The effect on energy expenditure of walking on gradients or carrying burdens

American Journal of Human Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 497-507

  Kramer, Patrici Aann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; WALKING; WEIGHT BEARING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; WALKING; WEIGHT-BEARING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77953582926     PISSN: 10420533     EISSN: 15206300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21027     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ainslie PN, Campbell IT, Frayn KN, Humphreys SM, Maclaren DP, Reilly T. 2002a. Physiological and metabolic responses to a hill walk. J Appl Physiol 92:179-187.
2. Ainslie PN, Campbell IT, Frayn KN, Humphreys SM, MacLaren DP, Reilly T, Westerterp K.R. 2002b. Energy balance, metabolism, hydration, and performance during strenuous hill walking: The effect of age. J Appl Physiol 93:714-723.
3. Ardigo LP, Saibene F, Minetti A.E. 2003. The optimal locomotion on gradients: Walking, running or cycling? Eur J Appl Physiol. 90:365-371.
4. Bastien GJ, Schepens B, Willems PA, Heglund N.C. 2005. Energetics of load carrying in Nepalese porters. Science 308:1755.
5. Bereket S. 2005. Effects of anthropometric parameters and stride frequency on estimation of energy cost of walking. J Sports Med Phys Fit 45:152-161.
6. Bouchard DR, Trudeau F. 2008. Estimation of energy expenditure in a work environment: Comparison of accelerometry and oxygen consumption/ heart rate regression. Ergonomics 51:663-670.
7. Brage S, Brage N, Ekelund U, Luan J, Franks PW, Froberg K, Wareham N.J. 2006. Effect of combined movement and heart rate monitor placement on physical activity estimates during treadmill locomotion and free-living. Eur J Appl Physiol 96:517-524.
8. Brannan J. 1992. On modeling Resource transport costs: Suggested refinements. Curr Anthropol 33:56-60.
9. Brooks AG, Gunn SM, Withers RT, Gore CJ, Plummer J.L. 2005. Predicting walking METs and energy expenditure from speed or accelerometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1216-1223.
10. Burdett RG, Skrinar GS, Simon S.R. 1983. Comparison of mechanical work and metabolic energy consumption during normal gait. J Orthop Res 1:63-72.
11. Butts NK, Knox KM, Foley T.S. 1995. Energy costs of walking on a dualaction treadmill in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:121-125.
12. Campbell KL, Crocker PR, McKenzie D.C. 2002. Field evaluation of energy expenditure in women using Tritrac accelerometers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:1667-1674.
13. Cavagna GA, Margaria R. 1966. Mechanics of walking. J Appl Physiol 21: 271-278.
14. Cavagna GA, Saibene FP, Margaria R. 1963. External work in walking. J Appl Physiol 18:1-9.
15. Ceesay SM, Prentice AM, Day KC, Murgatroyd PR, Goldberg GR, Scott W, Spurr G.B. 1989. The use of heart rate monitoring in the estimation of energy expenditure: A validation study using indirect whole-body calorimetry. Br J Nutr 61:175-186.
16. Christie CJ, Scott P.A. 2005. Metabolic responses of South African soldiers during simulated marching with 16 combinations of speed and backpack load. Mil Med 170:619-622.
17. Clay CC, Lloyd LK,Walker JL, Sharp KR, Pankey R.B. 2005. The metabolic cost of hatha yoga. J Strength Cond Res 19:604-610.
18. Corder K, Brage S, Mattocks C, Ness A, Riddoch C, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. 2007. Comparison of two methods to assess PAEE during six activities in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:2180-2188.
19. Corder K, Brage S, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. 2005. Comparison of PAEE from combined and separate heart rate and movement models in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1761-1767.
20. Corder K, Ekelund U, Steele RM, Wareham NJ, Brage S. 2008. Assessment of physical activity in youth. J Appl Physiol 105:977-987.
21. Cotes J, Meade F. 1960. The energy expenditure and mechanical energy demand in walking. Ergonomics 3:97-119.
22. DeJaeger D, Willems PA, Heglund N.C. 2001. The energy cost of walking in children. Pflugers Arch 441:538-543.
23. Duggan A, Haisman M.F. 1992. Prediction of the metabolic cost of walking with and without loads. Ergonomics 35:417-426.
