The liberal divide over trade, peace and war

International Relations

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 132-154

  van de Haar, Edwin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES   (Philippines)

Author keywords

Interdependence; IR theory; Liberalism; Peace; Trade; War

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953727623     PISSN: 00471178     EISSN: 17412862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0047117809362401     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. World Trade Organization, The World Trade Organization in Brief (Geneva: WTO, 2007);
2. Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2007 Trade Policy Agenda and 2006 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program (Washington DC: USTR, 2007);
3. European Commission, Directorate General for Trade, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/ whatwedo/work/index_en.htm (accessed 18 February 2009).
4. Nils Peter Gleditsch, 'The Liberal Moment Fifteen Years On', International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 2008, pp. 691-712.
5. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005).
6. Patrick J. MacDonald, The Invisible Hand of Peace: Capitalism, the War Machine, and International Relations Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 1-22.
7. Edward D. Mansfield and Brian M. Pollins, 'Interdependence and Conflict: An Introduction', in Edward D. Mansfield and Brian M. Pollins (eds), Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003), pp. 1-5.
8. Edward D. Mansfield, Power, Trade, and War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994);
9. John. Owen, Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997);
10. Michael W. Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds), Debating the Democratic Peace (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), pp. 3-57;
11. Bruce Russett, 'The Fact of Democratic Peace', in Brown et al., Debating the Democratic Peace, pp. 58-81;
12. John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett, 'The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985', International Studies Quarterly, 41(2), 1997, pp. 267-94;
13. John MacMillan, On Liberal Peace: Democracy, War and the International Order (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998);
14. John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett, 'The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992', World Politics, 52(1), 1999, pp. 1-37;
15. Mansfield and Pollins, Economic Interdependence and International Conflict;
16. John R. Oneal, Bruce Russett and Michael L. Berbaum, 'Causes of Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992', International Studies Quarterly, 47(3), 2003, pp. 371-93;
17. John MacMillan, 'Liberalism and the Democratic Peace', Review of International Studies, 30(2), 2004, pp. 179-200;
18. Katherine Barbieri, The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace? (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
19. This is the type of argument put forward by the influential Austrian thinker Ludwig von Mises. See, for example, his Liberalism: The Classical Tradition (Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education, 1996), pp. 23-5, 110-18, 130-6.
20. See Lucian M. Ashworth, Creating International Studies: Angell, Mitrany and the Liberal Tradition (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999);
21. Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998).
22. F. A. Hayek, 'The Intellectuals and Socialism', in Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. Bruce Caldwell, in The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek, vol. X (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 221-38;
23. Ludwig von Mises, The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality (Grove City, PA: Libertarian Press, 1972). Of course the way capitalism has been criticised during the latest financial crisis confirms this once more.
24. Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 141.
25. Scott Burchill, 'Liberalism', in Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True, Theories of International Relations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 55-83.
26. John Gray, Liberalism (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1995), pp. xi-xiii.
27. A recent example is Tim Dunne, 'Liberalism, International Terrorism, and Democratic Wars', International Relations, 23(1), 2009, pp. 107-14.
28. See, for example, Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew, 'Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands', in C. W. Kegly Jr. (ed.), Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 107-50.
29. Edwin van de Haar, Classical Liberalism and International Relations Theory: Hume, Smith, Mises and Hayek (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 1-7, 17-40, 125-50.
30. See notes 5 and 6.
31. Aristotle, Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 563.
32. Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 11-15.
33. For an overview see Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade (Clifton, NY: Augustus. Kelley, 1975), pp. 1-110.
34. Irwin, Against the Tide, pp. 15-18.
35. Jerry Z. Muller, The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Modern European Thought (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), p. 8.
36. Alejandro Chafuen, Faith and Liberty: The Economic Thought of the Late Scholastics (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003), pp. 73-7.
