The remarkable cochlear amplifier

Hearing Research

Volumn 266, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 1-17

  Ashmore, J ^a   Avan, P ^b   Brownell, W E ^c   Dallos, P ^d   Dierkes, K ^e   Fettiplace, R ^f   Grosh, K ^g   Hackney, C M ^h   Hudspeth, A J ⁱ   Julicher F ^e   Lindner, B ^e   Martin, P ^j   Meaud, J ^g   Petit, C ^k   Santos Sacchi, J R ^l   Canlon, B ^m  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR PHYSIK KOMPLEXER SYSTEME   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j INSTITUT CURIE   (France)

^k INSERM   (France)

^l YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^m KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PRESTIN;

AMPLIFIER; AUDITORY MASKING; AUDITORY STIMULATION; COCHLEA; COCHLEA POTENTIAL; DISTORTION PRODUCT OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FREQUENCY MODULATION; HAIR CELL; HEARING; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NOTE; OSCILLATORY POTENTIAL; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SOMATIC CELL; SOUND DETECTION; STEREOCILIUM; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL MOTION; HUMAN; ION TRANSPORT; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESSURE; SOUND; VIBRATION;

ANIMALS; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; CELL MOVEMENT; COCHLEA; FEEDBACK, PHYSIOLOGICAL; HAIR CELLS, AUDITORY; HEARING; HUMANS; ION TRANSPORT; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION, CELLULAR; MEMBRANE POTENTIALS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PRESSURE; SOUND; VIBRATION;

EID: 77953675880     PISSN: 03785955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.05.001     Document Type: Note

References (149)

1. Allen J.B. Cochlear micromechanics - a physical model of transduction. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1980, 68:1660-1670.
2. Anvari B., Zhang R., Qian F., Rajagopalan L., Pereira F.A., Brownell W.E. Effects of prestin on membrane mechanics and electromechanics. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2007, 68:5384-5386.
3. Ashmore J. Cochlear outer hair cell motility. Physiol. Rev. 2008, 88:173-210.
4. Avan P., Bonfils P., Gilain L., Mom T. Physiopathological significance of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions at 2f1-f2 produced by high- versus low-level stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2003, 113:430-441.
5. Bai J.P., Surguchev A., Montoya S., Aronson P.S., Santos-Sacchi J., Navaratnam D. Prestin's anion transport and voltage-sensing capabilities are independent. Biophys. J. 2009, 96(8):3179-3186. available from: PM:19383462.
6. Benser M.E., Marquis R.E., Hudspeth A.J. Rapid, active hair bundle movements in hair cells from the bullfrog's sacculus. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:5629-5643.
7. Beurg M., Evans M.G., Hackney C.M., Fettiplace R. A large-conductance calcium-selective mechanotransducer channel in mammalian cochlear hair cells. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:10992-11100.
8. Beurg M., Nam J.-H., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. The actions of calcium on hair bundle mechanics in mammalian cochlear hair cells. Biophys. J. 2008, 94:2639-2653.
9. Breneman K.D., Brownell W.E., Rabbitt R.D. Hair cell bundles: flexoelectric motors of the inner ear. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5201.
10. Brownell, W.E., 2002. On the origins of the outer hair cell electromotility. In: Berlin, C.I., Hood, L.J., Ricci, A. (Eds.), Hair Cell Micromechanics and Otoacoustic Emissions. Delmar Learning, Clifton Park, NJ, pp. 25-45.
11. Brownell W.E. The piezoelectric outer hair cell: bidirectional energy conversion in membranes. Auditory Mechanisms: Processes and Models 2006, 176-186. World Scientific, Singapore. A.L. Nuttall, P. Gillespie, T. Ren, K. Grosh, E. de Boer (Eds.).
12. Brownell W.E., Bader C.R., Bertrand D., de Ribaupierre Y. Evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Science 1985, 227:194-196.
