A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb length via force production

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 208, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1513-1524

  Pontzer, Herman ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Cost of locomotion; Energetics; Force production; Humans; Locomotion; Running; Walking

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LIMB; LOCOMOTION; MORPHOMETRICS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY;

BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXTREMITIES; HUMANS; LOCOMOTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION;

EID: 18944379957     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01549     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Alexander, R. McN. (1984). Stride length and speed for adults, children, and fossil hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63, 23-28.
2. Alexander, R. McN. and Jayes, A. S. (1983). A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J. Zool. 201, 135-152.
3. Alexander, R. McN., Jayes, A. S. and Maloiy, G. M. O. (1981). Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals. J. Zool. 194, 539-552.
4. Alexander, R. McN., Jayes, A. S., Maloiy, G. M. O. and Wathuta, E. M. (1979). Allometry of the limb bones of mammals from shrews (Sorex) to elephant (Loxodonta). J. Zool. 189, 305-314.
5. Bertram, J. E. A. and Ruina, A. (2001). Multiple walking speed-frequency relations are predicted by constrained optimization. J. Theor. Biol. 209, 445-453.
6. Biewener, A. A. (1989). Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245, 45-48.
7. Biewener, A. A., Konieczynski, D. D. and Baudinette, R. V. (1998). In vivo muscle force-length behavior during steady-speed hopping in Tamar wallabies. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 1681-1694.
8. Breit, G. A. and Whalen, R. T. (1997). Predictions of human gait parameters from temporal measures of foot-ground contact. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29, 540-547.
9. Brisswalter, J., Limbros, P. and Durand, M. (1996). Running economy, preferred step length correlated to body dimensions in elite middle-distance runners. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 36, 7-15.
10. Cavagna, G. A. and Kaneko, M. (1977). Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J. Physiol. 268, 467-481.
11. Cavanaugh, P. R. and Kram, R. (1989). Stride length in distance running: velocity, body dimensions, and added mass effects. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21, 467-479.
12. Censi, L., Toti, E., Pastore, G. and Ferro-Luzzi, A. (1998). The basal metabolic rate and energy cost of standardized walking of short and tall men. Eur. J. Clin. Nut. 52, 441-446.
13. Chang, Y., Huang, H. C., Hamerski, C. M. and Kram, R. (2000). The independent effects of gravity and inertia on running mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 229-238.
14. Chang, Y. H. and Kram, R. (1999). Metabolic cost of generating forces during human running. J. Appl. Phys. 86, 1657-1662.
15. Daley, M. A. and Biewener, A. A. (2003). Muscle force-length dynamics during level versus incline locomotion: a comparison of in vivo performance of two guinea fowl ankle extensors. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2941-2958.
16. Dempster, W. T. (1955). Space Requirements of the Seated Operator. Ohio: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WADCTR 55-159).
17. Donelan, J. M. and Kram, R. (1997). The effect of reduced gravity on the kinematics of human walking: A test of the dynamic similarity hypothesis for locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 3193-3201.
18. Donelan, J. M. and Kram, R. (2000). Exploring dynamic similarity in human running using simulated reduced gravity. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2405-2415.
19. Donelan, J. M., Kram, R. and Kuo, A. D. (2002). Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3717-3727.
20. Farley, C. T. and McMahon, T. A. (1992). Energetics of walking and running: insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 2709-2712.
21. O2 measuring systems. J. Appl. Physiol. 51, 772-776.
22. Ferreti, G., Atchou, G., Grassi, B., Marconi, C. and Cerretelli, P. (1991). Energetics of locomotion in African pygmies. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Phys. 62, 7-10.
23. Fukunaga, T., Kubo, K., Kawakami, Y., Fulashiro, S., Kanehisa, H. and Maganaris, C. N. (2001). In vivo behavior of human muscle tendon during walking. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 229-233.
24. Gillis, G. B. and Biewener, A. A. (2001). Hindlimb muscle function in relation to speed and gait: in vivo patterns of strain and activation in a hip and knee extensor of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). J. Exp. Biol. 204, 2717-2731.
25. Gottschall, J. S. and Kram, R. (2003). Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 1766-1772.
26. Griffin, T. M., Roberts, T. J. and Kram, R. D. (2003). Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 172-183.