37. See Joyce Oldham Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 3-98.
38. David Hume, Essays. Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1987), pp. 88-9.
39. Jacob Viner, 'Power Versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', World Politics 1(1), October 1948, pp. 1-29;
40. Viner, Studies, pp. 1-57.
41. Ronald Findlay and Kevin O'Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 227-62.
42. Viner, Studies, pp. 112-13.
43. Joyce Oldham Appleby, 'Ideology and Theory: The Tension between Political and Economic Liberalism in Seventeenth-Century England', American Historical Review, 81(3), 1976, p. 501.
44. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 209-17.
45. Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology, pp. 118-28.
46. Nicholas Barbon, 'A Discourse of Trade', in Henry C. Clark (ed.), Commerce, Culture and Liberty: Readings on Capitalism before Adam Smith (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2003), pp. 67, 81-2.
47. Hugo Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, ed. Martine Julia Van Ittersum (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2006), pp. 303-5, 354, 363.
48. Renée Jeffery, Hugo Grotius in International Thought (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 109.
49. Irwin, Against the Tide, pp. 22-5.
50. Gilbert Faccarello, 'Galiani, Necker and Turgot: A Debate on Economic Reform and Policy in Eighteenth-Century France', in Gilbert Faccarello (ed.), Studies in the History of French Political Economy: From Bodin to Walras (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 120-5.
51. F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), pp. 13-32.
52. Istvan Kende, 'The History of Peace: Concept and Organizations from the Late Middle Ages to the 1870s', Journal of Peace Research, 26(3), 1989, pp. 236-7.
53. Hont, Jealousy of Trade, pp. 22-37;
54. see also Yuichi Aiko, 'Rousseau and Saint-Pierre's Peace Project: A Critique of "History of International Relations Theory"', in Beate Jahn (ed.), Classical Theory in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 96-120.
55. Irwin, Against The Tide, pp. 64-8.
56. Abbé Raynal, 'A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and the Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies', in Clark, Commerce, Culture and Liberty, pp. 619-23.
57. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist: Or, the New Constitution (London: Phoenix Press, 2000), pp. 20-5.
58. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 79-80.
59. Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 338.
60. Hont, Jealousy of Trade, p. 29.
61. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests, pp. 79-80.
62. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 184-7.
63. Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, pp. 7-9, 138-46;
64. Mark V. Kauppi and Paul. R. Viotti, The Global Philosophers: World Politics in Western Thought (New York: Lexington Books, 1992), pp.185-8.
65. For a critique, see Beate Jahn, 'Classical Smoke, Classical Mirror: Kant and Mill in Liberal International Relations Theory', in Jahn, Classical Theory, pp. 178-203.
66. Immanuel Kant, Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 50, 172, 114.
67. Eric S. Easley, The War over Perpetual Peace: An Exploration into the History of a Foundational International Relations Text (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
68. And of course the wider debate about the democratic peace: see, for example, Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs', and the literature in note 6.
69. Edward Feser, Locke (Oxford: Oneworld, 2007), p. 166.
70. John Locke, Political Essays, ed. Mark Goldie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 222, 323.
71. Roger Woolhouse, Locke: A Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 88, 395.
72. Appleby, Ideology and Theory, p. 508;
73. Mark Goldie, 'Introduction', in John Locke, Political Essays, p. xxvi.
74. Andrzej Rapaczynski, Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), p. 119.
75. Feser, Locke, pp. 166-8.
76. David Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations: From Thucydides to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 255-70.
77. Also Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, pp. 167-81.
78. Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, p. 183.
79. Bruce Buchan, 'Civilisation, Sovereignty and War: The Scottish Enlightenment and International Relations', International Relations, 20(2), 2006, pp. 175-92.
80. Ernest C. Mossner, The Life of David Hume (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 218, 423;
81. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and the Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1981), p. 113;
82. Hume, Essays, p. 460;
83. Ian Simpson Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 120-1.
84. J. D. Danford, 'Hume's History and the Parameters of Economic Development', in N. Capaldi and D. W. Livingston (eds), Liberty in Hume's History of England (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1990), pp. 195-6.
85. Knud Haakonssen, 'Introduction', in David Hume, Political Essays, ed. Knud Haakonssen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. xi-xxx.
