Ultramicroelectrode array based sensors: A promising analytical tool for environmental monitoring

Sensors

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 475-490

  Orozco, Jahir ^a,b   Fernández Sánchez, César ^a   Jiménez Jorquera, Cecilia ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE MICROELECTRÓNICA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b LABORATOIRE ARAGO   (France)

Author keywords

Analytical tool; Environmental monitoring; Microsensor; Ultramicroelectrode array

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE; ANALYTICAL TOOL; ELECTROANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS; ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS; ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; RESEARCH COMMUNITIES; ULTRAMICROELECTRODE ARRAYS;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; MICROSENSORS; TOOLS;

MICROELECTRODES;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MICROELECTRODE; REVIEW; TRANSDUCER;

CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, ANALYTICAL; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MICROELECTRODES; TRANSDUCERS;

EID: 77953681432     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s100100475     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Heinze, J. Ultramicroelectrodes in electrochemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 1993, 32, 1268-1288.
2. Mark, W.R. Microvoltammetric electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1125A-1134A.
3. Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed.; John Wiley: Austin, TX, USA, 2001.
4. Ching, S.; Dudek, R.; Tabet, E. Cyclic voltametry wtih ultramicroelectrodes. J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 602-605.
5. Stulik, K.; Amatore, C.; Holub, K.; Marecek, V.; Kutner, W. Microelectrodes, definitions, characterization, and applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 1483-1492.
6. Wittstock, G.; Grundig, B.; Strehlitz, B.; Zimmer, K. Evaluation of microelectrode arrays for amperometric detection by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 526-531.
7. Morf, W.E.; de Rooij, N.F. Performance of amperometric sensors based on multiple microelectrode arrays. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 1997, 44, 538-541.
8. Feeney, R.; Kounaves, S.P. Microfabricated ultramicroelectrode arrays: Developments, advances, and applications in environmental analysis. Electroanalysis 2000, 12, 677-684.
9. Koudelka-Hep, M.; van der Wal, P.D. Microelectrode sensors for biomedical and environmental applications. Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 2437-2441.
10. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; Davies, T.J.; del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Regular arrays of microdisc electrodes: simulation quantifies the fraction of 'dead' electrodes. Analyst 2006, 131, 440-445.
11. Xie, X.D.; Stuben, D.; Berner, Z.; Albers, J.; Hintsche, R.; Jantzen, E. Development of an ultramicroelectrode arrays (UMEAs) sensor for trace heavy metal measurement in water. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2004, 97, 168-173.
12. Belmont, C.; Tercier, M.L.; Buffle, J.; Fiaccabrino, G.C.; KoudelkaHep, M. Mercury-plated iridium-based microelectrode arrays for trace metals detection by voltammetry: Optimum conditions and reliability. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 329, 203-214.
13. Berduque, A.; Lanyon, Y.H.; Beni, V.; Herzog, G.; Watson, Y.E.; Rodgers, K.; Stam, F.; Alderman, J.; Arrigan, D.W.M. Voltammetric characterisation of silicon-based microelectrode arrays and their application to mercury-free stripping voltammetry of copper ions. Talanta 2007, 71, 1022-1030.
14. Feeney, R.; Kounaves, S.P. On-site analysis of arsenic in groundwater using a microfabricated gold ultramicroelectrode array. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2222-2228.
15. Joseph, W.; Baomin, T.; Jianyan, W.; Jianmin, L.; Cash, O. Stripping analysis into the 21st century: faster, smaller, cheaper, simpler and better. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 7.
16. Kounaves, S.P.; Deng, W.; Hallock, P.R.; Kovacs, G.T.A.; Storment, C.W. Iridium-based ultramicroelectrde arrya fabricated by microlithography. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 418-423.
17. Silva, P.R.M.; El Khakani, M.A.; Chaker, M.; Dufresne, A.; Courchesne, F. Simultaneous determination of Cd, Pb and Cu metal trace concentrations in water certified samples and soil extracts by means of Hg-electroplated-Ir microelectrode array based sensors. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2001, 76, 250-257.