24. Ellerby DJ, Henry HT, Carr JA, Buchanan CI, Marsh R.L. 2005. Blood flow in guinea fowl Numida meleagris as an indicator of energy expenditure by individual muscles during walking and running. J Physiol 564 (Part 2):631-648.
25. Ellerby DJ, Marsh R.L. 2006. The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris. I.I. Muscle energy use as indicated by blood flow. J Exp Biol 209 (Part 11):2064-2075.
26. Eston RG, Rowlands AV, Ingledew D.K. 1998. Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children's activities. J Appl Physiol 84:362-371.
27. FAO/WHO/UN.U. 1985. Energy and Protein Requirements. Technical report Series n, editor. Geneva: World Health Organization.
28. Foley R. 1992. Evolutionary ecology of fossil hominids. In: Smith E, Winterhalder B, editors. Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. New York: Aldine de Guyter. pp 131-164.
29. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Kendrick ZV, Letizia KA, Lander DP, Conill A.M. 1995. The energy cost of walking before and after significant weight loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:888-894.
30. Fruin ML, Rankin J.W. 2004. Validity of a multi-sensor armband in estimating rest and exercise energy expenditure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1063-1069.
31. Fudge BW, Wilson J, Easton C, Irwin L, Clark J, Haddow O, Kayser B, Pitsiladis Y.P. 2007. Estimation of oxygen uptake during fast running using accelerometry and heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:192-198.
32. Givoni B, Goldman R.F. 1971. Predicting metabolic energy cost. J Appl Physiol 30:429-433.
33. Gottschall JS, Kram R. 2006. Mechanical energy fluctuations during hill walking: The effects of slope on inverted pendulum exchange. J Exp Biol 209 (Part 24):4895-4900.
34. Griffin TM, Kram R, Wickler SJ, Hoyt D.F. 2004. Biomechanical and energetic determinants of the walk-trot transition in horses. J Exp Biol 207 (Part 24):4215-4223.
35. Hall C, Figueroa A, Fernhall B, Kanaley J.A. 2004. Energy expenditure of walking and running: Comparison with prediction equations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:2128-2134.
36. Heglund NC, Willems PA, Penta M, Cavagna G.A. 1995. Energy-saving gait mechanics with head-supported loads. Nature 375:52-54.
37. Iannotti RJ, Claytor RP, Horn TS, Chen R. 2004. Heart rate monitoring as a measure of physical activity in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1964-1971.
38. Jenike M. 1994. Energy Adaptations to Seasonal Hunger: Body Composition, Energy Expenditure and Activity Patterns Among Lese Horticulturists, Zaire. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles.
39. Johnson A, Benhur Benjamin M, Silverman N. 2002. Oxygen consumption, heat production and muscular efficiency during uphill and downhill walking. Appl Ergon 33:485-491.
40. Jones CD, Jarjou MS, Whitehead RG, Jequier E. 1987. Fatness and the energy cost of carrying loads in African women. Lancet 2:1331-1332.
41. Kashiwazaki H. 1999. Heart rate monitoring as a field method for estimating energy expenditure as evaluated by the doubly labeled water method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 45:79-94.
42. Keren G, Epstein Y, Magazanik A, Sohar E. 1981. The energy cost of walking and running with and without a backpack load. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 46:317-324.
43. Klimek AT, Klimek A. 2007. The weighted walking test as an alternative method of assessing aerobic power. J Sports Sci 25:143-148.
44. Kohrt WM, Spina RJ, Holloszy JO, Ehsani A.A. 1998. Prescribing exercise intensity for older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:129-133.
45. Kram R. 2000. Muscular force or work: What determines the metabolic energy cost of running? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 28:138-143.
46. Kram R, Taylor C.R. 1990. Energetics of running: A new perspective. Nature 346:265-267.
47. Kramer P. 1998. The costs of human locomotion: Maternal investment in child transport. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:71-85.