13. Brownell W.E., Farrell B., Raphael R.M. Membrane electromechanics at hair cell synapes. Biophysics of the Cochlea: From Molecule to Model 2003, 169-176. World Scientific, Singapore. A.W. Gummer (Ed.).
14. Camalet S., Duke T., Jülicher F., Prost J. Auditory sensitivity provided by selftuned critical oscillations of hair cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:3183-3188.
15. 2+ current-driven nonlinear amplification by the mammalian cochlea in vitro. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8(2):149-155. available from: PM:15643426.
16. Cheatham M.A., Huynh K.H., Gao J., Zuo J., Dallos P. Cochlear function in Prestin knockout mice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 2004, 560:821-830.
17. Cheung E.L., Corey D.P. Ca2+ changes the force sensitivity of the hair-cell transduction channel. Biophys. J. 2006, 90:124-139.
18. 2+ to mechanoelectrical-transduction channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:15321-15326.
19. Corey D.P., Hudspeth A.J. Ionic basis of the receptor potential in a vertebrate hair cell. Nature 1979, 281(5733):675-677. available from: PM:0000045121.
20. Corey D.P., Hudspeth J.A. Kinetics of the receptor current in bullfrog saccular hair-cells. J. Neurosci. 1983, 3:962-976.
21. Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. The mechanical properties of ciliary bundles of turtle cochlear hair-cells. J. Physiol. 1985, 364:359-379.
22. Crawford A.C., Evans M.G., Fettiplace R. The actions of calcium on the mechano-electrical transducer current of turtle hair cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1991, 434:369-398. available from: PM:0001708822.
23. Dallos P. The active cochlea. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:4575-4585.
24. Dallos P. Cochlear amplification, outer hair cells and prestin. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2008, 18:370-376.
25. Dallos P., Evans B.N. High frequency motility of outer hair cells and the cochlear amplifier. Science 1995, 267:2006-2009.
26. Dallos P., Harris D. Properties of auditory nerve responses in the absence of outer hair cells. J. Neurophysiol. 1978, 41:365-383.
27. The Cochlea 1996, Springer-Verlag, New York. P. Dallos, A.N. Popper, R.R. Fay (Eds.).
28. Dallos P., Wu X., Cheatham M.A., Gao J., Zheng J., Anderson C.T., Jia S., Wang X., Cheng W.H., Sengupta S., He D.Z., Zuo J. Prestin-based outer hair cell motility is necessary for mammalian cochlear amplification. Neuron 2008, 58(3):333-339. available from: PM:18466744.
29. Davis H. An active process in cochlear mechanics. Hear. Res. 1983, 9:79-90.
30. de Boer E., Nuttall A.L. The mechanical waveform of the basilar membrane. III: intensity effects. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2000, 107(3):1497-1507.
31. Dierkes K., Lindner B., Julicher F. Enhancement of sensitivity gain and frequency tuning by coupling of active hair bundles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105(48):18669-18674. available from: PM:19015514.
32. Duke T., Jülicher F. Active traveling wave in the cochlea. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90:158101.
33. Duke T., Jülicher F. Critical oscillators as active elements in hearing. Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions 2008, 63-92. Springer, New York. G.A. Manley, A.N. Popper, R.R. Fay (Eds.).
34. Eguiluz V.M., Ospeck M., Choe Y., Hudspeth A.J., Magnasco M.O. Essential nonlinearities in hearing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 84:5232-5235.
35. Engebretson A.M., Eldredge D.H. Model for the nonlinear characteristics of cochlear potentials. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1968, 44:548-554.
36. Farrell B., Do Shope C., Brownell W.E. Voltage-dependent capacitance of human embryonic kidney cells. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 2006, 73:041930.
37. Fettiplace R., Fuchs P.A. Mechanisms of hair cell tuning. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 1999, 61:809-834.
38. Fettiplace R., Hackney C.M. The sensory and motor roles of auditory hair cells. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:19-29.