27. Heglund, N. C., Fedak, M. A., Taylor, C. R. and Cavagna, G. A. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion IV: Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 79, 57-66.
28. Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1988). Speed, stride frequency, and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait? J. Exp. Biol. 138, 301-318.
29. Hildebrand, M. (1985). Walking and running. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 38-57. Harvard: Harvard University.
30. Hoyt, D. F., Wickler, S. J. and Cogger, E. A. (2000). Tine of contact and step length: the effect of limb length, running speed, load carrying and incline. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 221-227.
31. Kram, R. (1991). Carrying loads with springy poles. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 1119-1122.
32. Kram, R., Domingo, A. and Ferris, D. P. (1997). Effect of reduced gravity on the preferred walk-run transition speed. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 821-826.
33. Kram, R. and Taylor, C. R. (1990). Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346, 265-267.
34. Lee, D. V., Stakebake, E. F., Walter, R. M. and Carrier, D. R. (2004). Effects of mass distribution on the mechanics of level trotting dogs. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1715-1728.
35. Marsh, R. L., Ellerby, D. J., Carr, J. A., Henry, H. T. and Buchanan, C. I. (2004). Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive. Science 303, 80-83.
36. Martin, P. E. (1985). Mechanical and physiological responses to lower extremity loading during running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 17, 427-433.
37. Minetti, A. E., Saibene, F., Ardigo, L. P., Atchou, G., Schena, F. and Ferretti, G. (1994). Pygmy locomotion. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 68, 285-290.
38. Mochon, S. and McMahon, T. A. (1980). Ballistic walking: An improved model. Math. Biosci. 52, 241-260.
39. Myers, M. J. and Steudel, K. (1985). Effect of limb mass and its distribution on the energetic cost of running. J. Exp. Biol. 116, 363-373.
40. Plagenhoef, S. C., (1966). Methods for obtaining data to analyze human motion. Res. Q. Am. Assoc. Health Phys. Educ. 37, 103-112.
41. Roberts, T. J., Kram, R, Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1998a). Energetics of bipedal running: I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 2745-2751.
42. Roberts, T. J., Chen, M. S. and Taylor, C. R. (1998b). Energetics of bipedal running: II. Limb design and running mechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 2753-2762.
43. Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1997). Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275, 1113-1115.
44. Saunders, J. B., De, C. M., Inman, V. T. and Eberhart, H. D. (1953). The major determinants in normal and pathological gait. J. Bone Joint Surg. 35A, 545-558.
45. Steudel, K. (1990). The work and energetic cost of locomotion: the effects of limb mass distribution in quadrupeds. J. Exp. Biol. 154, 273-285.
46. Steudel, K. and Beattie, J. (1995). Does limb length predict the relative energetic cost of locomotion in mammals? J. Zool. 235, 501-514.
47. Steudel-Numbers, K. L. and Tilkens, M. J. (2004). The effect of lower limb length on the energetic cost of locomotion: implications for fossil hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 47, 95-109.
48. Taylor, C. R. (1994). Relating mechanics and energetics during exercise. Comparative vertebrate exercise physiology: unifying physiological principles. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. A 38, 181-215.
49. Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C. and Maloiy, G. M. O. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion: I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 1-21.
50. Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C., McMahon, T. A. and Looney, T. R. (1980). Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: A comparison of large and small animals. J. Exp. Biol. 86, 9-18.
51. Taylor, C. R., Shkolnik, A., Dmiel, R., Baharav, D. and Borut, A. (1974). Running in cheetahs, gazelles and goats: energy costs and limb configurations. Am. J. Physiol. 227, 848-850.
52. Weyand, P. G., Kelly, M., Blackadar, T., Darley, J. C., Oliver, S. R., Ohlenbusch, N. C., Joffe, S. W. and Hoyt, R. W. (2001). Ambulatory estimates of maximal aerobic power from foot-ground contact times and heart rates in running humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 451-458.
53. Wickler, S. J., Hoyt, D. F., Cogger, E. A. and Hall, K. M. (2001). Effect of load on preferred speed and cost of transport. J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 1548-1551.
54. Willems, P. A., Cavagna, G. A. and Heglund, N. C. (1995). External, internal and total work in human locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 379-393.
55. Zar, J. H. (1984). Biostatistlcal Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.