18. Alegret, S. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry; Elsevier Science B.V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003.
19. Lee, J.H.; Jang, A.; Bhadri, P.R.; Myers, R.R.; Timmons, W.; Beyette, F.R.; Bishop, P.L.; Papautsky, I. Fabrication of microelectrode arrays for in situ sensing of oxidation reduction potentials. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2006, 115, 220-226.
20. Orozco, J.; Baldi, A.; Martin, P.L.; Bratov, A.; Jimenez, C. Monitoring of bentonite pore water with a probe based on solid-state microsensors. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 579, 95-101.
21. Gonzalez-Garcia, O.; Arino, C.; Diaz-Cruz, J.M.; Esteban, M. Suitability of gold-array ultramicroelectrodes for electrochemical detection in flow systems. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2008, 135, 381-387.
22. Wightman, R.M.; Wipf, D.O. Voltammetry at ultramicroelectrodes. Electroanal. Chem. 1989, 15, 267-353.
23. Aguiar, F.A.; Gallant, A.J.; Rosamond, M.C.; Rhodes, A.; Wood, D.; Kataky, R. Conical recessed gold microelectrode arrays produced during photolithographic methods: Characterisation and causes. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 879-885.
24. Zoski, C.G.; Simjee, N.; Guenat, O.; Koudelka-Hep, M. Addressable microelectrode arrays: Characterization by imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 62-72.
25. Aguiar, F.A.; Rosamond, M.C.; Wood, D.; Kataky, R. Towards multifunctional microelectrode arrays. Analyst 2008, 133, 1060-1063.
26. Arrigan, D.W.M. Nanoelectrodes, nanoelectrode arrays and their applications. Analyst 2004, 129, 1157-1165.
27. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; Davies, T.J.; del Campo, J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. The linear sweep voltammetry of random arrays of microdisc electrodes: Fitting of experimental data. J. Electroan. Chem. 2006, 592, 126-130.
28. Kounaves, S.P.; Deng, W.; Hallock, P.R.; Kovacs, G.T.A.; Storment, C.W. Iridium based ultramicroelectrode array fabricated by mircrolithography. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 418-423.
29. Kovacs, G.T.A.; Petersen, K.; Albin, M. Silicon micromachining - Sensors to systems. Anal. Chem. 1996, 65, A407-A412.
30. Madou, M.J.; Morrison, S.R. Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices; Elsevier Science: San Diego, CA, USA, 1989.
31. Feeney, R.; Herdan, J.; Nolan, M.A.; Tan, S.H.; Tarasov, V.V.; Kounaves, S.P. Analytical characterization of microlithographically fabricated iridium-based ultramicroelectrode arrays. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 89-93.
32. Davies, T.J.; Ward-Jones, S.; Banks, C.E.; del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. The cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry of regular arrays of microdisc electrodes: Fitting of experimental data. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 555, 51-62.
33. Orozco, J.; Jiménez-Jorquera, C.; Fernández-Sánchez, C. Gold nanoparticle-modified ultramicroelectrode arrays for biosensing: A comparative assessment. Bioelectrochemistry 2009, 75, 176-181.
34. Orozco, J.; Fernandez-Sanchez, C.; Jimenez-Jorquera, C. Underpotential deposition-anodic stripping voltammetric detection of copper at gold nanoparticle-modified ultramicroelectrode arrays. Envi. Sci. Tech. 2008, 42, 4877-4882.
35. Orozco, J.; Suarez, G.; Fernandez-Sanchez, C.; McNeil, C.; Jimenez-Jorquera, C. Characterization of ultramicroelectrode arrays combining electrochemical techniques and optical microscopy imaging. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 53, 729-736.
36. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; del Campo, F.J.; Munoz, F.X.; Davis, J.; Compton, R.G. Sulfite determination at in situ plated copper modified gold ultramicroelectrode arrays. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 247-252.
37. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; del Campo, J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Trace detection of mercury(II) using gold ultra-microelectrode arrays. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 573-578.
38. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; Del Campo, F.J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Electroanalysis of Bromate, iodate and chlorate at tungsten oxide modified platinum microelectrode arrays. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 1672-1680.