39. Fettiplace R., Ricci A.J. Adaptation in auditory hair cells. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2003, 13(4):446-451. available from: PM:12965292.
40. Frank G., Hemmert W., Gummer A.W. Limiting dynamics of high-frequency electromechanical transduction of outer hair cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:4420-4425.
41. Freeman D.M., Masaki K., McAllister A.R., Wei J.L., Weiss T.F. Static material properties of the tectorial membrane: a summary. Hear. Res. 2003, 180:11-27.
42. Fridberger A., De Monvel J.B. Sound-induced differential motion within the hearing organ. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6(5):446-448. available from: PM:12692558.
43. Fridberger A., Boutet de Monvel J., Zheng J., Hu N., Zou Y., Ren T., Nuttall A. Organ of Corti potentials and the motion of the basilar membrane. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:10057-10063.
44. Furness D.N., Mahendrasingam S., Ohashi M., Fettiplace R., Hackney C.M. The dimensions and composition of stereociliary rootlets in mammalian cochlear hair cells: comparison between high- and low-frequency cells and evidence for a connection to the lateral membrane. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28(25):6342-6353. available from: PM:18562604.
45. Gagnon L.H., Longo-Guess C.M., Berryman M., Shin J.B., Saylor K.W., Yu H., Gillespie P.G., Johnson K.R. The chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC5 is expressed at high levels in hair cell stereocilia and is essential for normal inner ear function. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(40):10188-10198. available from: PM:17021174.
46. Geleoc G.S., Lennan G.W., Richardson G.P., Kros C.J. A quantitative comparison of mechanoelectrical transduction in vestibular and auditory hair cells of neonatal mice. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1997, 264(1381):611-621. available from: PM:9149428.
47. Gold T. Hearing. II. The physical basis of the action of the cochlea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1948, 135:492-498.
48. Goldstein J.L. Auditory nonlinearity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1967, 41:676-689.
49. Gueta R., Barlam D., Shneck R.Z., Rousso I. Measurement of the mechanical properties of isolated tectorial membrane using atomic force microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:14790-14795.
50. Gummer A.W., Hemmert W., Zenner H.P. Resonant tectorial membrane motion in the inner ear: its crucial role in frequency tuning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:8727-8732.
51. He D.Z., Beisel K.W., Chen L., Ding D.L., Jia S., Fritzsch B., Salvi R. Chick hair cells do not exhibit voltage-dependent somatic motility. J. Physiol. 2003, 546:511-520.
52. Holt J.R., Gillespie S.K., Provance D.W., Shah K., Shokat K.M., Corey D.P., Mercer J.A., Gillespie P.G. A chemical-genetic strategy implicates myosin-1c in adaptation by hair cells. Cell 2002, 108:371-381.
53. Horrigan F.T., Cui J., Aldrich R.W. Allosteric voltage gating of potassium channels I. Mslo ionic currents in the absence of Ca(2+). J. Gen. Physiol. 1999, 114(2):277-304. available from: PM:10436003.
54. Housley G.D., Ashmore J.F. Ionic currents of outer hair cells isolated from the guinea-pig cochlea. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1992, 448:73-98.
55. Hudspeth A.J. Mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells in the acousticolateralis sensory system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1983, 6:187-215. available from: PM:6301349.
56. Hudspeth A.J. Mechanical amplification of stimuli by hair cells. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1997, 7:480-486.
57. Hudspeth A.J. Making an effort to listen: mechanical amplification in the ear. Neuron 2008, 59:530-545.
58. Hudspeth A.J., Choe Y., Mehta A.D., Martin P. Putting ion channels to work: mechanoelectrical transduction, adaptation, and amplification by hair cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:11765-11772.
59. Ikeda K., Saito Y., Nishiyama A., Takasaka T. Intracellular pH regulation in isolated cochlear outer hair cells of the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 1992, 447:627-648.