86. John Biro, 'Hume's New Science of the Mind', in David Fate Norton (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hume (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 33-63.
87. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 266.
88. Hume, Essays, p. 38.
89. David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 154.
90. Edwin van de Haar, 'David Hume and International Political Theory: A Reappraisal', Review of International Studies, 34(2), 2008, pp. 225-42;
91. Van de Haar, Classical Liberalism, pp. 125-50;
92. Burchill, 'Liberalism';
93. Diana Panke and Thomas Risse, 'Liberalism', in Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith (eds), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 89-108;
94. Lisa L. Martin, 'Neoliberalism', in Dunne et al., International Relations Theories, pp. 109-26.
95. Hume, Treatise, p. 362.
96. Hume, Essays, p. 255.
97. F. G. Whelan, 'Robertson, Hume and the Balance of Power', Hume Studies, XXI(2), 1995, p. 318.
98. Hume, Essays, pp. 89, 92;
99. Haakonssen, 'Introduction', pp. xxi-xxiii.
100. Istvan Hont, 'The "Rich Country-Poor Country" Debate in Scottish Classical Political Economy', in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 271-316.
101. Hume, Essays, p. 263.
102. Hume, Essays, pp. 328-30;
103. Andrew S. Skinner, 'David Hume: Principles of Political Economy', in Norton, Cambridge Companion to Hume, pp. 239-45.
104. D. Miller, Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 125;
105. Hume, Essays, p. 262;
106. E. Soule, 'Hume on Economic Policy and Human Nature', Hume Studies, XXVI(1), 2000, p. 146.
107. Irwin, Against the Tide, p. 76;
108. R. A. Manzer, 'The Promise of Peace? Hume and Smith on the Effects of Commerce on War and Peace', Hume Studies, XXII(2), 1996, pp. 269-382;
109. Hont, Jealousy of Trade, p. 6;
110. Razeen Sally, Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 57;
111. Van de Haar, 'David Hume'.
112. Manzer, 'Promise of Peace', pp. 369-82.
113. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1982), pp. 25, 36, 41.
114. J. Marcus Fleming, 'Mercantilism and Free Trade Today', in Thomas Wilson and Andrew S. Skinner (eds), The Market and the State: Essays in Honour of Adam Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 164-5.
115. Smith, Wealth of Nations, p. 493.
116. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 229.
117. Donald Winch, Adam Smith's Politics: An Essay in Historiographic Revision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 105.
118. Smith, Wealth of Nations, pp. 440-5.
119. Christine Margerum Harlen, 'A Reappraisal of Classical Economic Nationalism and Economic Liberalism', International Studies Quarterly, 43(4), 1999, pp. 735-6.
120. Smith, Wealth of Nations, pp. 464-5.
121. Smith, Wealth of Nations, pp. 467-71, 494-6.
122. Andrew Wyatt Walter, 'Adam Smith and the Liberal Tradition in International Relations', in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (eds), Classical Theories of International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), especially pp. 154-5;
123. Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, The Republican Legacy in International Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 240.
124. Van de Haar, Classical Liberalism, pp. 41-74.
125. Michael A. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), pp. 230-41;
126. also Michael Doyle, 'Peace, Liberty, and Democracy: Realists and Liberals Contest a Legacy', in Michael Cox, G. John Ikenberry and Takashi Inoguchi (eds), American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 21-40.
127. Oneal and Russett, 'The Classical Liberals', p. 268;
128. Christopher Gelpi and Joseph M. Grieco, 'Economic Interdependence, the Democratic State, and the Liberal Peace', in Mansfield and Pollins, Economic Interdependence and International Conflict, pp. 44-59;
129. Andrew Moravscik, 'Liberal International Relations Theory: A Scientific Assessment', in Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman (eds), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), pp.159-204.