48. Kramer P. 2003. The Behavioral ecology of locomotion. In: Meldrum J, Hilton C, editors. The Emergence of Modern Human Walking, Running and Resource Transport. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp 99-115.
49. Kramer P. 2004. Burden transport: Why, how and how much? In: Alvard M, editor. Socioeconomic Aspects of Human Behavioral Ecology. New York: Elsevier Ltd. pp 247-267.
50. Kramer P, Sarton-Miller I. 2008. The energetics of human walking: Is Froude number (Fr) useful for metabolic comparisons? Gait and Posture 27:209-215.
51. Kramer PA and Sylvester A.D. 2009. Bipedal form and locomotor function: Understanding the affects of size and shape on velocity and energetics. PaleoAnthropology, 238-251.
52. Kuster M, Sakurai S, Wood G.A. 1995. Kinematic and kinetic comparison of downhill and level walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 10:79-84.
53. Laursen B, Ekner D, Simonsen EB, Voigt M, Sjogaard G. 2000. Kinetics and energetics during uphill and downhill carrying of different weights. Appl Ergon 31:159-166.
54. Leonard W.R. 2003. Measuring human energy expenditure: What have we learned from the flex-heart rate method? Am J Hum Biol 15:479-489.
55. Leonard WR, Katzmarzyk PT, Stephen MA, Ross A.G. 1995. Comparison of the heart rate-monitoring and factorial methods: Assessment of energy expenditure in highland and coastal Ecuadoreans. Am J Clin Nutr 61: 1146-1152.
56. 18O) method. Am J Clin Nutr 56:343-352.
57. Livingstone MB, Robson PJ, Totton M. 2000. Energy expenditure by heart rate in children: An evaluation of calibration techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1513-1519.
58. Maloiy GM, Heglund NC, Prager LM, Cavagna GA, Taylor C.R. 1986. Energetic cost of carrying loads: Have African women discovered an economic way? Nature 319:668-669.
59. Malville N.J. 1999. Porters of the eastern hills of Nepal: Body size and load weight. Am J Human Biol 11:1-11.
60. Margaria R. 1938. Sulla fisiologia e specialmente sul consumo energetico della marcia e della corsa a varia velocita ed inclinazione del terreno. Atti Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 7:299-368.
61. Marsh RL, Ellerby D.J. 2006. Partitioning locomotor energy use among and within muscles. Muscle blood flow as a measure of muscle oxygen consumption. J Exp Biol 209 (Part 13):2385-2394.
62. Marsh RL, Ellerby DJ, Carr JA, Henry HT, Buchanan C.I. 2004. Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: Swinging the limbs is expensive. Science 303:80-83.
63. Marsh RL, Ellerby DJ, Henry HT, Rubenson J. 2006. The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris. I. Organismal metabolism and biomechanics. J Exp Biol 209 (Part 11):2050-2063.
64. McIntosh AS, Beatty KT, Dwan LN, Vickers D.R. 2006. Gait dynamics on an inclined walkway. J Biomech 39:2491-2502.
65. Meriam J. 1978. Dynamics. New York: John Wiley.
66. Minetti A.E. 1995. Optimum gradient of mountain paths. J Appl Physiol 79:1698-1703.
67. Minetti AE, Formenti F, Ardigo L.P. 2006. Himalayan porter's specialization: Metabolic power, economy, efficiency and skill. Proc Biol Sci 273: 2791-2797.
68. Minetti AE, Moia C, Roi GS, Susta D, Ferretti G. 2002. Energy cost of walking and running at extreme uphill and downhill slopes. J Appl Physiol; 93:1039-1046.
69. Pandolf KB, Givoni B, Goldman R.F. 1977. Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly. J Appl Physiol 43: 577-581.
70. Pandolf KB, Haisman MF, Goldman R.F. 1976. Metabolic energy expenditure and terrain coefficients for walking on snow. Ergonomics 19:683-690. Panter-Brick C, Todd A, Baker R, Worthman C. 1996a Comparative study of flex heart rate in three samples of Nepali boys. Am J Hum Biol 8:653-660.