60. Iwasa K.H., Adachi M. Force generation in the outer hair cell of the cochlea. Biophys. J. 1997, 73:546-555.
61. Iwasa K.H., Sul B. Effect of the cochlear microphonic on the limiting frequency of the mammalian ear. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2008, 124:1607-1612.
62. Jia S., He D.Z. Motility-associated hair-bundle motion in mammalian outer hair cells. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8(8):1028-1034. available from: PM:16041370.
63. Jülicher F., Andor D., Duke T. Physical basis of two-tone interference in hearing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:9080-9085.
64. Kakehata S., Santos-Sacchi J. Effects of salicylate and lanthanides on outer hair cell motility and associated gating charge. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16(16):4881-4889. available from: PM:0008756420.
65. Kennedy H.J., Evans M.G., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. Fast adaptation of mechanoelectrical transducer channels in mammalian cochlear hair cells. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6(8):832-836.
66. Kennedy H.J., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. Force generation by mammalian hair bundles supports a role in cochlear amplification. Nature 2005, 433(7028):880-883. available from: PM:15696193.
67. Kennedy H.J., Evans M.G., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. Depolarization of cochlear outer hair cells evokes active hair bundle motion by two mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(10):2757-2766. available from: PM:16525055.
68. Kern A., Stoop R. Essential role of couplings between hearing nonlinearities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91:128101.
69. Kim D.O., Molnar C.E., Matthews J.W. Cochlear mechanics: nonlinear behavior in two-tone responses as reflected in cochlear-nerve-fiber responses and in ear-canal sound pressure. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1980, 67:1704-1721.
70. Kirk D.L. Effects of 4-aminopyridine on electrically evoked cochlear emissions and mechano-transduction in guinea pig outer hair cells. Hear. Res. 2001, 161(1-2):99-112. available from: PM:11744286.
71. Kirk D.L., Yates G.K. Enhancement of electrically evoked oto-acoustic emissions associated with low-frequency stimulus bias of the basilar membrane towards scala vestibuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1998, 104(3 Pt. 1):1544-1554. available from: PM:9745737.
72. Köppl C., Yates G. Coding of sound pressure level in the barn owl's auditory nerve. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:9674-9686.
73. Liberman M.C., Dodds L.W. Acute and chronic effects of acoustic trauma: serial-section reconstruction of stereocilia and cuticular plates. Hear. Res. 1987, 26:45-64.
74. Liberman M.C., Gao J., He D.Z., Wu X., Jia S., Zuo J. Prestin is required for electromotility of the outer hair cell and for the cochlear amplifier. Nature 2002, 419:300-304.
75. Lim D.J. Cochlear anatomy related to cochlear micromechanics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1980, 67:1686-1695.
76. Lim D.J. Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review. Hear. Res. 1986, 22:117-146.
77. Ludwig J., Oliver D., Frank G., Klocker N., Gummer A.W., Fakler B. Reciprocal electromechanical properties of rat prestin: the motor molecule from rat outer hair cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:4178-4183.
78. Lu T.K., Zhak S., Dallos P., Sarpeshkar R. Fast cochlear amplification with slow outer hair cells. Hear. Res. 2006, 214:45-67.
79. Lu T.K., Zhak S., Dallos P., Sarpeshkar R. Negative feedback enables fast cochlear amplification with slow outer hair cells. Hear. Res. 2006, 241:45-67.
80. Magnasco M.O. A wave traveling over a Hopf instability shapes the cochlear tuning curve. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 90:058101.
81. Mahendrasingam S., Furness D.N., Fettiplace R., Hackney C.M. Prestin distribution in rat outer hair cells: an ultrastructural study. Concepts and Challenges in the Biophysics of Hearing 2008, 407-412. World Scientific, Singapore. N.P. Cooper, D.T. Kemp (Eds.).
82. Maison S.F., Adams J.C., Liberman M.C. Olivocochlear innervation in the mouse: immunocytochemical maps, crossed versus uncrossed contributions, and transmitter colocalization. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 455(3):406-416. available from: PM:12483691.
