpublished), University of Pittsburgh, USA. 1949, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
93. Paillat E, Elphick SC, Brown WL. The solubility of water in NaAlSi3O8 melts: a re-examination of Ab-H2O phase relationships and critical behaviour at high pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1992, 112:490-500.
94. Pitzer KS. Dielectric constant of water at very high temperature and pressure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 1983, 80:4575-6.
95. Plyasunova NV, Shmulovich KI. Phase equilibria in the system H2O-CO2-CaCl2 at 500°C. Transactions of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1991, 320:221-5.
96. Prausnitz JM, Lichtenthaler RN, Comez de Azevedo E. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria 1999, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
97. Quist AS. The ionization constant of water to 800°C and 4000 bars. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1970, 74:3396-402.
98. Quist AS, Marshall WL. Estimation of the dielectric constant of water to 800°C. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1965, 69:3165-7.
99. Ravich MI. Water-Salt Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressure 1974, [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, p
100. Romano C, Poe B, Mincione V, Hess KU, Dingwell DB. The viscosities of dry and hydrous XAlSi3O8 (X = Li, Na, K, Ca0.5, Mg0.5) melts. Chemical Geology 2001, 174:115-32.
101. Rosenbauer RJ, Bischoff JL. Pressure-composition relations for coexisting gases and liquids and the critical points in the system NaCl-H2O at 450, 475, and 500°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:2349-54.
102. Saul A, Wagner W. A fundamental equation for water covering the range from the melting line to 1273 K at pressures up to 25000 MPa. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1989, 18:1537-64.
103. Saxena SK, Fei Y. Fluids at crustal pressures and temperatures. I. Pure species. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1987, 95:370-5.
104. Saxena SK, Fei Y. Fluid mixtures in the C-H-O system at high pressure and temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:505-12.
105. Schmidt C, Bodnar RJ. Synthetic fluid inclusions: XVI. PVTX properties in the system H2O-NaCl-CO2 at elevated temperatures, pressures, and salinities. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2000, 64:3853-69.
106. Sengers JV, Kamgar-Parsi B. Representative equations for the viscosity of water substance. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1984, 13:185-205.
107. Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures 2000, Sengers JVKayser RFPeters CJWhite HJ. eds, , Elsevier, Amsterdam
108. Shen AH, Keppler H. Direct observation of complete miscibility in the albite-H2O system. Nature 1997, 385:710-2.
109. Shi P, Saxena SK. Thermodynamic modelling of the C-H-O-S fluid system. American Mineralogist 1992, 77:1038-49.
110. Shmulovich KI, Graham CM. An experimental study of phase equilibria in the system H2O-CO2-NaCl at 800°C and 9 kbar. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1999, 136:247-57.
111. Shmulovich KI, Graham CM. An experimental study of phase equilibria in the systems H2O-CO2-CaCl2 and H2O-CO2-NaCl at high pressures and temperatures (500-800°C, 0.5-0.9 GPa): geological and geophysical applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2004, 146:450-62.
112. Shmulovich KI, Plyasunova NV. Phase equilibria in ternary systems formed by H2O and CO2 with CaCl2 or NaCl at high T and P. Geochemistry International 1993, 30:53-71.
113. Shmulovich KI, Tkachenko SI, Plyasunova NV. Phase equilibria in fluid systems at high pressures and temperatures. Fluids in the Crust: Equilibrium and Transport Properties 1995, 193-214. Shmulovich KI, Yardley BWD, Gonchar GG. In, eds, pp, Chapman & Hall, London
114. Shmulovich K, Heinrich W, Möller P, Dulski P. Experimental determination of REE fractionation between liquid and vapour in the systems NaCl-H2O and CaCl2-H2O up to 450°C. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2002, 144:257-73.
115. Shock EL, Oelkers EH, James S, Johnson W, Sverjensky DA, Helgeson HC. Calculation of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous species at high pressures and temperatures - effective electrostatic radii, dissociation constants and standard partial molal properties to 1000°C and 5 kbar. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1992, 88:803-26.
116. Skippen G, Trommsdorff V. The influence of NaCl and KCl on phase relations in metamorphosed carbonate rocks. American Journal of Science 1986, 286:81-204.