130. Burchill, 'Liberalism';
131. Tim Dunne, 'Liberalism', in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005);
132. Panke and Risse, 'Liberalism', p. 97.
133. See, for example, Hont, Jealousy of Trade;
134. Manzer, 'The Promise of Peace?'
135. Walter, 'Adam Smith';
136. Onuf, Republican Legacy, pp. 240-1;
137. Robert Keohane, 'International Liberalism Reconsidered', in John Dunn (ed.), The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 165-94.
138. This misrepresentation goes beyond the trade-leads-to-peace debate, making the need for a reappraisal even more urgent. See Van de Haar, Classical Liberalism;
139. Van de Haar, 'David Hume'.
140. Eric A. Heinze, 'The New Utopianism: Liberalism, American Foreign Policy, and the War in Iraq', Journal of International Political Theory, 4(1), 2008, pp. 109-10.
141. Gunhild Hoogensen, International Relations, Security and Jeremy Bentham (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 40-80, 161-76.
142. Benjamin Constant, Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2003), pp. xvii, 277-93.
143. David Clinton, Tocqueville, Lieber, and Bagehot: Liberalism Confronts the World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 17-43.
144. Beate Jahn, 'Barbarian Thoughts: Imperialism in the Philosophy of John Stuart Mill', Review of International Studies, 31(3), 2005, pp. 599-618.
145. John Stuart Mill, The Principles of Political Economy with Some of their Applications to Social Philosophy Part 2, in The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. III, ed. John M. Robson (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press and Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965; reprinted Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2006), p. 594.
146. Ashworth, Creating International Studies, pp. 35-7.
147. William D. Grammp, The Manchester School of Economics (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960), pp. 1-6, 16-38, 46-7, 114
148. Lars Magnusson, The Tradition of Free Trade (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 47.
149. Richard F. Spall, 'Reform Ideas of the Anti-Corn Leaguers' (PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985), pp. 237-51.
150. Ashworth, Creating International Studies, pp. 23-32
151. Richard M. Ebeling, Austrian Economics and the Political Economy of Freedom (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2003), pp. 248-53.
152. See Anthony Howe, 'Introduction', in Anthony Howe and Simon Morgan (eds), Rethinking Nineteenth-Century Liberalism: Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 1-19.
153. However, it is a myth that England then became the leading free trading nation: see John V. C. Nye, War, Wine, and Taxes: The Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1900 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
154. Richard Cobden, 'International Arbitration', in E. K. Bramsted and K. J. Melhuish (eds), Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Groce (London: Longman, 1978), pp. 374-78
155. also Michael Howard, War and the Liberal Conscience (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), p. 42.
156. Martin Caedel, 'Cobden and Peace', in Howe and Morgan, Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays, pp. 189-207.
157. William Hartbutt Dawson, Richard Cobden and Foreign Policy: A Critical Exposition, with Special Reference to Our Day and its Problems (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1926), pp. 80-2
158. Cobden, 'International Arbitration'.
159. Richard Cobden, The Political Writings of Richard Cobden (London: William Ridgway, 1878); James
160. E. T. Rogers, Cobden and Modern Political Opinion (London: Macmillan, 1873), pp. 109-110
161. Francis W. Hirst, Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), pp. ix-xix.
162. Richard Cobden, 'Commerce Is the Grand Panacea', in Bramsted and Melhuish, Western Liberalism, pp. 354-57.
163. Cited in Grammp, The Manchester School, pp. 100-5.
164. John Morley, The Life of Richard Cobden (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903), pp. 309-11.
165. Dean Russell, Frédéric Bastiat: Ideas and Influence (Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education, 1969), pp. 17-29, 42, 73, 114.
166. Frédéric Bastiat, The Bastiat Collection, vol. II (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007), pp. 523-9.
167. Per A. Hammarlund, Liberal Internationalism and the Decline of the State: The Thought of Richard Cobden, David Mitrany and Kenichi Ohmae (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 91.
168. As rightly noted by Dunne, 'Liberalism', p. 190.
169. Magnusson, Tradition of Free Trade, p. 69.
170. Howard, War and Liberal Conscience, pp. 13-51.
171. F. R. Flournoy, 'British Liberal Theories of International Relations (1848-1898)', Journal of the History of Ideas, 7(2), 1946, pp. 195-217.