83. Mammano F., Ashmore J.F. Reverse transduction measured in the isolated cochlea by laser Michelson interferometry. Nature 1993, 365:838-841.
84. Mammano F., Nobili R. Biophysics of the cochlea: linear approximation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1993, 93:3320-3332.
85. Manley G.A. Cochlear mechanisms from a phylogenetic viewpoint. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:11736-11743.
86. Manley G.A. Evidence for an active process and a cochlear amplifier in nonmammals. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86:541-549.
87. Manley G.A., Köppl C. What have lizard ears taught us about auditory physiology?. Hear. Res. 2008, 238:3-11.
88. Manley G.A., Kirk D.L., Köppl C., Yates G.K. In vivo evidence for a cochlear amplifier in the hair-cell bundle of lizards. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:2826-2831.
89. Martin P., Hudspeth A.J. Active hair-bundle movements can amplify a hair cell's response to oscillatory mechanical stimuli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:14306-14311.
90. Martin P., Hudspeth A.J. Compressive nonlinearity in the hair bundle's active response to mechanical stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:14386-14391.
91. Martin P., Mehta A.D., Hudspeth A.J. Negative hair-bundle stiffness betrays a mechanism for mechanical amplification by the hair cell. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:12026-12031.
92. Martin P., Hudspeth A.J., Jülicher F. Comparison of a hair bundle's spontaneous oscillations with its response to mechanical stimulation reveals the underlying active process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:14380-14385.
93. Martin P., Bozovic D., Choe Y., Hudspeth A.J. Spontaneous oscillation by hair bundles of the bullfrog's sacculus. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:4533-4548.
94. Mellado Lagarde M.M., Drexl M., Lukashkina V.A., Lukashkin A.N., Russell I.J. Outer hair cell somatic, not hair bundle, motility is the basis of the cochlear amplifier. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11(7):746-748. available from: PM:18516034.
95. Mistrik P., Mullaley C., Mammano F., Ashmore J. Three-dimensional current flow in a large-scale model of the cochlea and the mechanisms of amplification of sound. J. Roy. Soc. Interface 2009, 6:279-291.
96. Mountain D.C., Hubbard A.E. A piezoelelectric model of outer hair cell function. J. Acouc. Am. 1994, 95:350-354.
97. Nadrowski B., Martin P., Jülicher F. Active hair-bundle motility harnesses noise to operate near an optimum of mechanosensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:12195-12200.
98. Naidu R.C., Mountain D.C. Measurements of the stiffness map challenge a basic tenet of cochlear theories. Hear. Res. 1998, 124:124-131.
99. Nam J.-H., Fettiplace R. Theoretical conditions for high-frequency hair bundle oscillations in auditory hair cells. Biophys. J. 2008, 95:4948-4962.
100. Nobili R., Mammano F. Biophysics of the cochlea II: stationary nonlinear phenomenology. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1996, 99:2244-2255.
101. Nobili R., Mammano F., Ashmore J. How well do we understand the cochlea?. Trends Neurosci. 1998, 21:159-167.
102. Nowotny M., Gummer A.W. Nanomechanics of the subtectorial space caused by electromechanics of cochlear outer hair cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:2120-2125.
103. Nuttall A.F., Zheng J., Chen F., Choudhury N., Jacques S. Sound-evoked vibrations in the basilar membrane and reticular lamina of living guinea pigs using optical coherence tomography. ARO Abstr. 2009, 32:253.
104. Ohmori H. Mechano-electrical transduction currents in isolated vestibular hair cells of the chick. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1985, 359:189-217. available from: PM:0002582113.
105. Oliver D., He D.Z., Klocker N., Ludwig J., Schulte U., Waldegger S., Ruppersberg J.P., Dallos P., Fakler B. Intracellular anions as the voltage sensor of prestin, the outer hair cell motor protein. Science 2001, 292(525):2340-2343. available from: PM:11423665.