117. Sourirajan S, Kennedy GC. The system H2O-NaCl at elevated temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 1962, 260:115-41.
118. Sowerby JR, Keppler H. The effect of fluorine, boron and excess sodium on the critical curve in the albite-H2O system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2002, 143:32-7.
119. Spear FS. Metamorphic Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths 1993, Mineralogical Society of America Monograph, Washington, p
120. Stalder R, Ulmer P, Thompson AB, Günther D. Experimental approach to constrain second critical endpoints in fluid/silicate systems: near-solidus fluids and melts in the system albite-H2O. American Mineralogist 2000, 85:68-77.
121. Svistunov EP. Dissertation (unpublished), Moscow Power Institute, Russia. 1975, [values for the dielectric constant listed in Fernández (1995)]
122. Sweeton FH, Mesmer RE, Baes CF. Acidity measurements at elevated temperatures. VII. Dissociation of water. Journal of Solution Chemistry 1974, 3:191-214.
123. Takenouchi S, Kennedy GC. The binary system H2O-CO2 at high temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 1964, 262:1055-74.
124. Takenouchi S, Kennedy GC. The solubility of carbon dioxide in NaCl solutions at high temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 1965, 263:445-54.
125. Tanger IVJC, Pitzer KS. Calculation of the ionization constant of H2O to 2,273 K and 500 MPa. AIChE Journal 1989, 35:1631-8.
126. Tkachenko SI, Shmulovich K. Liquid-vapour equilibria in water-salt systems (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) at 400-600°C. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1992, 326:1055-9.
127. Trommsdorff V, Skippen G. Vapour loss ('boiling') as a mechanism for fluid evolution in metamorphic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1986, 94:317-22.
128. Trommsdorff V, Skippen G, Ulmer P. Halite and sylvite as solid inclusions in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1985, 89:24-9.
129. Urusova MA. Phase equilibria in the sodium hydroxide-water and sodium chloride-water systems at 350-550°C. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1974, 19:450-4.
130. Urusova MA. Volume properties of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride at elevated temperatures and pressures. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1975, 20:1717-21.
131. Urusova MA, Valyashko VM. Solubility, vapour pressure, and thermodynamic properties of solutions in the MgCl2-H2O system at 300-350°C. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1983, 28:1045-8.
132. Urusova MA, Valyashko VM. Vapour pressure and thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride at 250°C. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1984, 29:1395-6.
133. Vakulenko AG, Alekhin YV, Rasina MV. Solubility and thermodynamic properties of alkali chlorides in steam. 1989, Proceedings of the II International Symposium 'Properties of water and steam', Prague, 395-401
134. Valyashko VM. Phase Equilibria and Properties of Hydrothermal Systems 1990, in Russian, Nauka, Moscow
135. Valyashko VM. Phase equilibria in water-salt systems at high temperatures and pressures. Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures 2004, 597-641. Palmer DAFernández-Prini RHarvey AH. In, eds, pp, Elsevier, London
136. Veksler IV. Liquid immiscibility and its role at the magmatic-hydrothermal transition: a summary of experimental results. Chemical Geology 2004, 210:7-31.
137. Wagner W, Pruß A. The IAPWS formulation 1995 for the thermodynamic properties of ordinary water substance for general and scientific use. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 2002, 31:378-535.
138. Wasserman E, Wood B, Brodholt J. The static dielectric constant of water at pressures up to 20 kbar and temperatures to 1273 K - experiment, simulations, and empirical equations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:1-6.
139. Watson JTR, Basu RS, Sengers JV. An improved representative equation for the dynamic viscosity of water substance. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1980, 9:1255-90.
140. Welsch H. Die Systeme Xenon-Wasser und Methan-Wasser bei Hohen Drücken und Temperaturen 1973, Dissertation, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
141. Yardley BWD, Graham JT. The origins of salinity in metamorphic fluids. Geofluids 2002, 2:249-56.
142. Zhang Y-G, Frantz JD. Experimental determination of the compositional limits of immiscibility in the system CaCl2-H2O-CO2 at high temperatures and pressures using synthetic fluid inclusions. Chemical Geology 1989, 74:289-308.