172. Ashworth, Creating International Studies, pp.27-30
173. Magnusson, Tradition of Free Trade, pp. 4, 46-69s
174. David Long, Towards a New Liberal Internationalism: The International Theory of J. A. Hobson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 121-43.
175. Peter Wilson, 'The Myth of the "First Great Debate"', in Tim Dunne, Michael Cox and Ken Booth (eds), The Eighty Years' Crisis: International Relations 1919-1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1-15.
176. Also Peter Wilson, The International Theory of Leonard Woolf: A Study in Twentieth-Century Idealism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 147-51.
177. Frank Trentmann, 'The Resurrection and Decomposition of Cobden in Britain and the West: An Essay in the Politics of Reputation', in Howe and Morgan, Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays, pp. 272-6.
178. David Long, 'Conclusion: Inter-War Idealism, Liberal Internationalism, and Contemporary International Theory', in David Long and Peter Wilson (eds), Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 312-18.
179. Ashworth, Creating International Studies, pp. 22-42
180. Chris Brown, Terry Nardin and Nicholas Rengger, International Relations in Political Thought: Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 519-31, 538.
181. Jaap de Wilde, Saved from Oblivion: Interdependence Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: A Study on the Causality Between War and Complex Interdependence (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1991), pp. 67-75, 88-90, 96-9, 111, 116, 161, 177-80, 208.
182. See also Ashworth, Creating International Studies, pp. 35-42.
183. Schmidt, Political Discourse of Anarchy, pp. 84, 124, 144-5, 239-41.
184. Clinton, Tocqueville, Lieber and Bagehot, pp. 54-7.
185. Ashworth, Creating International Studies, p. 35.
186. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 56-7.
187. Michael W. Doyle, 'Liberalism and World Politics', American Political Science Review, 80(4), 1986, pp. 1151-69
188. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace, pp. 230-50.
189. Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man versus Power Politics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1965), pp. 81-90
190. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Papermac, 1995), pp. 43-4.
191. See Zacher and Matthew, 'Liberal International Theory'.
192. For an overview see Barbieri, The Liberal Illusion.
193. Bradley A. Thayer, Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004)
194. Stephen Peter Rosen, War and Human Nature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)
195. Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Penguin, 2002).
196. Michael Donelan, Honor in Foreign Policy: A History and Discussion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
197. Christopher J. Berry, Human Nature (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986), esp. pp. 132-40.
198. WTO, Georgia Trade Statistics, Geneva, October 2009, available at: http://stat.wto.org/countryprofiles/GE_e.htm (accessed 12 November 2009)
199. World Bank, Georgia: Trade Brief, Washington DC, 2009, available at: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti2008/docs.brief7 (accessed 12 November 2009).
200. Oli Brown, Mzukisi Qobo and Alejandra Ruiz-Dana, 'The Role of Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Prevention', in Shaheen Rafi Khan (ed.), Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 231-51.
201. Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 250-82.
202. Thomas Ohlson, 'Understanding Causes of War and Peace', European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 2009, pp. 133-60.
203. Hidemi Suganami, On the Causes of War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 153-210
204. also Siniša Maleševi, 'The Sociology of New Wars? Assessing the Causes and Objectives of Contemporary Violent Conflicts', International Political Sociology, 2(2), 2008, pp. 97-112.
205. David Sobek, The Causes of War (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009), pp. 195-203.
206. See, for example, Steven Husted and Michael Melvin, International Economics, 5th edn (Boston: Addison Wesley Longman, 2001).
207. Peter L. H. Van den Bossche, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 23.
208. Hont, Jealousy of Trade, pp. 6, 383.
209. See, for example, George Charles Roche III, Frédéric Bastiat, A Man Alone (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971), p. 49. There is no written evidence to link Bastiat to this quote, but possibly John Bright or Richard Cobden was the source. I want to thank Mark Thornton, the editor of the most recent edition of Bastiat's collected writings (see note 115) for this information.