106. Petrov A.G. Electricity and mechanics of biomembrane systems: flexoelectricity in living membranes. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 568:70-83.
107. Plinkert P.K., Gitter A.H., Mohler H., Zenner H.P. Structure, pharmacology and function of GABA-A receptors in cochlear outer hair cells. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1993, 250(6):351-357. available from: PM:8260146.
108. Preyer S., Renz S., Hemmert W., Zenner H.P., Gummer A.W. Receptor potential of outer hair cells isolated from base to apex of the adult guinea-pig cochlea: implications for cochlear tuning mechanisms. Aud. Neurosci. 1996, 2:145-157.
109. Rabbitt R.D., Clifford S., Breneman K.D., Farrell B., Brownell W.E. Power efficiency of outer hair cell somatic electromotility. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009, 5(7):e1000444. Epub 2009 Jul 24.
110. Ramamoorthy S., Deo N.V., Grosh K. A mechano-electro-acoustical model for the cochlea: response to acoustic stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2007, 121:2758-2773.
111. Raphael R.M., Popel A.S., Brownell W.E. A membrane bending model of outer hair cell electromotility. Biophys. J. 2000, 78:2844-2862.
112. Recio A., Rhode W.S. Basilar membrane responses to broadband stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2000, 108:2281-2298.
113. Ricci A. Active hair bundle movements and the cochlear amplifier. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 2003, 14:325-338.
114. Ricci A.J., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. Active hair bundle motion linked to fast transducer adaptation in auditory hair cells. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:7131-7142.
115. Ricci A.J., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. Mechanisms of active hair bundle motion in auditory hair cells. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:44-52.
116. Ricci A.J., Kennedy H.J., Crawford A.C., Fettiplace R. The transduction channel filter in auditory hair cells. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:7831-7839.
117. Richter C.P., Emadi G., Getnick G., Quesnel A., Dallos P. Tectorial membrane stiffness gradients. Biophys. J. 2007, 93:2265-2276.
118. Robles L., Ruggero M.A. Mechanics of the mammalian cochlea. Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81:1305-1352.
119. Ruggero M.A., Rich N.C., Robles L. Basilar-membrane responses to tones at the base of the chinchilla cochlea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1997, 104:2151-2163.
120. Rüsch A., Thurm U. Spontaneous and electrically induced movements of ampullary kinocilia and stereovilli. Hear. Res. 1990, 48:247-263.
121. Ryan A., Dallos P. Absence of cochlear outer hair cells: effect on behavioural auditory threshold. Nature 1975, 253:44-46.
122. - flux through a non-selective, stretchsensitive conductance influences the outer hair cell motor of the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 2003, 547(Pt. 3):873-891. available from: PM:12562920.
123. Rybalchenko V., Santos-Sacchi J. Anion control of voltage sensing by the motor protein prestin in outer hair cells. Biophys. J. 2008, 95(9):4439-4447. available from: PM:18658219.
124. Sachs F., Brownell W.E., Petrov A.G. Membrane electromechanics in biology, with a focus on hearing. MRS Bull. 2009, 34(9):665.
125. Santos-Sacchi J. Asymmetry in voltage-dependent movements of isolated outer hair cells from the organ of Corti. J. Neurosci. 1989, 9(8):2954-2962. available from: PM:0002769373.
126. Santos-Sacchi J. New tunes from Corti's organ: the outer hair cell boogie rules. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2003, 13:459-468.
127. Santos-Sacchi J., Dilger J.P. Whole cell currents and mechanical responses of isolated outer hair-cells. Hear. Res. 1988, 35:143-150.
128. Santos-Sacchi J., Song L., Zheng J., Nuttall A.L. Control of mammalian cochlear amplification by chloride anions. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(15):3992-3998. available from: PM:16611815.
129. Shera C.A. Intensity-invariance of fine time structure in basilar-membrane click responses: implications for cochlear mechanics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2001, 110:332-348.