39. Del Campo, F.J.; Ordeig, O.; Vigues, N.; Godino, N.; Mas, J.; Munoz, F.X. Continuous measurement of acute toxicity in water using a solid state microrespirometer. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2007, 126, 515-521.
40. Godino, N.; Davila, D.; Vigues, N.; Ordeig, O.; del Campo, F.J.; Mas, J.; Munoz, F.X. Measuring acute toxicity using a solid-state microrespirometer Part II. A theoretical framework for the elucidation of metabolic parameters. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2008, 135, 13-20.
41. Ordeig, O.; Banks, C.E.; Davies, T.J.; del Campo, F.J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Gold ultra-microelectrode arrays: Application to the steady-state voltammetry of hydroxide ion in aqueous solution. Anal. Sci. 2006, 22, 679-683.
42. Wang, J.; Tian, B.M. Gold Ultramicroelectrodes for On-Site Monitoring of Trace Lead. Electroanalysis 1993, 5, 809-814.
43. Bratov, A.; Munoz, J.; Dominguez, C.; Bartroli, J. Photocurable Polymers Applied As Encapsulating Materials for ISFET Production. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 1995, 25, 823-825.
44. Barnes, A.S.; Fietkau, N.; Chevallier, F.G.; del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Jones, T.G.J.; Compton, R.G. Electrochemical sizing of hemispherical microdroplets immobilized as regular arrays on partially blocked electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2007, 602, 1-7.
45. Chevallier, F.G.; Fietkau, N.; del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Jiang, L.; Jones, T.G.J.; Compton, R.G. Experimental cyclic voltammetry at partially blocked electrodes: Elevated cylindrical blocks-Significantly blocked and non-flat electrodes can appear to show one-dimensional diffusion. J. Electroanal. Chem.2006, 596, 25-32.
46. Rayner, D.; Fietkau, N.; Streeter, I.; Marken, F.; Buckley, B.R.; Page, P.C.B.; del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Electrochemical investigation of hemispherical microdroplets of N,N-didodecyl-N',N'-diethylphenylenediamine immobilized as regular arrays on partially-blocked electrodes: A new approach to liquid vertical bar liquid voltammetry. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 9992-10002.
47. Simm, A.O.; Chevallier, F.G.; Ordeig, O.; del Campo, F.J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. A new method for the study of processes at the liquid-liquid interface using an array of microdroplets on a Au electrode. ChemPhysChem 2006, 7, 2585-2592.
48. Simm, A.O.; Ordeig, O.; del Campo, J.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Diffusional protection of electrode surfaces using regular arrays of immobilised droplets: overcoming interferences in electroanalysis. Analyst 2006, 131, 987-989.
49. Ordeig, O.; Godino, N.; del Campo, J.; Munoz, F.X.; Nikolajeff, F.; Nyholm, L. On-chip electric field driven electrochemical detection using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel with gold microband electrodes. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 3622-3632.
50. Streeter, I.; Fietkau, N.; Del Campo, J.; Mas, R.; Munoz, F.X.; Compton, R.G. Voltammetry at regular microband electrode arrays: Theory and experiment. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 12058-12066.
51. Andrews, M.K.; Harris, P.D. Fabrication and sensing applications of microelectrodes on silicon substrates. Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 1112-1118.
52. Buss, G.; Schoning, M.J.; Luth, H.; Schultze, J.W. Modifications and characterization of a silicon-based microelectrode array. Electrochim. Acta 1999, 44, 3899-3910.
53. Kostecki, R.; Song, X.Y.; Kinoshita, K. Influence of geometry on the electrochemical response of carbon interdigitated microelectrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147, 1878-1881.
54. Koster, O.; Schuhmann, W.; Vogt, H.; Mokwa, W. Quality control of ultra-microelectrode arrays using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Sens. Actuat. B-Chem. 2001, 76, 573-581.
55. Orozco, J.; Jiménez-Jorquera, C.; Fernández-Sánchez, C. Gold nanoparticle-modified ultramicroelectrode arrays for biosensing: A comparative assessment. Bioelectrochemistry 2009, 75, 176-181.
56. Gonzalez-Garcia, O.; Arino, C.; Diaz-Cruz, J.M.; Esteban, M. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric characterization of gold ultramicroelectrode arrays. Electroanalysis 2007, 19, 429-435.
57. Davies, T.J.; Compton, R.G. The cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry of regular and random arrays of microdisc electrodes: Theory. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 585, 63-82.