71. Panter-Brick C, Todd A, Baker R, Worthman C. 1996b. Heart rate monitoring of physical activity among village, school, and homeless Nepali boys. Am J Hum Biol 8:661-672.
72. Patton JF, Kaszuba J, Mello RP, Reynolds K.L. 1991. Physiological responses to prolonged treadmill walking with external loads. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 63:89-93.
73. Pimental NA, Pandolf K.B. 1979. Energy expenditure while standing or walking slowly uphill or downhill with loads. Ergonomics 22:963-973.
74. Pontzer H. 2005. A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb length via force production. J Exp Biol 208 (Part 8):1513-1524.
75. Pontzer H, Raichlen DA, Sockol M.D. 2009. The metabolic cost of walking in humans, chimpanzees, and early hominins. J Hum Evol 56:43-54.
76. Sagiv M, Ben-Gal S, Ben-Sira D. 2000. Effects of gradient and load carried on human haemodynamic responses during treadmill walking. Eur J Appl Physiol 83:47-50.
77. Santee WR, Allison WF, Blanchard LA, Small M.G. 2001. A proposed model for load carriage on sloped terrain. Aviat Space Environ Med 72:562-566.
78. Sarton-Miller I. 2006. Noninvasive assessment of energy expenditure in children. Am J Hum Biol 18:600-609.
79. Sarton-Miller I, Holman D, Spielvogel H. 2003. Regression-based prediction of net energy expenditure in children performing activities at high altitude. Am J Hum Biol 15:554-565.
80. Sarton-Miller I, Kramer P. 2004. Regression modeling to predict energy expenditure in children living at sea level. Postures and work done with the arms or legs are investigated. Am J Hum Biol 16:222.
81. Schmitz KH, Treuth M, Hannan P, McMurray R, Ring KB, Catellier D, Pate R. 2005. Predicting energy expenditure from accelerometry counts in adolescent girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:155-161.
82. Spurr G.B. 1990. Physical activity and energy expenditure in undernutrition. Prog Food Nutr Sci 14:139-192.
83. Steudel-Numbers K.L. 2003. The energetic cost of locomotion: humans and primates compared to generalized endotherms. J Hum Evol 44:255-262.
84. Steudel-Numbers KL, Tilkens M.J. 2004. The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: Implications for fossil hominins. J Hum Evol 47:95-109.
85. Taylor CR, Schmidt-Nielsen K, Raab J.L. 1970. Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals. Am J Physiol 219:1104-1107.
86. Terrier P, Aminian K, Schutz Y. 2001. Can accelerometry accurately predict the energy cost of uphill/downhill walking? Ergon 44:48-62.
87. Umberger B, Martin P. 2007. Mechanical power and efficiency of level walking with different stride rates. J Exp Biol 210:3255-3265.
88. Umberger BR, Gerritsen KG, Martin P.E. 2003. A model of human muscle energy expenditure. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 6:99-111.
89. van der Walt WH, Wyndham C.H. 1973. An equation for prediction of energy expenditure of walking and running. J Appl Physiol 34:559-563.
90. Walker JL, Murray TD, Jackson AS, Morrow JR Jr, Michaud T.J. 1999. The energy cost of horizontal walking and running in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31:311-322.
91. Wall-Scheffler C, Geiger K, Steudel-Numbers K.L. 2007. Infant carrying: The role of increased locomotory costs in early tool development. Am J Phys Anthropol 133:841-846.
92. Wang WJ, Crompton R.H. 2004. The role of load-carrying in the evolution of modern body proportions. J Anat 204:417-430.
93. Willems PA, Cavagna GA, Heglund N.C. 1995. External, internal and total work in human locomotion. J Exp Biol 198 (Part 2):379-393.
94. Williams G. 1966. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction and a refinement of lack's principle. Am Nat 100:687-690.
95. Workman JM, Armstrong B.W. 1963. Oxygen cost of treadmill walking. J Appl Physiol 18:798-803.
96. Zeanah D. 2004. Sexual division of labor and central place foraging: A model for the Carson Desert of western Nevada. J Anthro Arch 23:1-32.