130. Singh H., Cousin M.A., Ashley R.H. Functional reconstitution of mammalian 'chloride intracellular channels' CLIC1, CLIC4 and CLIC5 reveals differential regulation by cytoskeletal actin. FEBS J. 2007, 274(24):6306-6316. available from: PM:18028448.
131. Song L., Seeger A., Santos-Sacchi J. On membrane motor activity and chloride flux in the outer hair cell: lessons learned from the environmental toxin tributyltin. Biophys. J. 2005, 88(3):2350-2362. available from: PM:15596517.
132. Spector A.A., Brownell W.E., Popel A.S. Effect of outer hair cell piezoelectricity on high-frequency receptor potentials. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2003, 113:453-461.
133. Spector A.A., Popel A.S., Eatock R.A., Brownell W.E. Mechanosensitive channels in the lateral wall can enhance the cochlear outer hair cell frequency response. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33:991-1002.
134. Strelioff D., Flock Å. Stiffness of sensory-cell hair bundles in the isolated guinea pig cochlea. Hear. Res. 1984, 15:19-28.
135. Strogatz S.T. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos 1997, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. seventh ed.
136. Sun S.X., Farrell B., Chana M.S., Oster G., Brownell W.E., Spector A.A. Voltage and frequency dependence of prestin-associated charge transfer. J. Theor. Biol. 2009, 260(1):137-144. Epub 2009 May 31.
137. Tartini, G., 1754. Trattato di musica secondo la vera scienza dell'armonia, G. Manfré, Padova.
138. Tinevez J.Y., Jülicher F., Martin P. Unifying the various incarnations of active hair-bundle motility by the vertebrate hair cell. Biophys. J. 2007, 93:4053-4067.
139. Ubl J., Murer H., Kolb H.A. Ion channels activated by osmotic and mechanical stress in membranes of opossum kidney cells. J. Membr. Biol. 1988, 104(3):223-232. available from: PM:2463364.
140. Valli P., Zucca G., Casella C. Ionic composition of the endolymph and sensory transduction in labyrinthine organs. Acta Otolaryngol. 1979, 87(5-6):466-471. available from: PM:313653.
141. Verpy E., Weil D., Leibovici M., Goodyear R.J., Hamard G., Houdon C., Lefevre G.M., Hardelin J.P., Richardson G.P., Avan P., Petit C. Stereocilindeficient mice reveal the origin of cochlear waveform distortions. Nature 2008, 456:255-258.
142. Weiss T.F. Bidirectional transduction in vertebrate hair cells: a mechanism for coupling mechanical and electrical vibrations. Hear. Res. 1982, 7:353-360.
143. Weitzel E.K., Tasker R., Brownell W.E. Outer hair cell piezoelectricity: frequency response enhancement and resonance behavior. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2003, 114:1462-1466.
144. Zhang R., Qian F., Rajagopalan L., Pereira F.A., Brownell W.E., Anvari B. Prestin modulates mechanics and electromechanical force of the plasma membrane. Biophys. J. 2007, 93:L07-L09.
145. Zhao H.B., Santos-Sacchi J. Auditory collusion and a coupled couple of outer hair cells. Nature 1999, 399(6734):359-362. available from: PM:0010360573.
146. Zheng J., Shen W., He D.Z., Long K.B., Madison L.D., Dallos P. Prestin is the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells. Nature 2000, 405:149-155.
147. Zheng J., Deo N., Zou Y., Grosh K., Nuttall A.L. Chlorpromazine alters cochlear mechanics and amplification: in vivo evidence for organ of corti stiffness modulation. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 97:994-1004.
148. Zidanic M., Brownell W.E. Fine structure of the intracochlear potential field. I. The silent current. Biophys. J. 1990, 57:1253-1268.
149. Zwislocki J.J., Kletsky E.J. Tectorial membrane: a possible effect on frequency analysis in the cochlea. Science 1979, 204:639-641.